Current，Chinese society is in the midst of unprecedented development and changes，Various new situations and phenomena emerge in endlessly，posed a great challenge to our understanding of society。Investigation and bet365 bonus code louisiana are in-depth social reality、An important means to grasp the essence of phenomena。March this year，The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Work Plan on Conducting Investigation and bet365 bonus code louisiana in the Whole Party"，It is clearly stated，Investigation and bet365 bonus code louisiana "We must avoid formalism、Bureaucracy，No show-off、Bonsai style and dragonfly water survey，Prevent going through the motions、Not in depth”。Formalism appears in survey bet365 bonus code louisiana，Except for ideological and attitude reasons，Insufficient understanding of survey theories and methods is also an important factor。The theory and methods of social investigation are the main content of teaching and bet365 bonus code louisiana in sociology。This article combines social survey and the practice of the development of Chinese sociology，Explain important issues in social survey theory and methods，Hope to help investigators achieve a "method consciousness"，Promote the application and development of survey bet365 bonus code louisiana。

Social investigation developed with the emergence of the discipline of sociology。1920s，The first batch of sociology scholars who studied in Europe and the United States returned to domestic universities and scientific bet365 bonus code louisiana institutions，While establishing the discipline of Chinese sociology，Vigorously promote the development of social surveys，Investigation from Peking Rickshaw Driver、Resident Living Cost Survey，Social survey in Ding County、Wuxi Baoding Economic Survey, etc.，launched an eye-catching “social investigation movement”。On this basis，Scholars mainly from the Department of Sociology of Yenching University put forward the idea of ​​"Sinicization of Sociology"，Introducing British Cultural Anthropology、Humanistic Ecological Methods in Chicago, USA，Combined with China’s national conditions，Established the basic framework of "community bet365 bonus code louisiana"。Compared with the "Social Survey Movement"，“Community bet365 bonus code louisiana” goes further in theory and method，Advocates choosing some relatively fixed communities (the most typical ones in China are villages) as the basic unit of bet365 bonus code louisiana，Comprehensive and historical bet365 bonus code louisiana，This is conducive to a deep and comprehensive understanding of the nature of society。1930s and 1940s，Scholars have opened up multiple field sites for community bet365 bonus code louisiana in North and Southwest China，The birth of Wu Wenzao、Fei Xiaotong、The "Yenjing School" represented by Lin Yaohua and others，Produced model works of community bet365 bonus code louisiana represented by "Economy of Jiangcun" and "Three Villages of Yunnan"，On this basis, theoretical works such as Fei Xiaotong's "Country China" were formed，Profoundly grasps and summarizes the essence of Chinese rural society。

After the reform and opening up，Sociology was restored under the auspices of Fei Xiaotong and others。In the process of rebuilding，Fei Xiaotong vigorously advocates the bet365 bonus code louisiana method of social survey，We also usually call it fieldwork，Is an expansion of the "community bet365 bonus code louisiana" method。Fei Xiaotong takes the lead，Footprints all over the country。Under his influence，Chinese sociology discipline always takes “seeking knowledge from reality” as the discipline criterion，We have found a way to closely follow the reality of Chinese society、Chinese sociology path reflecting China’s development experience。“Seeking knowledge from reality” is Fei Xiaotong’s summary of community bet365 bonus code louisiana and field investigation methods，It contains profound theoretical and methodological issues in social bet365 bonus code louisiana，Mainly how to deal with the relationship between theory and experience through investigation practice，Achieve an objective and profound understanding of social reality。

In the practical context of academic bet365 bonus code louisiana，Fieldwork revealed two different and opposing claims。Some scholars would advocate putting aside all prejudices including theory，“Embrace” and be faithful、Objectively reflect the facts perceived in the field，Believe that only in this way can we advance academic bet365 bonus code louisiana through "empirical evidence"，Emphasis on the "experience" and "on-the-spot" brought by the investigation itself to inspire bet365 bonus code louisiana。Some scholars also emphasize the role of theory in field work，And think，If there is no theoretical guidance，Although the investigators thought they reflected the facts objectively，But at best, it only collects some sounds, images or opinions and attitudes，Not only does this not help us understand the real social facts，On the contrary, it may go astray。These two ideas go to the extreme，will affect the depth and authenticity of academic bet365 bonus code louisiana，Some scholars call it "naive empiricism" and "abstract empiricism" respectively。Simple empiricism emphasizes "seeing is believing"，Use materials collected in the field as conclusions of bet365 bonus code louisiana，Lack of analysis and identification，Will turn bet365 bonus code louisiana into a "report" or "report"；Abstract empiricism starts from theory，Go to the field to select materials corresponding to the theory，Or use theory to "cut" reality，The field becomes a tool for theory。bet365 bonus code louisiana paper in abstract empiricism style，Mechanism analysis、Dazzling array of structural analysis，Conceptual framework and logical framework are rigorous and self-consistent，Use abstract language to talk about some practical issues，It will lead to a seemingly profound superficiality。But in fact，Field bet365 bonus code louisiana does not only produce these two types of bet365 bonus code louisiana。

