Current，Chinese society is in unprecedented development and change，Various new situations and new phenomena are endless，I have made a lot of challenges to know the society。Investigation and research is in -depth social reality、Important means to seize the essence of the phenomenon。March this year，The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Work Plan for the Research on the Daxing of the whole party"，It is clearly pointed out，Investigation and research "Effective Ring formalism、bureaucracy，Do not make a show、Bonsai style and dragonfly dot water -type survey，Preventing the field、Not in -depth "。Formalism appears in the investigation and research，In addition to the reasons for ideological attitude，Insufficient understanding of investigation theory and methods is also an important factor。The theory and method of social survey is the main content of the teaching and research of the subject of sociology。This article combines the practice of social surveys and the development of Chinese sociology，Explain the important issues in the theory and methods of social survey，Hope to help the investigators reach a "method consciousness"，Promoting the use and development of investigation and research。

Social survey is developed with the emergence of sociological disciplines。1920s，The first batch，While establishing a subject of Chinese sociology，Vigorously promote the development of social surveys，Survey from Peiping Human Relief、Resident living expenses survey，Social survey in Dingxian County、Wuxi Baoding Bet365 lotto review Economic Survey, etc.，It has set off an attractive "Social Survey Movement"。Based on this，Scholars with the main department of Sociology of Yanjing University proposed the claim of "Sociology Sinicization"，Introduction to British Culture Anthropology、Humanities and Ecology of Chicago, USA，Combined with the Chinese national conditions，The basic framework of "community research" was established。Compared with the "Social Survey Movement"，"Community Research" further in theory and methods，It is advocated to choose some relatively fixed communities (the most typical in China is the village) as the basic unit of research，Research on a comprehensive and historical study of it，This is conducive to in -depth and comprehensive understanding of the nature of society。The 1930s and 1940s，Scholars have opened up the fields of field research in multiple communities in North China and Southwest China，Born with Wu Wenzao、Fei Xiaotong、"Yanjing School" represented by Lin Yaohua and others，Models of community research represented by "Jiangcun Economy" and "Three Villages in Yunnan" produced，On the basis of this, the theoretical works such as Fei Xiaotong's "Local China"，Deeply grasped and summarized the essence of Chinese local society。

After reform and opening up，Sociology is restored under the auspices of Fei Xiaotong and others。During the reconstruction process，Fei Xiaotong vigorously advocated the research method of social survey，We usually call it field survey，is the expansion of the "community research" method。Fei Xiao is the first soldier，Footprints are all over the north and south of the river。Under his influence，Chinese Sociology Discipline always uses "knowledge from the Bet365 lotto review truth" as the discipline standard，Out of an out of the reality of Chinese society、China Sociology Road, which reflects China's development experience。"Knowing" is a summary of Fei Xiaotong on community research and field survey methods，It contains profound theoretical and methodological problems of social research，Mainly how to deal with the relationship between theory and experience through investigation and practice，Aware of the objective and profound understanding of social reality。

In the practical context of academic research，Field survey presents two different and opposite claims。Some scholars advocate that putting aside all the prestigations including theory，"Hug" and faithfully、Objectively reflected the facts perceived in the field，Think that this can promote academic research in "empirical"，Emphasizing the "experience" and "sense of field" brought by the survey itself for inspiration for research。Some scholars emphasize the role of theory in the field of field，and think，If there is no theoretical guidance，Although the investigators think they objectively reflect the facts，But at best, I just collected some sound images or attitudes，This is not conducive to our real social facts，Instead, it may be wronged。These two claims go to the extreme，All will affect the in -depth and authenticity of academic research，Some scholars refer to them as "simple empiricalism" and "abstract empiricalism"。Simple empiricalism pays attention to "seeing is true"，The materials collected in the field as the conclusion of research，Lack of analysis and identification，Research will be turned into "report" or "report"; abstract empiricalism will start from theoretical，Go to the field to select the bet365 best casino games materials corresponding to the theory，Or "cut" reality with theory，The field has become a tool for theory。Research papers in abstract empirical style，Mechanism analysis、Structure analysis is full of dazzling，Conceptual framework and logical framework rigorous and self -consistent，Talk about some realistic problems in abstract language，It will move towards a seemingly deep superficial。But in fact，Field survey can not only produce these two types of studies。

