In ancient China，Lawsuit, also known as "sue"。As the name suggests，The victim came to the Yamen to present it before the gate，Must take a piece of paper first。Open the Qing Dynasty litigation file，The details of these "sueds" are far richer than we think。

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In literary works，We often see the scene where the sedan shouts。but，In judicial practice，It is not uncommon to block the control; even if it happens，Essence of the adult word。A lawsuit in the late Qing Dynasty showed that when the state officials were going out，People can accept the people who are blocked by the people，But afterwards, you still have to replenish the presence。shouting control in Babian file，Mainly occur in front of the gate，General things are emergency。The public shouts injustice in the county，The government has no reason，But also issued shouts or supplements。The writtenism of the Qing Dynasty lawsuit is evident。

"Ceremony" in a broad sense，Bright refers to all the words。Sumid "sue"，I only refer to the adoption word that is requested to the government.。early in the Song Dynasty，The matter must be performed through the book shop identified by the government。To the Qing Dynasty，Regulations are stricter。"Great Cases" is cloud:，Must be admitted to the official agency;，Fill in it accordingly，and register the name of the substitute book，Yimen Midnite Xu Xuan accepts。Even if the word is filled by the people，It is also necessary to indicate "self -manipulation"，and must be stamped through the official book on behalf of the official book。Self Bet365 lotto review -manuscript，Bay County archives are rare，"Danxin file" is relatively more。，Some people please ask the "Wild Date"，As a result, the official books were jointly twisted to the government。If you do not adopt the form，The government will refuse it when it is accurate，or let the use of the formula be added with another，Even if you do not read。If there is no substitute poke，The government will also use "no poke" to be inaccurate or applied for。

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The style paper of the Qing Dynasty was printed with carving，One indicates the degree of normative paper，Two explains that the needs of the paper are considerable。Symatic paper is usually composed of two parts: form and regulations。Semings generally include previous batch、、Text、Certificate and official title five parts。

The previous batch of the adult word，Most of them are before the head of the shape，Some are at the end of the shape。The so -called "front batch"，It is the approval of the government when the statement was previously sued。Due to the limited litigation capabilities of the gates of the county and county in the Qing Dynasty，Frequent "unsatisfactory"。The previous batch here，Often is the reason for the previous rejection，The purpose is to facilitate the government's understanding of the past。Previous batch usually printed two to three columns，As "a certain batch，One year, a certain month and a certain day "，The subordinates of the subordinates will record the previous batch of content。Babian County Regulations Regulations: Those who do not record before，Delivery Division。There are similar clauses in light -new forms: incomplete recording this section of the second instructions，Not allowed。In practice，bet365 best casino games The public's first report to be refuted more common，It is not unusual to be refuted，But the three officials will be allowed for three times.。It is probably because of "nothing but three"!

The first head of the shape。Basic features of the head，It is the basic situation of the category of words and the human -like person。The pattern of the Bay County archives usually start with a certain beginning，Fill in the words "sue", "complaint", "禀" in the space，Disputes the difference。Huangyan archives indicate the differences in the form of "presence" and "complaint" in the form of a stamp。At the same time，Fill in the name of the person in the head、Age、Identity、Origin、Residence and claims and other items。other，After the government is closed，It will also indicate the "new case" or "old case" at the first part of the shape。

Signaling regulations are printed at the tail of the paper in the form of "inaccurate in the case"，Mainly involved the qualifications of the case、Book Book Specification and Evidence Witness。The secondary regulations of different gates are often between one and twenty Articles，The first year of Xianfeng, Bay County, the "inaccurate" of the first year of Xianfeng reaches more than 19。Sanctuary Regulations are the basic specifications of the situation，As Professor Deng Jianpeng said，The essence is the duplication of national law such as the Great Laws、Detailed explanation and supplement。The government attaches great importance to the regulations of the regulations，The famous curtain of the Kangxi reign, Pan Yancan, once said: "It is not expensive to the printing of the printing, and it is expensive ...，Then lie from a young。"The official title of the Indian official is often behind the text，White beside it for official bet365 Play online games criticism，That is to answer "quasi" or "inaccurate"。

