■ Zhengzhou Dahe Village unearthed colorful pottery dual pot author/Figure

1921，Swedish scholar Anteson and his team's excavation in Yangshao Village, Henan, Henan Province，Opening the prelude to modern Chinese archeology，The excavation and research of archeology in Henan Neolithic Times started.。For more than 100 years，Unremitting efforts by Chinese archaeological workers，Discovery in Henan area、Discovering a large number of ruins that reflect the process of civilization，Provides rich and critical physical information for the exploration of Chinese civilization。

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Lijiagou -Pei Ligang period is the beginning of civilization in Henan region，Absolutely 10,000-7000 years from this age。It can be roughly divided into two stages: the first stage is the Lijiagou period，Lijiagou culture、Pei Li Gang culture is represented in the early stage; the second stage is the Pei Ligang period，Represents the late period of Pei Li Gang culture。

Lijiagou Culture is located in the Shuangtu River Basin, northern Henan，Pei Li Gang Culture was located in the Shawang River Basin in the southern part of Henan in the early stage，No other relics of the same period have been found between the two relics。From the perspective of pottery combination，The former is a straight barrel -shaped tank，The latter has a horn to put a can、Double ear can、can a pot、square mouth pot, etc.。Archaeological discovery in combination with the area around Henan，Lijiagou culture seems to be with Nanzhuangtou、Four of the four types of relics closer to，Pei Li Gang culture in the early stage with up the mountain、Bridge heads a type of relics close to。This may reflect the Neolithic Culture in Henan region as early as 10,000 years ago.、Trend of the development of northward development。

Pei Li Gang Culture Preliminary，Jiahu's first phase of the ancestors move westward，Developed in the western part of Western Henan Province、Guan Jia and other Bancun types。The remaining ancestors stay in place to continue development，To Pei Li Gang culture opened a new round of migration activities in the later period。The northward direction enters the Huanshan area to replace or integrates with the local indigenous people to form a Pei Ligang type，The latter arrives Bet365 app download at northern Henan north to northern Henan，In the communication with magnetic mountain culture，Forming with flower nest、Bali Zhuang, etc. represented by the type of flower nest type。So far，Pei Li Gang's cultural distribution is all over Henan，rich connotation、Broad distribution、Broad distribution、Advanced technology、Radiation is far -reaching and become a cultural center and inter -regional exchange center in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，formed the prototype of the "early Chinese cultural circle"。

Generally speaking，Lijiagou -The ancestors of the Period of Pei Li Gang started settlement，Putting pottery、grinding farm tool、Planting crops (millet、、rice) and breeding livestock (pig、Dog)，It marks the arrival of agricultural society。Although it is still at a lower level of food production status，But I can see the dawn of civilization，Rujiahu ancestors understand the rhythm、Mingshu、Knowing astronomy、Xiao Sacrifice。These technical processes、Knowledge System、Thoughts and religious consciousness follow the migration of Pei Li Gang culture，"Pei Li Ganghua" in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River。

　　Yangshao period

The Yangshao period is the civilization development period of Henan region，Absolutely 7000-4700 years from this age。Roughly three stages: the first stage is the early stage of Yangshao，Phase 1 culture after post post、Zaoyuan Culture, etc. It is represented by the jujube garden culture; the second stage is the middle of Yangshao，represented by the temple undercut culture; the third stage is the late stages of Yangshao，Early stage of Qin Wangzhai Culture、Xiwangcun Culture、Daishong Culture, etc.。

Yangshao Early，In the influence of zero culture in the western Henan region, Zaoyuan Culture，Then transition into Dongzhuang type。Under the influence of the first phase of the Zhenjiangying Camp culture in the northern Henan area，Forms a post -post -post -post -Phase Culture，Subsequently migration and expansion，Including Yuzhong、Eastern Henan and other areas are included in it。Xia Wanggang、Gully Bay、Yangshao relics unearthed from sites such as Bali Gang have the above cultural factors，At the same time, there are local and Jianghan cultural factors，It indicates that the Nanyang Basin at this time has become a collision of the Central Plains and Jianghan area、Important areas of communication and integration。

bet365 best casino games Yangshao mid -term，Dongzhuang Type finally turned into a temple under the temple。This is a very prosperous and tension archeological culture，The influence of the spread and output of the bond to the surrounding areas with color pottery，East to the Sea，Ganqing in the west，North Vietnam Mengliao，South to the Yangtze River，Can be called the art wave of prehistoric China。At this time，The cultural appearance of Henan and even the Central Plains region is unprecedented，Realized the first archeological cultural integration in Chinese history，The academic circles are mostly called "Miao Dougou Period" or "Temple Digou Age" or "West Yin Times"。