There is a gap between the theory and reality，It is a common problem faced by social sciences。How the theory works in the field "appropriately" and "just right" to work，It can help investigators insight into social reality，No noise to win the Lord，Tailor reality with theory? The essence emphasized in the principle of "seeing the truth" is，Theory is a tool for investigation and practice，Reality is the purpose of investigation and practice。Fei Xiaotong said when explaining "seeing from the truth": "From‘ real ’to‘ know ’，It should be returned to the people。Where do you get nutrition，It should be allowed to go back and play a role。Chinese people talk about ‘Knowing the Grace Bao’，My ‘News’ ’s newspaper is aspirational to the rich people。”

can be seen，The "seeing knowledge" understood by Fei Xiaotong is the request for sociology to meet the field survey、Global gap between the theory and reality。The so -called "go back"，The so -called "Tap report"，is to find the real "knowledge"。The investigator should use the experience of the investigation object、Thought、Behavior and Destiny as research purposes rather than tools and means。This is Fei Xiaotong's proposal to Wu Wenzao "start with the field，The sublimation of the community research method with field research。bet365 Play online games The purpose of the investigation mentioned in Wu Wenzao is "field research"，Fei Xiaotong directly said "back to the people"，This is the new theory of field survey methods，It is also the crystallization of Fei Xiaotong engaged in social survey research all his life。The field survey method is neither various survey design frameworks，Not various survey techniques，but how to use theory as a tool in the field、Method for the purpose of the people。

When the investigator enters the field，with a fulfilling theory，Not dominated by theory，It is necessary to have sufficient "method consciousness" consciousness。The so -called method consciousness，It is to maintain a strong consciousness in the field，That is, we are observing an interview alone、When discussing a pursuit of one thing，What kind of theoretical tools have been used to use。This theoretical tool is like a visiting light in the night，Let me see and understand something。The theory lets us see，It may be a profound essence，It may also be the prejudice of theory。When we see that a phenomenon is inconsistent with our theory，We tend to treat this phenomenon as a surface、Temporary。For example，When we use capital theory to observe the relationship between the boss and the employee，If they find them very harmonious，There is no relationship between dominance and exploitation，I will think that they have concealed，or there are some more important things, we didn’t observe。Under the control of theoretical subconscious，We will not stop until we find some "exploit"，And thinks that this is the surface of social phenomena and enters the deep structure，I found the "real" of society。So，Is this "real" the truth of theory or the real reality? To answer this question，Need to bet365 live casino games pursue our research process in reverse，Do a methodology for it。The key steps are，What we ignored、Those social phenomena that want to "cross" are "superficial" because of inconsistent theory，Or because they are floating、Temporary，Isn't the structure supported by it as a support? Have we explored it in depth，Understand this phenomenon with the logic of the research object，Or just ignore it because of our theory?

Some scholars have proposed to pay attention to the "edge" or "pervert" of people (relative to the center、Normal state)，Some scholars point out that paying attention to the "except" in the field (relative to the model、typical)，This is the manifestation of the "method conscious" in the field，It is a method of breaking through the "theoretical barrier" in the field survey。The use of this method，In addition to requiring the investigators to have a strong reflection consciousness，There is also a necessary condition，It is best to expand in the "scene" of the field。A huge advantage of field survey relative to other research methods，It is the investigator who can devote it wholeheartedly or immersed in the field，In addition to using ears, mouth, nose, nose，You can also use "Heart" to feel、Feel the ideological words and deeds of the investigation object，Use "Tong" to directly grasp the deep elements of the investigation object。Still the relationship between the boss and employee as an example，Is the "harmonious" relationship true，Need to "feel" with the research object。This feeling seems to be a method，But in the final analysis is not a method，It requires many external conditions and opportunities for the time and location，and the field can often provide these conditions and opportunities。After the field，Can I feel through，Bet365 lotto review Depending on whether we can adhere to the survey concept of "seeing the truth"。Take the survey object as the investigation purpose，To understand what they think about、The purpose of the behavior of the behavior，instead of the purpose of theory or research papers，This can truly achieve "knowing from the truth"。

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