■Painted bet365 bonus code louisiana double-jointed pot unearthed in Dahe Village, Zhengzhou Author/Photo provided

　1921，Excavations by Swedish scholar Anderson and his team in Yangshao Village, Mianchi, bet365 bonus code louisiana，Opened the prelude to modern archeology in China，This is where the excavation and research of Neolithic archeology in bet365 bonus code louisiana started。More than a hundred years，Through the unremitting efforts of Chinese archaeologists，Discovered in bet365 bonus code louisiana area、A large number of ruins reflecting the process of civilization have been excavated，Provides rich and key physical data for exploring the origin of Chinese civilization。

　　Lijiagou-Pei Ligan bet365 bonus code louisiana

The Lijiagou-Peiligang period was the beginning of civilization in Henan，The absolute age is about 10,000-7,000 years ago。It can be roughly divided into two stages: the first stage is the Lijiagou period，With Lijiagou bet365 bonus code louisiana、Represented by the early period of Pei Ligan bet365 bonus code louisiana；The second stage is the Peiligan period，Represented by the late Peiligan bet365 bonus code louisiana。

Lijiagou bet365 bonus code louisiana is located in the Shuangjie River Basin in central and northern Henan Province，The early period of Peiligan bet365 bonus code louisiana was located in the Shali River Basin in central and southern Henan，No other remains from the same period have been found between the two remains。Judging from the pottery combination，The former are all straight-mouth barrel-shaped cans，The latter has a horn-handled jar、Amphorae、Jar-shaped pot、Square mouth basin, etc.。Combined with archaeological discoveries in surrounding areas of Henan，Lijiagou bet365 bonus code louisiana is similar to Nanzhuangtou、The remains of four platforms and one category are closer，Early Peiligan bet365 bonus code louisiana and Shangshan、The remains of Qiaotou are close。This may reflect that the Neolithic bet365 bonus code louisiana in Henan showed southern characteristics as early as 10,000 years ago、The trend of parallel development in North China。

Early period of Pei Ligan bet365 bonus code louisiana，Some ancestors of Jiahu Phase I moved westward，Yiban Village developed in the western part of western Henan、The Bancun type represented by the Guan family and others。The rest of the ancestors stayed where they were and continued to develop，A new round of migration activities started in the late Peiligan bet365 bonus code louisiana。It moves northward into the Songshan Ring area to replace or merge with the local aborigines to form the Peiligan type，The latter went north to reach northern Henan，In exchanges with Cishan bet365 bonus code louisiana，Form a nest of flowers、The flower nest type represented by Balizhuang and others。To this point，Peligan bet365 bonus code louisiana is distributed throughout most of Henan，And enriched with connotations、Long lasting、Widely distributed、Advanced technology、It has far-reaching radiation and has become the cultural center and inter-regional exchange center in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，Formed the prototype of the “early Chinese cultural circle”。

In general，The ancestors began to settle in Lijiagou-Peiligan period，And fire pottery、Grinding farm tools、Growing crops (millet、Millet、rice) and raising livestock (pig、dog)，marks the arrival of agricultural society。Although still at a low level of food production，But we can already see the dawn of civilization，For example, the ancestors of Jiahu knew the music、Ming divination、Knowing Astronomy、Xiao Sacrifice。These technologies、Knowledge system、Ideology and religious consciousness spread with the migration of Peiligan bet365 bonus code louisiana，Make the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River "Pelligangized"。

　　Yangshao bet365 bonus code louisiana

The Yangshao period was the period of civilization development in Henan，The absolute age is about 7000-4700 years ago。It can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is the early Yangshao period，After the first phase of bet365 bonus code louisiana、Represented by Zaoyuan bet365 bonus code louisiana and others；The second stage is the middle Yangshao period，Represented by Miaodigou bet365 bonus code louisiana；The third stage is the late Yangshao period，Based on the early stage of Qinwangzhai bet365 bonus code louisiana、Xiwang Village bet365 bonus code louisiana、Represented by Da Sikong bet365 bonus code louisiana and others。