Yangshao Late，The core factors of the culture of Miao Dougou in all regions of Henan (tank、瓮、Pot、bowl、sharp bottle, etc.)，Open a relatively independent development path。West Yu、Northern Henan region formed the Culture and Daishi Culture of Xiwang Village。Yu East、Southern Henan is the penetration of Haiyu and Jianghan cultural systems，and gradually get rid of the Central Plains Cultural System。Huan Songshan area in the middle of the middle position uses geographical advantages to use the leader，Fully absorb the integration of the Central Plains、Haiyu、Advanced factors of Jianghan cultural system，Then give birth to a new type of archeological culture -Qin Wangzhai Culture。This culture creates a living due to the melting of multiculturalism，Congenuction has the style of restructuring and innovation，During its development and expansion period，The cultural development of Henan region has ushered in a new round of peaks，The cultural center of gravity in the Central Plains region is also from southwest of Jin、Western Western Henan is gradually transferred to northwest Zhengzhou。

Compared with Lijiagou -Pei Ligang period，The social form of the Yangshao period is more complicated。Small and medium -sized settlements of Yangshao in the early days of Yangshao，Internal planning is orderly，Functional partition is clear，The defense system of the city smoke site wall 壕、Discovery of the Rites of Dragon Tiger Dragon Tiger in Xishuipo Site，indicates that the settlement has begun to differentiate。Yangshao Middle Late，Hundreds of thousands of square meters of west slope appeared in the western Henan region、Beiyang equal settlement，It is also found that there is a large house address、High -level tombs、Jade、ivory device, etc.bet365 Play online games ，significant difference between the difference between the small and medium settlement，Make a multi -level settlement structure。Huan Songshan area has an area of ​​1.17 million square meters、Tri Rings settlement with the attributes of the capital -Shuang locust tree，and Grandhe Village, where Gongwei is around it、Xishan、Qingtai、Wanggou、Shanggang Yang、Su Yang and other urban sites or ring sets，Reflected that the society at that time was highly complicated。

Overall，The late agriculture of Yangshao in the Songshan area of ​​the Huanshan area、Animal Husbandry、Handicraft industry, etc. have reached the mature stage，Specialized social division of labor has also appeared。Social layers and hierarchical differentiation between the settlement and between the settlement，Especially the northwest of Zhengzhou，Forms a large center settlement represented by Shuang locust trees，Some scholars believe that the ancient country civilization has appeared here -the ancient country of Heluo。At the same time，Loess Plateau、West Liaoning、Jiangsu and other areas appearing in Nanzuo、Hongshan、Liangzhu and other ancient civilizations。Compared with it，Lack of large city sites in Songshan area、High specification tomb、Large sacrifice relics and symbols、Rites of power and status，Even in the double locust tree settlement，It is also difficult to see that the level gap between the level of power and ordinary people。

Judging from the archeological discovery at this stage，Poor aggregation of Shuang locust trees and surrounding ring sets or urban sites，From this，Whether the academic community on the area with double locust trees as its core is the settlement group that can be named by the ancient country of Heeluo。I think，The materials currently published can indeed prove that the ancient country civilization appeared in the late Yangshao region of Songshan area.，But its ritual function ring、Defense City address、High platform architecture and developed agriculture、Handicraft Industry Technology and Dental Eagle Silkworm、Find of silk fabrics，It indicates that the area already has a relatively complete form of farm and mulberry civilization，Even if it cannot be called the ancient country，At least it can be said that it has entered the eve of the ancient civilization。

■ Henan Ye County Yuzhuang unearthed M10 casual funeral combination author/supplies

　　Longshan period

Longshan period is the bet365 live casino games formation period of civilization in Henan region，Absolutely 4700-3800 years from this age。It can be roughly divided into two stages: the first stage is the early Longshan，Lairers of Qin Wangzhai Culture、The second phase of the temple legging is represented; the second stage is the late Longshan period，Phase II Culture after the post、Coal Mountain Culture, etc.。

