晚近十余年来，With the continuous broadening of academic circles in the scope of historical materials，图像这类有别于史书、Law Code、Visual information of text historical materials such as files，It has gradually attracted the attention of many scholars。Those images implemented by judicial trials and punishment in the late Qing Dynasty，Especially the attention of Chinese legal history researchers，and is used by many books as the material design of the cover or illustration in the book。但是，If you lack the accurate recognition of the relevant background of such "historical painting", you will use it yourself，It is easy to passively add to a certain kind of reproduction of the stereotypes about Chinese traditional legal culture but do not know。

1801，London of the British Empire published an English book named The Punishments of China: Illustrated by Twenty-Two Engravings with Explanations in English and French。The main title of the English book title of this book，He has been translated by some Chinese scholars as "China torture"，But the more accurate translation should actually be "Chinese Punishment" or "Chinese Punishment"，Because there are no words in the above English book title, the words that emphasize cruelty。Some researchers think that the author of the book is a British named bet365 Play online games William Miller。但实际上，William Miller is just the publisher of the book，The author is Major George Henry Mason of the 102nd Regiment of the British Army。But strictly speaking，Mason is not the original author of the 22 pictures included in the book。According to the research of some scholars，The original author of these 22 pictures，It was a Guangzhou that lived under the rule of the Qing Dynasty、Paper Watercolor Painting Artists called "PU QUA" (PU QUA)，Mason ordered many export paintings from this Chinese painter，Later, I selected 22 pictures that showed the scene of China's punishment.，Add the British French bilingual comment text，在英国铜版印刷、Published after hand -colored。

The specific content of the 22 copper prints included in the book "Chinese Punishment"，包括升堂提审及锁链、杖责、hub、拶 finger、Dai Bang、锁带杆墩、Exile、绞刑、Beheading and other punishment embodiments。According to scholar research，The book was after the preliminary edition of London in 1801，A large response in the West quickly generated，Later at least 1804、1808年、1822 and 1830，Translated into other Western language publishing or reprinting。例如，In 1804, the German version of the book came out。The book is different periods、22 pictures contained in the version published in different languages，slightly different in details such as coloring，But there is an obvious common point in terms of painting techniques and overall expression forms，That is except for Bet365 lotto review characters and very few indispensable utensils (mainly various torture tools)，The background of the painting is completely blank.。

The 13th picture "Upper Lock" included in the book "Chinese Punishment" as an example。在这幅图画中，A male prisoner's neck was put on a huge pair of wooden。Although there is a shoulder -length special chair erected four wooden pillars to support the huge wooden weighing weight，But as Marson's text commentary that Marson is equipped with this picture，"After wearing this pair of wood，犯人既看不到自己的脚，手也够不到自己的嘴”。Mason is explained in the text explanation of this picture，Also mentioned a detail in the painting，In the lower left corner, there is a buckle rice bowl and a special spoon，They are used by suppliers when feeding the prisoners。Except this prisoner and wooden、Special chair、rice bowl and spoon，The rest of the painting is completely blank for treatment。

Some scholars have noticed that the painting style that fully blame the background in the painting in the painting，Try to interpret。Some scholars point out，The 22 pictures in the book "Chinese Punishment" fully blame their background，Through the situation，Lack of any natural environment or clues about the characters in the paintings，Only presenting various punishments in China and suffering from these punishments，I believe that this painting style reflects the Chinese painters who draw these pictures in the 18th and 19th centuries to satisfy the curiosity of the Western Volkswagen，Simplify the strange "Oriental" culture bet365 Play online games and complex society encountered by the Western public、Interpretation and classification，But when reviewing from the interpretation framework of Europe and the United States，"These pictures seem not just drawing a specific historical event，It is rather to be used to serve the universal practice of presenting Chinese law and culture "。There are also scholars who emphasize，22 pictures in "Chinese Punishment"，completely hidden the specific scene of its occurrence、Air Fiction Treatment，"This image peeled out of the scene is bound to leave an abstract cognition for the audience，Universal misunderstanding of Chinese punishment in the same wind "。

but but，If we put the 22 pictures in the book "Chinese Punishment", and the explanatory text compatible with Marson in the book，Then you will find some more complicated aspects and problems。

On the one hand，In terms of visual effects，This kind of painting techniques that fully blank the background in the painting，Make the sentence in each painting，Especially the specific torture for its body，The only visual focus point when people watch these pictures，The viewers have received from these pictures，Only punishment such as punishment，and because these pictures are compiled all kinds of punishment scenes, concentrated on，Watch the cognitive structure of their masses，It will form a large number of considers punishment and torture in the Qing Dynasty without awareness.、General、The stereotype of any implementation，Even torture is regarded as the most basic feature of Chinese legal practice in the Qing Dynasty。

bet365 live casino games 　　另一方面，From the commentary text written by Mason in the book，He does not seem to be purely to attack the legal practice of China in the Qing Dynasty。In the preface of the book，Mason praise，Specific regulations on how to punish the crime of robbery in the Chinese Criminal Code，It is extremely clearly reflected in the wisdom of the legislators，Because in accordance with the provisions of the law of the Qing Dynasty，If the illegal person does not use or carry an aggressive weapon when robbing the property of others，The death penalty will not be sentenced when returning to the trial。In his opinion，It is this wise rule，Reduced the incidence of robbery cases, especially robbery and killing cases in China in the Qing Dynasty。In the explanation text with the 10th picture of the book "Wooden Finger" for the book，Mason first briefly explained that this kind of punishment refers to this punishment in China in the Qing Dynasty that it was mainly used to punish those women who did not follow the rules，Then use a large paragraph of text to praise the Chinese people to humility、Self -discipline and decent faith and deeds attach great importance to。

So，"Chinese Punishment" in the book of the background blank picture gives people the overall visual impression of people，Those commentary words written in the book，其实存在着某种张力。但是，"Chinese Punishment" in the book that lacks any natural environment or clues about the characters in the characters in the painting，在被西方社会大众所观看时，It is easy Bet365 app download to gradually break away from the context binding of the explanatory text written by Mason (such as some kind of punishment specifically for which illegal criminal acts and people are applicable)，Double specific information of those explaining text loads，Then give birth to an imagination space with independent vitality。In this imagination space，Observation of the portrait of "Chinese punishment"，Macro cognition to "punishment China" gradually transforms。On the one hand, it covers the range and is continuously expanding，That is, these punishment scenes in the painting are large into the nation's universal phenomenon of the Qing Dynasty and even the entire ancient China; on the other hand, its interpretation structure is developed in a single direction，Understand the punishment and torture as the most common practical content of the ancient legal culture of the Qing Dynasty and even the entire ancient Chinese legal culture。Yi Yanzhi，Although Mason's original intention may not be the overall impression of constructing punishment and torture in the Qing Dynasty，But the pictures in the "Chinese Punishment" edited and published by him，During the spread and viewing process，It has become a typical material borrowed by Westerners to form a macroex "punishment China" in the early days of "punishment China"，and in some subtle way，Affecting the comprehensive and accurate understanding of many contemporary people of ancient Chinese legal culture and their characteristics。When we are watching these bet365 live casino games 19th -century pictures today，I should clearly realize this。

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(The author is a professor at the School of Law of Renmin University of China)