　　Clear with the shape

Special person is generally one person，Two to four people are also common，less than four people。If the two or more are sued，Name Writing side by side，Age Note below。Identity，Fill in before the name。If it is a common young age male，Listen to self -told。Other people, etc.，Nothing can be independently litigant，It must be told by others，that is "holding"。The first year regulations of Xianfeng, Ba County stipulates: gentleman、Women、Old Young、There is no notice for abolition，and although there are no complaints or those who are older or older，Not allowed。Huangyan archives are also similar: Every job and student supervisor、Women、old age、Waste or not.，Not allowed。In Bazi County Proceeds，Women、Staff、The four categories of students and the elderly are the most common，Mother Mother Mother。Both the files and Huangyan files are displayed，Most of the testers are mostly close relatives、Home Ding or employee。About the younger for young people，Limited to whether it becomes ding。"Draft of Qing History · Food and Food"，Men's sixteen year is Cheng Ding。There are examples of 14 -year -old complaints in the Bay County archives，Compliance with this regulation。other，Multi -person complaint，Also separate or jointly report。

3676_3689，Used to contact。Human origin is mostly in this county，There are also a small number of people from other provinces。The address of the residence is generally detailed、Fang。Among the forms in various places，How many miles of departure (distance) cities will also be indicated，so that the government estimates the difference time。If the difference bet365 best casino games is too long，Can't help bringing opportunities for extortion to the counters。Patriarch of Ba County，Most of them are between ten miles and more than a hundred miles，Danxin and Huangyan files are mostly within dozens of miles，This is caused by the differences in the area under the jurisdiction。Human residences are often resting in the city，In the era of inconvenient communication，The role of a break family is indispensable。In the Bay County Niche Ci -Polyzi in the Xianfeng period，There are at least ten restaurants appearing at the restaurant，Ru Taipingfang Wanzhang Store、Rate store、Heyi Store、Jiyu Store，Yangliufang people and shops、Quanshun Store、Lingyun Store，Golden Zifang Wan Tai Store、Dacheng Store，Renhe Fang De Tai Store, etc.，presents the concentration of the area。Minority residents，indicates that "self -house" or "佃 佃"。The contact information of the person was very standardized at the time。

　Limited content

The text of the style paper is the character of writing the case。The case part began with the cause of the incident，General writing "For a certain thing"，Most of them are four -character or eight -character beads。This is caused by the influence of the secret of the litigue。After the reason，narrative case。Although those who are often stipulated in the formal regulations often stipulate that more than 300 words are not allowed，Danzhou -county word -shaped character is rarely written，The actual number of words is often within two hundred。Master -controlled word -shaped words more words，up to 400 or more。Writing requirements of word -shaped one word and one grid，If the number of words exceeds a small two lines, it will be stacked at the end of the grid。This bet365 best casino games slight overweight phenomenon，The government generally does not rebuke。The reason why the word is limited，It is because "the word" is easy to enter the ruthless word "。Although the government's limited number of words has the consideration of suppressing the lawsuit，But objectively helps to summarize the case，Avoid branches。

Fill in the certification，It must be a must -have for the situation。To avoid implication，Sanctification regulations often say that "the certification must not exceed three"。The complex consequences of the case，If more than five people are certified，You need to decorate them with various names。For example，indicate some people in the defendant "and call", "Lord" or "in the word"，Or not to note some witnesses as "penalties", "Drag", etc.。This behavior is both a manifestation of the trick (litigator) trick，It also indirectly confirms the binding force of the formal regulations。Some forms will be printed with Zhengzheng、A Long、Di Neighborhood、、Township Aviation、Guori and so on，Also belongs to the category of being certified。Position of the certified，Most of the form is listed behind the text，There are also a few listed on the head。

It can be said，The status system of the Qing Dynasty is relatively mature，The details are also very rich。At that time, not only the writtenism was established，and supervise it with an official book，Also specified through the formal regulations。Semings generally include the shape of the shape、Pre -batch、Text、Certificate and official title five parts，Mainly covering a farewell、Pre -batch、Reason、Special person、Origin、Address (Xiejia)、Promotion、Certified、Case (limit) and ten aspects of official title。Passing of the Guanzan Book、Display Bet365 lotto review of the Music Works and the Secret of the Litigation Master，The status and filling in the archives of the Qing Dynasty in various places are already high，Show strong normative color。

　　(This article is the "Research Research Research on Judicial Operations in the Prefecture of Qing Dynasty" (16SFB3007) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Law of Tongji University)