What is capital? Marx pointed out，Capital is "the value of self -proliferation"。What is value? Marx thinks，It is used as "product value"，is "Simple condensation for different human labor，Simple condensation that consumes human labor in no matter which form of human labor "，The use value of "material content that constitutes wealth" is based on the value of the product of the product。This way to understand capital and value，Two most importantly most important in the working class economics guided by the historical view of materialism、The most basic category，Division of the bourgeois economics。but，Discussion on how to treat various types of capital in my country at this stage，The "proliferation" and "value -added" of private capital are confused，This confuses the two categories of capital and value, although there is commonality but there is essential differences。So，It is necessary to identify it。

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On the one hand，The existence of capital and value is "different"。Capital is also value，This is the commonality of capital and value。Capital with industrial capital、Business capital and bank capital (the development form of the capital capital); of which industrial capital is the most basic capital business form，It adopts currency capital、Three functions of production capital and commodity capital for continuous circulation movement，Make industrial capital a unity of three types of capital cycle。Business capital and bank capital:，It is gradually independent and derived from the cycle movement of the commodity capital of industrial capital and the cycle movement of the form of currency capital。Three forms of industrial capital in circular movement，That is currency capital、Production Capital and Commodity Capital，It is the capital value of a certain functional bet365 best casino games form; and，It is in these three forms of close connection，Capital becomes the value that can be independent and proliferated by itself。So，Capital is an independent value with a variety of functions。

On the other hand，Value and capital exist in "the difference between the same medium"。The value of the product itself is not capital。Value in the hands of capitalists，As long as capital，is "the value of self -proliferation"。Here，Proliferative colonization，It means self -increase in capital value，It is the owner of the capital value (capitalist) that the capital value increased without adding to its own production labor。Since the value of the capital itself is already a certain condensed human labor，Then the capital value increases，It can only be the remaining value of the surplus labor of employees。The so -called remaining labor，Compared to the necessary labor of hiring workers。The necessary labor is actually a worker on your working day，Create a labor that is equivalent to the value of labor (the value of the necessary living data) for themselves; the capitalist can only extend the labor time to exceed the necessary labor，For remaining labor，can get the remaining value。Because of this，Capital value can "proliferate"。If the owner of the product value increases the value of the product through the production labor，That is not the "self -proliferation"。visible，"Value value -added" is different from the "self -proliferation" of capital value。Only the value of self -proliferation，can be called capital。

What needs to be pointed out is，The basic condition of capital value "self -proliferation" is that capitalists can buy labor products in the market。The particularity of this product lies in，Its use value is production labor that can be used to create value。But，Only in human society to a certain historical stage，Currency owners can buy labor products。Labor becomes a historical condition for the transformation of value to capital，It is also the historical condition of capital value bet365 Play online games that can become the value of self -proliferation。

　　Private capital and commodity value reflect different social relations and production processes 

Marx expresses capital as "the value of self -proliferation"，This is very deeply revealed，Social relations between private capital and commodity value have essential differences。The value of the product reflects the private labor of the product producer and social labor，and the exchanges of commodity producers exchanged their labor exchange relationships or social relations。and capital is reflected in the social relationship of the surplus value created by capitalists in production without compensation，That is the production relationship of capitalism。Social relations reflected in the value of capital value, although it is also based on product circulation，But must enter the production field，To achieve "self -proliferation"。This self -proliferation does not reflect equal labor exchange relationship，Instead, capitalists implement compulsory autocracy of employees，By exercising the control and command of the production labor process，The remaining labor time of the workers for free，Because of this inequality capitalist production relationship，Capital only has the essence of self -proliferation。

Capital is also value，So the production process of capital is also the formation process of value。The historical view of materialism requires us to use the duality of labor and the specific useful labor and abstract human labor of the goods，Come and understand the general product production process。During the production process of goods，Social use value of specific useful labor production products in the same labor，and abstract human labor form the value of the product。But because value is not capital，It cannot be said that the process of value formation is the process of capital production or value of self -proliferation。Only "the process of value formation that is extended more than a certain point"，is the process of value proliferation，This value is the capital value that bet365 best casino games can be achieved and has achieved self -proliferation。This "certain point" is the necessary labor time。So，Value formation process must exceed the "certain point" and extend it，This is the key to the process of value formation.。Of course，Because capital is also value，So you can’t skip the value formation process to understand the proliferation of capital value。Marx deeply pointed out，"Unity of the process of formation and value formation in the process of formation，The production process is the production process of the commodity; the unity of the labor process and value growth process，The production process is the capitalist production process，Is the capitalist form of commodity production "。This dialectically clarifies the commonality and differences of capital production and value production，At the same time, it also explains the dialectical relationship between capital and value。