There is a gap between bet365 bonus code louisiana and reality，It is a common problem faced by social sciences。How bet365 bonus code louisiana works “just right” and “just right” in the field，It can not only help investigators gain insight into social reality，Not overpowering the guest，Use bet365 bonus code louisiana to tailor reality？The essence of the principle of "seeking knowledge from reality" is，bet365 bonus code louisiana is a tool for investigating practice，Reality is the purpose of investigative practice。Fei Xiaotong said when explaining "seeking knowledge from reality": "After seeking knowledge from reality，We should return to the people。Where to get nutrition，Nutrition should be allowed to work again。The Chinese talk about ‘repaying kindness’，The ‘retribution’ of my plan is to enrich the people。”

It can be seen，What Fei Xiaotong understands as “seeking knowledge from reality” requires sociology to bridge the gap in fieldwork、Crossing the gap between theory and reality。The so-called "go back"，The so-called "picture report"，In order to obtain true "knowledge"。Investigators should use the feelings of the survey subjects、Thoughts、Behavior and destiny are bet365 bonus code louisiana purposes rather than tools and means。This is Fei Xiaotong’s proposal to Wu Wenzao to “start with field bet365 bonus code louisiana，The sublimation of the community bet365 bonus code louisiana method that ends with field bet365 bonus code louisiana。The purpose of the investigation mentioned by Wu Wenzao is still "field bet365 bonus code louisiana"，Fei Xiaotong directly said "return to the people"，This is a new theory of field investigation methods，It is also the result of Fei Xiaotong’s lifelong social investigation and bet365 bonus code louisiana。Fieldwork methods are neither various survey design frameworks，Not various investigative techniques，But how to use theory as a tool in the field、Taking people as the purpose and method。

When the investigator enters the field，With a substantial theory，Not dominated by theory，You need to have full awareness of "method consciousness"。The so-called method consciousness，It is necessary to maintain a strong sense of reflection in the field，That is, we are observing and interviewing a person、When discussing pursuing a matter，What kind of theoretical tools are used。This theoretical tool is like a searchlight in the dark，Let me see and gain insight into something。What theory allows us to see，It may be a profound essence，It may also be a theoretical bias。When we see a phenomenon that is inconsistent with our theory，We tend to view this phenomenon as superficial、Temporary。For example，When we use capital theory to observe the relationship between bosses and employees，If you find they get along well，No relationship of dominance and exploitation，You will think they are hiding something，Maybe there is something more important that we have not observed。Under the control of theoretical subconscious，We will not stop until we find some clues of "exploitation"，And believe that this penetrates the surface of social phenomena and enters the deep structure，Find the "truth" of society。Then，Is this "reality" the reality of theory or the reality of reality？To answer this question，Need to pursue our bet365 bonus code louisiana process in reverse，Make a methodological review。The key steps are，What we ignore、The social phenomena to be "crossed over" are "superficial" because they are inconsistent with the theory，Or because they are superficial、Temporary，There is no structure rooted in it as support？Have we explored it in depth，Use the bet365 bonus code louisiana subject’s own logic to understand this phenomenon，Or just ignore it because of our theory？

Some scholars have proposed to pay attention to the "edge" or "abnormality" of events and people (relative to the center、Normally speaking)，Some scholars also pointed out that we should pay attention to "exceptions" in the field (as opposed to models、Typically)，These are all manifestations of "method consciousness" in the field，It is a method to break through the "theoretical barriers" in field bet365 bonus code louisiana。Application of this method，In addition to requiring investigators to have a strong sense of reflection，There is another necessary condition，It is best to unfold it "on site" in the field。A huge advantage of fieldwork over other bet365 bonus code louisiana methods，That is, the investigator can devote himself wholeheartedly or immerse himself in the field，In addition to using the ears, eyes, mouth and nose，You can also use your "heart" to feel、Feel the thoughts, words and deeds of the survey subjects，Use "sensation" to directly grasp the deep elements of the investigation object。Let’s take the above relationship between boss and employee as an example，Is that kind of “harmonious” relationship real?，We need to be "connected" with the bet365 bonus code louisiana objects。This sense of connection seems to be a method，But in the final analysis it is not a method，Its occurrence requires many external conditions and opportunities at the right time and place，What the fields can often provide are these conditions and opportunities。After having a field，Can you feel it?，Depends on whether we can adhere to the investigation concept of “seeking knowledge from facts”。For the purpose of investigation，To understand what they are thinking、The purpose of what you said and did，Rather than for theoretical or bet365 bonus code louisiana paper purposes，In this way, we can truly “seek knowledge from reality”。

　　(The author is the dean of the Department of bet365 bonus code louisiana, Peking University)