Early Yangshao period，Zaoyuan bet365 bonus code louisiana was formed in western Henan under the influence of Lingkou bet365 bonus code louisiana，Then transition to Dongzhuang type。Northern Henan area is under the influence of Zhenjiangying Phase I bet365 bonus code louisiana，Form the first phase of Hougang bet365 bonus code louisiana，Subsequent migration and expansion，Including Yuzhong、Regions including eastern Henan are included in it。Xiawanggang、Gowan、The Yangshao remains unearthed from Baligang and other sites contain the above cultural factors，There are also local and Jianghan cultural factors，Indicates that the Nanyang Basin at this time has become a collision between the Central Plains and Jianghan areas、An important area for communication and integration。

Middle Yangshao period，The Dongzhuang type eventually evolved into the Miaodigou bet365 bonus code louisiana。This is an extremely prosperous and tense archaeological bet365 bonus code louisiana，Use painted pottery as a link to spread and export influence to surrounding areas，East to the sea，Arrived in Gansu and Qinghai from the west，North Vietnam, Mongolia and Liaoning，South to the Yangtze River，A wave of art that can be called prehistoric China。At this time，The cultural outlook of Henan and even the Central Plains region is unprecedentedly consistent，Realized the first archaeological cultural integration in Chinese history，Academic circles often call it the "Miaodigou Period" or "Miaodigou Era" or "Xiyin Era"。

Late Yangshao period，Regions in Henan are inheriting the core elements of Miaodigou bet365 bonus code louisiana (cans、urn、Basin、Bo、On the basis of pointed bottom bottles, etc.，Opened a relatively independent development path。Western Henan、The Xiwangcun bet365 bonus code louisiana and the Dasikong bet365 bonus code louisiana were formed in northern Henan respectively。Eastern Yu、Southern Henan is due to the penetration of Haidai and Jianghan cultural systems respectively，And gradually separated from the Central Plains cultural system。The Central Songshan area, which is located in the middle, draws on the best of others by taking advantage of its geographical advantages，Fully absorb and integrate the Central Plains、Haidai、Advanced factors of Jianghan cultural system，In turn, a new archaeological bet365 bonus code louisiana was born—Qin Wangzhai bet365 bonus code louisiana。This bet365 bonus code louisiana was created by the melting of multiple cultures，Innate tendency to reform and innovate，During its development and expansion，The cultural development in Henan has ushered in a new round of peaks，The cultural center of the Central Plains region also lies in southwest Shanxi、The western part of western Henan gradually moves to the northwest of Zhengzhou。

Compared with the Lijiagou-Pei Ligan bet365 bonus code louisiana，The social form in the Yangshao bet365 bonus code louisiana was more complex。In the early Yangshao bet365 bonus code louisiana, small and medium-sized settlements with cohesive centripetal structures were generally popular，Internal planning is in order，Clear functional partitioning，Chengyan ruins wall trench defense system、Discovery of clam sculptures of dragons and tigers at the Xishuipo site，Indicates that the settlements have begun to differentiate。Middle and late Yangshao bet365 bonus code louisiana，Hundreds of thousands of square meters of western slopes appeared in western Henan Province、Beiyang Pingping Settlement，Also found a large house address、High-level tomb、Jade、Ivory vessels, etc.，Significant difference from small and medium-sized settlements，Constitutes a multi-level settlement structure。The area around Songshan Mountain has reached 1.17 million square meters、A triple-ring trench settlement with urban attributes—Double Sophora Tree，And the surrounding Dahe Village、西山、Qingtai、Wanggou、Shang Gang Yang、Suyang and other city sites or trench settlements，Reflecting that society at that time was highly complex。

