In ancient China，Litigation is bet365 sportsbook review called "complaint"。As the name suggests，Before the victim went to the Yamen to report，A letter of apology must be made first。Open Qing Dynasty litigation files，The details of these "complaints" are far richer than we imagined。

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In literary works，We often see scenes of people blocking sedan chairs and shouting about injustice。But，In judicial practice，It is rare to stop the public and call for control；Even if it happens，Also need to issue an adverb。A survey of litigation habits in the late Qing Dynasty shows: when state and county officials are away，It can be accepted if people stop the sedan chair and call for control，But the petition still needs to be submitted later。The shouting and control in Ba County archives，Mainly happens in front bet365 sportsbook review Yamen，General emergencies。People complained at the county government office，The government has no reason not to allow it，But then a petition or complement must also be issued。The written doctrine of litigation in the Qing Dynasty can be seen from this。

“Complaint” in a broad sense，generally refers to all submissions。"Complaint" in a narrow sense，Only refers to the petition for official approval。As early as the Song Dynasty，Composition of complaint must be done through a bookstore recognized by the government。Up to the Qing Dynasty，Stricter regulations。"The Laws and Regulations bet365 sportsbook review Qing Dynasty" says: the internal and external punishment names are Yamen，Must obtain official letter；Any submission，Fill in the facts，And register the name bet365 sportsbook review agent，The Yamen will verify the acceptance before acceptance。Even if the word form is filled in by the public，Also indicate "self-drafted"，And must be stamped by official letter。The situation of self-drafting，Rarely found in Ba County archives，There are relatively many “Danxin files”。In Ba County，Some people hire "unofficial letters" because official letters charge too much，The result was that the official scriveners jointly turned them over to the government。If you make a statement and do not follow the form，The government will reprimand it when it approves the order，Or the form of transfer may be submitted separately，Even illegal reading。If there is no signature，The government will also deny permission or reprimand on the grounds of "no stamp"。

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The Qing Dynasty paper was printed with engraving，An article indicating the degree of standardization bet365 sportsbook review paper，Two explanations bet365 sportsbook review considerable demand for form papers。Plaints usually consist of two parts: formalities and regulations。Statements generally include the first batch、Zhushou、Text、Five parts of certificate and official title。

The first batch of adverbial words，Mostly located before the leader，Some are also located at the end bet365 sportsbook review state。The so-called "previous batch"，This is the official’s comment in the previous complaint。Due to the limited litigation capabilities of prefecture and county yamen in the Qing Dynasty，Often "the situation is not accurate"。Previous batch here，Often the reason for the previous rejection，The purpose is to facilitate the government to understand the previous situation。Previous batches are usually printed with two to three columns，such as "a certain batch，A certain day of a certain month of a certain year”，The following is for the person writing the document to record the contents bet365 sportsbook review previous batch。Ba County’s formal regulations stipulate that those who were previously approved will not be admitted，Responsible Office。Danxin status also has a similar clause: not all bet365 sportsbook review governors will be recorded，Not allowed。In practice，It is more common for people to refute initial complaints，It’s not unusual for this lawsuit to be refuted，But the government will usually accept the complaint three times。Probably because "things can only be done in three cases"！

The first part bet365 sportsbook review statement is usually printed with the words "Statement" or "Main (Deputy) Statement"。Basic functions bet365 sportsbook review leader，It is a description bet365 sportsbook review category bet365 sportsbook review word and the basic situation bet365 sportsbook review person with the word。The grid of Ba County archives usually starts with Gu Xizhuang，Fill in the words " sue ", " sue ", " report " etc. in the blanks，Indicate status。Huangyan files are stamped with "present", "sued" and other status categories。At the same time，Fill in the names bet365 sportsbook review petitioners in the header、Age、Identity、Place of Origin、Residence, notice, etc.。In addition，After the government accepts the petition，It will also indicate “new case” or “old case” in the first part bet365 sportsbook review complaint。

The pleading regulations are printed at the end bet365 sportsbook review pleading paper in the form of "complaints are not allowed"，Mainly related to the qualifications to file a complaint、Three aspects of writing regulations and evidence witnesses。The formal regulations of different yamen often range from one to twenty items，There are as many as 19 "prohibited complaints" in the first year of Xianfeng in Ba County。Regulations on pleadings are the basic norms for pleadings，As Professor Deng Jianpeng said，The essence is a repetition of national laws such as the "Laws bet365 sportsbook review Qing Dynasty"、Detailed explanations and supplements。The government attaches great importance to the regulations on word forms，Pan Piaocan, a famous official in the Kangxi period, once said: "It is not expensive to issue a seal with limited words, but it is expensive to be in a proper format... If it is not in a proper format, it will not be correct."，The lies will be lessened。”The official title bet365 sportsbook review seal official is usually located after the text，Leave blank next to it for official approval，The answer is "accurate" or "not allowed"。

