100 years ago，Swedish scholar Anteson to verify the "Chinese Pottery West" hypothesis that he proposed，Open the journey of archeological survey in Northwestern China。1924，Ant Sheng came to the shore of the Luohe River，Found a lottery site in Majiayao Village, about 10 kilometers south of Linxiancheng, Gansu，This is the famous Majiayao site in the later。

1944，Chinese scholar Xia Yan opened a trip to the Northwest Scientific Investigation，successfully in Gansu、Qinghai inspect a series of sites，and carry out some excavation work。Based on the new discovery of field archeology，Refers to the error of the relationship between Qi family and the morning and evening of the Yangshao period in the "Six Phase" of Antosheng，and put forward it in subsequent research，Name the relics of Yangshao period in Gansu as Majiayao Culture。Now，Majiayao site found for nearly a century，Majiayao culture has already penetrated people's hearts，Its brilliant colorful pottery art is the world -famous。Standing on the eve of the century -old history，We need to look back at the century -old cognitive journey of the blue wrapped road of Majiayao Culture，and further summarize and understand the important achievements of Majiayao culture at a new starting point。

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Ma Jiayao Culture was originally considered an integral part of Yangshao Culture，Known as Gansu Yangshao Culture。Anteson noticed the similarity of Majiayao culture and Yangshao culture，Especially the two of the two in color pottery，Therefore, Majiayao culture is attributed to the category of Yangshao culture。An of Majiayao found in the Ganqing area in the "Six Phase I said" in the Ganqing area as the Yangshao period relic。Since then，Although Xia Yan proposed the naming of Majiayao culture，But do not deny the close relationship between Majiayao culture and Yangshao culture。Many researchers also agree that Majiayao culture originated from the view of Yangshao culture。For example，Strict civilization demonstrates from multiple aspects: "Majiayao type is late than Miao Dougou Bet365 app download type，and inherited many factors of the type of temple gutter，It is the continuation and development of the type of temple undercut in Gansu.。”

This understanding in the later archeological survey、Discovery and research is constantly confirmed。For example，In terms of strata，The cultural relics of Majiayao have been found in the Majiayao cultural relics on the relic of Miao Digou。In recent years，The latest archeological excavation of the Majiayao site officially confirmed the above -mentioned strata relationship。A large number of Malaysia Kiln Cultural Pottery and some temples are unearthed at the site of Majiayao.。Where，The patterns on the early color pottery on Majiayao culture have obvious features of temple bottom gaptons.，revealed that Majiayao culture is independent from Yangshao culture，The process of gradually forming its own unique cultural appearance。，Majiayao Culture is still in other types of relics and house construction、Settlement form、Methods of students、Aesthetic concepts and other aspects are common with Yangshao culture。

In short，Digital evidence indicates，Majiayao Culture is after the type of Yangshao Culture Temple in the Central Plains, after the type of Ganqing's hinterland in the west，Adapt to the local environment，Results of further development。Of course，In this process，It is not ruled out that Yangshao culture has been affected by other people，Especially the influence of hunting collection crowds survived locally。

　The continuous advancement of Majiayao culture

Yangshao Culture is the earliest archaeological culture that China has recognized，Centers with the junction of Guanzhong and Yu, Shaanxi and Jin dynasties，Last for more than 2,000 years，is one of the most important archeological culture in the hinterland of the Central Plains in the prehistoric era。Yangshao Culture reaches prosperity during the temple ditch，The cultural appearance of this period shows high consistency within the distribution range，It reflects the strong control of the people of Miao Dougou。Later，Yangshao Culture Beginning Starting Silence。

About 5300 years before and after today，major changes in Yangshao culture in the hinterland of Central Plains，Some people stay in Central Plains，Adjust the development strategy，Step into the late stages Bet365 app download of Yangshao; another force continues to develop westward，Enter the Northwest Highland。Actually，Early early in Yangshao，Yangshao Culture has been near Liupan Mountain。Dadi Bay site、Archaeological Discovery of Wangjiayinwa Site and Nagawa Ruins shows，Yangshao Culture has crossed Liupan Mountain into the Longxi Plateau in the early days，But more distributed in the east。At the end of the temple ditch，Yangshao Culture continues to develop towards the northwest，Break through the previous range。