Overall，Agriculture in the late Yangshao bet365 bonus code louisiana around the Songshan Mountains、Animal husbandry、Handicrafts and other industries have reached a mature stage，Specialized social division of labor has also emerged。The social stratification and class differentiation within and between settlements are significant，Especially in the northwest region of Zhengzhou，A very large central settlement represented by double locust trees has been formed，Some scholars believe that the ancient civilization-Heluo Ancient Kingdom appeared here。Same bet365 bonus code louisiana，Loess Plateau、Liaoxi、Nanzuo appeared in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other regions、Red Mountain、Liangzhu and other ancient civilizations。Compare to，There is a lack of large city sites in the area around Songshan Mountain、High-standard tombs、Large-scale sacrificial relics and symbolic identity、Ritual tools of power and status，Even in Shuanghuaishu Village，It is also difficult to see the level gap between the powerful and ordinary people。

Judging from the current archaeological discoveries，The agglomeration between Shuanghuaishu and surrounding trench settlements or city sites is poor，Therefore，There is still debate in the academic circles as to whether the regional settlement group with the Shuanghuai Tree settlement as the core can be named Heluo Ancient Kingdom。The author thinks，The materials currently published cannot prove that the ancient civilization appeared in the late Yangshao bet365 bonus code louisiana in the Songshan area，But its ritual function is surrounded by trenches、Defensive city site、High platform construction and developed agriculture、Handicraft technology and ivory carving of silkworms、Discovery of silk fabrics, etc.，Indicates that this area already has a relatively complete Nongsang civilization form，Even if it cannot be called an ancient country，At least it can be said that we have entered the eve of the ancient civilization。

■ M10 funerary object combination unearthed from Yuzhuang, Yexian County, bet365 bonus code louisiana Author/photo provided

　　Longshan bet365 bonus code louisiana

The Longshan period was the formation period of civilization in Henan，The absolute age is about 4700-3800 years ago。Can be roughly divided into two stages: the first stage is the early Longshan period，In the late period of Qin Wangzhai bet365 bonus code louisiana、Miaodigou Phase II bet365 bonus code louisiana and others are represented；The second stage is the late Longshan period，Fujangang Second Phase bet365 bonus code louisiana、Represented by Meishan bet365 bonus code louisiana and others。

Early Longshan period，The Xiwangcun bet365 bonus code louisiana in western Henan was first transformed into the Miaodigou Phase II bet365 bonus code louisiana，Then entering the northern Henan region，Forcing the Da Sikong bet365 bonus code louisiana here to transform into the early Mengzhuang Longshan bet365 bonus code louisiana。Eastern Yu、Southern Henan was completely incorporated into the Haidai and Jianghan cultural systems，became the stable distribution ranges of Dawenkou bet365 bonus code louisiana and Qujialing-Shijiahe bet365 bonus code louisiana respectively。The Qinwangzhai bet365 bonus code louisiana in the Songshan area has developed to the later stage (represented by the five-phase remains of Dahe Village)，With Miaodigou Phase II、Dawenkou (Yuchi Temple、Xixia horological type)、Gradually declined due to the infiltration of the three major cultural forces of Qujialing and Shijiahe。

Late Longshan period，The archaeological and cultural pattern in Henan has undergone drastic changes，The motivation behind it is the surrounding areas, especially Haidai、Continuous penetration of Jianghan cultural system。Specifically，The south of Songshan Mountain has experienced the transformation from Qinwangzhai bet365 bonus code louisiana to Dawenkou bet365 bonus code louisiana (Gushui River type) and then to Meishan bet365 bonus code louisiana，The Qinwangzhai bet365 bonus code louisiana north of Songshan Mountain was eventually replaced by the Hougang Phase II bet365 bonus code louisiana, the successor of Mengzhuang Longshan Early bet365 bonus code louisiana。Meishan bet365 bonus code louisiana and Hougang Phase II bet365 bonus code louisiana both had the intention of migrating southward and expanding。The former occupies most of southern Henan，The latter occupies the eastern part of eastern Henan and western Henan，Confrontation and development with the Sanliqiao bet365 bonus code louisiana in western Henan。