Early Longshan，Xiwang Village Culture in Western Henan Province first turns into a temple Digou Phase II Culture，Then enter the northern Henan region，Forced the Dagukong Culture here to transform into the early culture of Longshan Mengzhuang。Yu East、Southern Henan area is completely incorporated into Haiyu and Jianghan Cultural System，Stable distribution of Dawenkou Culture and Qujia River Culture, respectively。Qinwangzhai culture in Songshan area has developed to the later stage (represented by Dahe Village Fifth Demonstration) stage，With the second phase of Miao Dougou、Dawenkou (Wei Chi Temple、Xixia Qiu type)、Qujia Ling -The penetration of the three major cultural forces of Shijiahe River gradually declines。

Late Longshan，The archeological cultural pattern of Henan region has undergone dramatic changes，The move behind it is the surrounding area, especially the Haiyu、The continuous penetration of the cultural system of Jianghan。Specifically，South South of Songshan experienced the transformation from Qin Wangzhai culture to Dawenkou culture (Gu Shuihe type) to coal mountain culture，Qinwangzhai culture north of Songshan was eventually replaced by the second -stage culture of the early post of Longshan, Mengzhuang Longshan。Coal Mountain Culture and Phase II Culture both have the intention of migrating and expanding south -directional migration and expansion。The former occupied most of the southern Henan regions，The latter occupies East Henan and eastern Henan，The development of Sanliqiao Culture in Western Henan Province。

Archaeological discovery and research show，About 4300 years to this，Liangzhu、Dawenkou、Hongshan and other ancient civilizations have declined，Henan has accelerated the process of civilization in the gathering and integration of multiculturalism。The first is the change of the agricultural structure，Introduction of wheat、ox、Sheep, etc.，Open a more complex and diverse food production model。Followed by changes in the handicraft industry，Preparation、Stones and other technologies are Bet365 app download more developed，Specialized、Standardized production，Start the dedicated gift device for the manufacturing noble class。Finally, the change of population and social center of gravity，The collision between the second phase of Songshan in the second phase of the post -post culture and the coal mountain culture、rapid development in blending，The number of settlements has increased significantly compared to the previous period，High -level settlements and city sites also concentrate。

Upstream of the River、Shuangyu River Basin、Shahe Basin、High -level settlement and city address in the east of Yu East，Its area reaches hundreds of thousands or one million square meters，A large number of complex relics were found inside、Rites。Ru Chenggang City site found rammed soil base、Corridor -style building、Sacrifice area、Warehouse、Workshop area and bronze wares、Jade、Bai Tao, etc.; Multifunctional trenches found in Waidian settlement、Large public buildings、sacrifice area and Tao Lie、Bai Tao、Eggshell Black Pottery、complete set of wine、Jade、Dabu bone;、Gallery Base Address、Laining pit, etc.; The site of the ancient city city found the corridor -like rammed earth building, etc.;、觚、High -handle cup and other gift wares; formal rectification of Pingliang Table City site、Middle shaft symmetry，Drainage system found in the city、High -level housing buildings、Handicraft Facilities and Religious Activities, etc.。

Discovery above，These areas have at least one place to undertake the entire regional resource allocation、The central settlement of social management and services，belonging to politics、Economy、Cultural Center，The characteristics of the early national political entity centers are shown。but，Compared to the academic Temple Temple、Shi Ji and other early countries，Watian、Xinzhai、The scale and relics of settlements or urban sites such as Pingliangtai、The specifications of the relics are not high，Regional integration ability is not strong，can control at most county areas。Another，These settlements or urban sites are generally wide city walls、trench、Palace、Noble Tomb、Sacrifice area、Gifts, etc.，Self -forming self -made faction，Reflect that they are not equal or affiliated with the relationship，but a certain confrontation relationship。Therefore，Yiwadian、Xinzhai、Pingliangtai and other settlements bet365 Play online games at the core are by no means a wide range of early royal rights countries，but should belong to the "ancient country" in the literature record。

To sum up，Henan prehistoric archeological culture has gone through rising (Pei Ligang period) → decline (early Yangshao) → rising (middle and late stages of Yangshao) → falling (early Longshan) → rising (late Longshan) development process，Four stages of the process of civilization (beginning of civilization → preliminary differentiation → severe differentiation → formation of civilization)。This evolutionary pattern is the fundamental reason why Henan's prehistoric culture has undergone thousands of years without interruption，This also shows "multiple coexistence、Main and second coordination、Fusion of Top new "regional cultural interaction characteristics，formed "Agricultural -based、Ritual System Stability、Heavy and Wealthy Civilization Model。This model is inherited for a long time，Active significance to maintain and cast a consciousness of the Chinese nation community。

　(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Henan University、Henan University Xia Cultural Cooperation Innovation Center)