According to existing archeological discovery，The Yangshao culture of this period has penetrated into the Longxi Plateau，Enter Luohe、Daxia River Basin，Xiang Xiyuan Da River area。Many sites in the east of Qinghai such as Yangwipo、Hu Lijia，Majiayao in Luohe Basin、Squares and other sites have found a certain amount of temple undercut relics。Yangshao Culture goes up all the way along the Yellow River and its tributaries，Occupy the fat river valleys and cross -strait steps，Develop production，Develop production，It may be integrated with the local fishing and hunting collection crowd，Finally on the basis of Miao Dougou，The unique Majia kiln culture was developed by local conditions。Since then，Majiayao ancestors firmly occupy this area，Continuously operating for more than 1,000 years。

I am，Majiayao culture inherits the pioneering spirit of Yangshao culture，Taking the Lanzhou Basin and the nearby area as the base camp，Continue to pioneer in multiple directions: enter the Hexi Corridor in the northwest，Farter to the western end of the Hexi Corridor，opened an important channel for Chinese and Western exchanges; boarding the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau westward，Enter the Republic Basin，It has had an important impact on the development of later Tibetan culture; the southwest to the southeast edge of the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau enters northwest Sichuan，An important participant for the early formation and development of the ancient Shu civilization。

In short，Majiayao culture formed、The journey of development and growth is a way to west all the way、The journey of pioneering the Northwest Highland。Majiayao Culture is in the process of formation and development，It opened a new strategic place for the Chinese civilization bet365 Play online games in the northwest height，greatly expanded the survival and development space of Chinese civilization，and laid the foundation and pattern for the early development of cultural exchanges between China and the West and the Bronze Age of later generations。

　　New features of the economic industry economy

Similar to Yangshao Culture，Majiayao Culture is still mainly agricultural in the living industry，Majiayao crowd is still the agricultural crowd。The latest research shows，The plant seeds of the Majiayao culture unearthed from Majiayao site are domesticated、黍。The latest research of soil microstructure has also discovered the bran shell of the Majiayao Cultural and Grassy Plants。Majiayao Cultural Agricultural Production Tools unearthed from the site，provides another evidence。At the same time，Majiayao ancestors also domesticated animals。Majiayao Cultural Home Pork Bone unearthed from the site provides direct evidence。Of course，These do not prevent Majiayao's ancestors still carry out fishing and hunting collection activities。Limited to the local production level at that time，Fishing and hunting collection can effectively supplement food source。Majiayao cultural stone ball unearthed in the site、Drinking and other tools and wildlife bones support this understanding。

In addition to the above -mentioned living industry，Majiayao culture also develops unique pottery industry。Well -known，Majiayao culture is based on a large number of production and use of color pottery。The absolute quantity of its colorful pottery、relative proportions、Exquisite and other aspects，all reached an unprecedented height，It can be called the master of the prehistoric pottery in China。So，Why does Ma Jiayao culture pay so much attention to the production of colorful pottery? This may be closely related to the living environment of the Majiayao crowd。The Northwest Highlands occupied by Majiayao Culture，The living environment is more complicated and diverse and uneven than the hinterland of the Central Plains。Some areas with limited agricultural resources may develop a more diverse and unique biological economy，Color pottery production may be a representative item。

Taking the lower reaches of the Luohe River at the Majiayao site as an example。After the West bet365 best casino games Qinling Ridge in Hebei，The river valley becomes slightly open，But the space for agricultural planting is still very limited。but but，On both sides of the Luohe River, there are extremely rich third -class red earth resources，Is a high -quality pottery。Gulf's vertical and horizontal loessing land and the unique uprightness of the loess，Provides excellent conditions for digging the kiln。The rich natural vegetation on the surrounding mountains supplies sufficient fuel。The kiln industry technology originated from Yangshao was also retained by Majiayao culture and carried forward the light。