　　Correctly understand public capital "value value -added" 

Obviously，If "capital proliferation" is expressed as "capital value -added"，It will be confused and even masked the process of value proliferation and value formation，and the essential difference between capital production and value production，It will confuse and even cover the essence of the exchanges between commodity producers that are reflected in the value of commodity value。Although Marx talked about the impact of changes in the market price on the raw material market on capital profit margins，It also uses the term "value -added and depreciation of capital"，But this does not involve whether capital has the remaining labor or surplus value of hiring workers，Instead, it refers to the change that has been used as the value of "existing capital" itself。Here，"Existing Capital" includes the production materials that capitalists have invested in production and reserved for continuous production (they are constant capital)。When the value of these production materials on the market changes due to changes in social labor bet365 live casino games productivity，or market price is generally changed due to changes in market supply and demand，So，The value of "existing capital" must be included in the cost of market price that has appreciated or depreciated at that time，Calculating profit margin。Of course，"Existing Capital" also includes a variable capital that has entered the production process, which is using the labor force。When the employment workers who determine the value of labor commodities on the market, the value of the employment workers must change，The value of existing variable capital will also increase or decrease，thus affecting the profit margin of capitalist investment。visible，Marx's "capital value -added" and "capital proliferation" are not the same thing，The former does not involve the possession of capital's occupation of remaining labor，The latter belongs to the possession of the capital of the capital。

The capital of "self -proliferation" mentioned above，All refers to the capitalist private capital。Current，There are multiple ownership economies in my country，Private ownership economy with a certain scale will continue to exist in the form of private capital。From the dialectical logic,，Public capital concepts if they can objectively reflect real economic relations，The public ownership economy in commodity production is called "public capital".。First，Social production at this stage is still commodity production，The production of the public ownership economy must still be put into production in the form of product value，Therefore, the production process of the public ownership economy is still the product production process，and the value formation process of public ownership products。Next，Public ownership economy in practice sometimes needs to be with the private economy、Foreign Economy Establishs a joint venture of the same enterprise，Public ownership economy at this time at this time with a certain "capital value" to share the shares，It is easier to understand it as "public capital" stocks。It is necessary bet365 live casino games to emphasize，The value of the commodity production of public capital in public wholly -owned enterprises is by no means "self -proliferation"，but the owner of the co -worker，Promoting public capital to increase new value or realize value value -added with common labor。This means，Call the public ownership economy in the production of goods as public capital，In essence, it is abandoned or corrected to the concept of private capital，It denys the prescribed proliferation of private capital and containing exploitation relationships，At the same time, it retains the prescribed process of the value formation process of commodity production。Actually，It is affirmed that public ownership joint labor achieves value value -added during general value formation，Reflects the adaptation of public ownership economy in reality。

Under the historical conditions of commodity production at this stage，Workers through labor and cooperation and common labor through labor，Promoting the value -added of the value of the joint production data。This value -added，Of course, it is not a self -proliferation of private capital with exploitability。This value -added process is also different from the value -added process of the production data value of small commodity producers。Although both are the results of the laborers investing in their own labor，But the value -added of public capital is the common labor creation value of joint workers，Small commodity producers are individual labor creation value，There is a essential difference between the two，This can also be referred to as "small private capital" of small producers as "small private capital"，The reason why the public ownership economy can be called public capital。Of course，"Value value -added" of public capital cannot exist eternal，It is just a historical transition form that is actively abandoned by Marx's second largest social form。With the demise of product production，Commodity of social labor、Currency form will inevitably die，bet365 live casino games It will be measured directly with the necessary labor time of the society。The social form of public capital, such as public capital, will inevitably die，It means that human society will get out of the "inevitable kingdom" of spontaneous commodity production，"Liberty Kingdom", which is planned to be produced proportionally in proportion to the Freedom Federation。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Economics, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics、Special Researcher of Marxist Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)