Archaeological discoveries and research shows，About 4300 years ago，Liangzhu、Dawenkou、The civilizations of Hongshan and other ancient countries have declined，Henan region has accelerated the process of civilization in the gathering and integration of multiculturalism。The first is the change in agricultural structure，By introducing wheat、Scalper、Sheep, etc.，Opening up a more complex and diverse food production model。The second is the change of handicraft industry，Pottery making、Stone-making and other technologies are more developed，Specialization appears、Standardized production，Start making ritual utensils for the aristocratic class。Finally, changes in population and social focus，The collision between the Hougang Phase II bet365 bonus code louisiana and the Meishan bet365 bonus code louisiana in the southeast of Songshan Mountain、Rapid development in integration，The number of settlements has increased significantly compared with the previous period，High-level settlements and city sites also appear together。

Upper reaches of Yinghe River、Shuangjie River Basin、Shahe River Basin、High-level settlements and city sites in eastern bet365 bonus code louisiana and other areas，Its area reaches hundreds of thousands or millions of square meters，A large number of complex ruins were found inside、Relic。If the rammed earth foundation was discovered at the Wangchenggang city site、Cloister style building、Sacrifice area、Storage area、Workshop area and bronze fragments、Jade Cong、White pottery, etc.；Multifunctional trench discovered in Wadian settlement、Large public buildings、Sacrificial area and pottery cups、White pottery、Eggshell black pottery、Complete set of wine vessels、Jade、Big Divination Bones, etc.；Moat discovered at Xinzhai City site、Corridor Base Site、Founder pit, etc.；Cloister-style rammed earth buildings, etc. found in the ancient walled city site；The tombs of high-ranking nobles and the orderly arranged beans found in Yuzhuang settlement、觚、High-handled cups and other ritual utensils；The site of Pingliangtai City is in order、Axisymmetrical，Drainage system found in the city、High-level housing construction、Handicraft facilities and religious activity relics, etc.。

The above findings indicate，Each of these regions has at least one location responsible for the entire regional resource allocation、A central settlement for social management and services，Belongs to politics、Economy、Cultural Center，Showing the characteristics of the center of early national political entities。But，Compared to Taosi, which is recognized by academic circles、Shimao and other early countries，Wadian、Xinzhai、The scale and remains of Pingliangtai and other settlements or city sites、The relics are not of high standard，The regional integration capability is not strong either，Can control at most several counties。Also，These settlements or city sites generally have thick walls、Trench、Palace、Noble Tombs、Sacrifice area、Ritual utensils, etc.，its own style，Reflects that they are not equal or subordinate，But some kind of confrontational relationship。Therefore，Yiwadian、Xinzhai、Pingliangtai and other settlement groups as the core are by no means a wide-area early royal state，It should belong to the scattered "ancient countries" recorded bet365 bonus code louisiana literature。

In summary，The prehistoric archaeological bet365 bonus code louisiana of Henan has experienced a "broken line" development process of rise (Peligang period) → decline (early Yangshao period) → rise (middle and late Yangshao period) → decline (early Longshan period) → rise (late Longshan period)，corresponds to the four stages of the civilization process (beginning of civilization→initial differentiation→serious differentiation→formation of civilization)。This evolutionary pattern is the fundamental reason why Henan’s prehistoric bet365 bonus code louisiana has gone through thousands of years without interruption，This also shows "diversity coexistence、Primary and secondary coordination、Regional cultural interaction characteristics of "integration and innovation"，The formation of "farming-based、Maintaining the stability of etiquette、The civilized model of “valuing wealth over wealth”。This model has been passed down for a long time，It plays a positive role in maintaining and strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese nation’s community。

　(Author’s unit: College of History and bet365 bonus code louisiana, Henan University、Henan University Xia Wenhua Collaborative Innovation Center)