The above -mentioned factors have created the development of Majiayao's cultural pottery industry。The reason why the ancestors of Majiayao have a lot of citizens，There may be two aspects of factors: first, it is derived from the color pottery tradition of Yangshao culture; the other is the need for commercial production。Especially the latter，It may be the important reason why Majiayao culture attaches great importance to color pottery。Strongly develop handicrafts in areas with lack of agricultural resources，Some of its products should be used for exchange。Some research points out，Color pottery of Majiayao Culture can flow from long distances to the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau，and even northwest Sichuan。River may be an important channel for colorful pottery transportation。To sum up，Ma Jiayao Culture Based on the agricultural economy，Reinforced by handicraft production according to local conditions，Especially the production of colorful pottery，An important supplement to the economy of the living industry，and become its distinctive feature。

　　Pioneers of Chinese and Western Exchange

Early human society，The vast sea blocks most of human traffic，Land Road and River may be the main channel for communication at that time。The characteristics of my country's landform determine that early Chinese and Western exchanges should be mainly launched in the west，Communication with the hinterland of Eurasia may pass the West、Land and rivers in the north direction to achieve。The Northwest Highland developed by Majiayao Culture，It is undoubtedly an important channel for early Chinese and Western exchanges。Depart from the core hinterland of Majiayao's cultural core，The northwest can enter Bet365 lotto review the Hexi Corridor through multiple channels，Continue to the west can go deep into the hinterland of Eurasia。An convenient condition，Majiayao Culture may be the earliest connection with civilization in China with the Eurasian hinterland，Archaeological culture of direct or indirect communication，It is a pioneer of Chinese and Western exchanges。

This can be seen in the archeological discovery of Majiayao culture。For example，The Linjia site located in the core hinterland of Majiayao Cultural Culture found Majiayao Cultural Bronze Knife，Time can get early to Majiayao culture early，It is the earliest bronze ware in our country。Zhangye Xichengyi site at the west end of the Hexi Corridor found clear copper metallurgical relics，Unearthed ore、slag refining、Copper and other series of copper smelting evidence，It can be advanced to Malaysia Cultural Malaysia Factory early。It is generally considered，Metallurgy originated in Westia，About 5000 years Around Western Asia, it is introduced to my country。In view of the time and space location of Majiayao culture，Combined with the aforementioned archeological discovery，It is most likely that the first metallurgical technique was introduced by Majiayao culture，and have a significant impact on the development of Chinese civilization and the emergence of early countries。

Similar to metallurgical, there are wheat crops、domesticated sheep、Introduction of oxen，It may also be the contribution of Majiayao culture，Injecting new motivation into the development of the later industry economy。Of course，Cultural exchanges are two -way，Planting millet by Majiayao Culture、黍，The technology of domesticated pigs should also spread westward。，Color pottery is also an important clue for early Chinese and Western exchanges。Current，Although there is no clear evidence, it indicates that Chinese and Western culture has communicated directly in color pottery，But the similarity between the two is also an indisputable fact，Do not rule out the possibility of direct or indirect communication between the two parties。In short，Majiayao Cultural Pioneering and Operating Northwest Highlands，and the Chinese and Western Exchange Channel opened by this，Not only has new development space for Chinese civilization，It also opened a window that bet365 best casino games has the same interoperability with other civilizations in the world，made a major contribution to the development of Chinese civilization。

Majiayao Culture is the first large -scale development of the Central Plains Civilization to the Northwest Highland。Majiayao Culture takes root in the northwest highlands，Development and growth，Last for thousands of years，It has a long -lasting and profound impact on the civilization process in the Northwest region。From this，Chinese civilization has expanded new development space，Open an important channel for China and the West Exchange，Breeding many important civilizations in the West，It is a successful "Western Development" in Chinese history。

　　(Author is an associate researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)