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The registered person is usually one person，It is also common for two to four people，Less if there are more than four people。If two or more people complain，Names written side by side，Age is noted below。The identity bet365 sportsbook review specified person，Also fill in before the name。If it is an ordinary young adult male，Leave it to yourself。The rest are waiting，Neither can litigate independently，Another person must inform on your behalf，That is, "accusing"。The regulations bet365 sportsbook review first year of Xianfeng in Ba County: Shen Jin、Women、young and old、No complaint for the disease，Although there are complaints about those who are still under age or those who are old and exhausted，Not allowed。The Huangyan file is also similar: all employees and health supervisors、Women、Old、Those who are disabled or underage and have no complaints，Not allowed。In litigation in Ba County，With women、Staff、The four most common types of complaints are those from birth guards and the elderly，There are many widows。Both Ba County and Huangyan files are displayed，Most bet365 sportsbook review complainants are close relatives、Servants or hired workers。About the young people to complain，Subject to adult status。Contained in "Manuscript of Qing History: Food and Huo Zhi"，Men become adults at the age of sixteen。There is an example of a fourteen-year-old being sued in the Ba County archives，Consistent with this regulation。In addition，Multiple people complained，Also complain separately or jointly。

The petition must also specify the place of origin and residence，For contact。Most petitioners are from this county，There are also a small number of people from other provinces。Residence address should generally be detailed to the inside、square。Among various places，Also indicate how many miles away from the city，In order for the government to estimate the time of summons。If the call takes too long，It will inevitably bring opportunities for extortion to the government officials。A registered person from Ba County，Most bet365 sportsbook review distance from the city is between ten miles to more than one hundred miles，The archives of Danxin and Huangyan are mostly within tens of miles，This is due to differences in the size of jurisdictions。The residence bet365 sportsbook review person with the condition is often a home in the city，In an era of inconvenient communication，Xie Jia’s role is indispensable。In the adverb of Ba County during the Xianfeng period，There are at least a dozen Xiejia store names appearing，Ru Taipingfang Wanyi Store、RISING STORE、Heyi store、Jiyu Store，Yangliufang Renhe Store、Quanshun store、Lingyun Store，Jinzifang Wantai Store、Dacheng Store，Renhefang Detai Store, etc.，Showing the trend of concentration in the area。A few city residents，Indicate "self-owned house" or "shared house"。The contact information bet365 sportsbook review petitioner was very standardized at that time。

　Restricted content

The main text bet365 sportsbook review pleading is the character grid for writing the case。The case part begins with the reason，Generally written as "for something"，Mostly four-character or eight-character pearls。This is due to the influence bet365 sportsbook review lawyer's secret book。After the incident，Describe the case。Although the formal regulations often stipulate that submissions exceeding 300 words are not allowed，But the character grids of state and county participles are rarely filled up，The actual number of words is always within two hundred。The word count of “gongfu” has more characters，Up to more than four hundred。Writing word forms requires one word and one frame，If the number of words exceeds a few, it will be written in two lines at the end bet365 sportsbook review grid。This slight violation of regulations，The government generally does not reprimand。The reason why the number of words is limited，It’s because “I’m afraid that too many words may lead to ruthless words”。Although the government limits the number of words to suppress litigation，But objectively it helps to summarize the case，Avoid vines。

Fill in the evidence，It is necessary to make a complaint。To avoid involvement，It is often said in the statutes and regulations that "no more than three witnesses shall be allowed"。Complicated case statement，If there are more than five people involved，You need to decorate it in various ways。For example，Indicate some bet365 sportsbook review defendants as "Binghuo", "Instigator" or "Ci Nei"，Or mark some witnesses as "written evidence", "drag rescue", etc.。This kind of behavior is the embodiment bet365 sportsbook review scrivener’s (litigator’s) tactics，It also indirectly confirms the binding force of formal regulations。Some forms will also be printed with a guarantee、Armor length、Ground neighbor、Touble、township agreement、Customer, etc.，Also belongs to the category of being certified。The confirmed location，Most formalities are listed after the text box，There are also a few listed at the beginning。

It can be said，The petition system in the Qing Dynasty was relatively mature，The details are also very rich。Not only was writtenism established at that time，And use official letters to supervise it，Also regulated through formal regulations。Statements generally include the beginning bet365 sportsbook review statement、Previous batch、Text、Five parts of certificate and official title，Mainly covered categories、Previous batch、Reason、Special person、Place of Origin、Address (Xijia)、Complaint、Confirmed、Case facts (limited qualifications) and ten aspects of official title。Via Official Proverbs、The dissemination of secret books and litigator secrets，The writings and fillings in the Qing Dynasty archives in various places are highly similar，Shows strong normative color。

　　(This article is a phased result bet365 sportsbook review Ministry of Justice project "Research on the Real Status of Judicial Operations in Prefectures and Counties in the Qing Dynasty" (16SFB3007)

(Author’s unit: Tongji University Law School)