Ming and Qing Law History of the Ming and Qing Dynasties published in recent years，The problems involved are becoming more and more diversified; in order to examine these problems，Historical materials it uses also become more and more diverse。Except text and utensils，There are still images。In the field of legal history of China，Following image information is no longer new。Japanese scholar Renai Tian Sheng (1904-1966) "Chinese Opera Novel Illustration and Criminal Law History Materials"，Can be described as the first way。The purpose of this paper，Although it is a historical value of "illustration"，but also involves the analysis and interpretation of image meaning。However, the emergence of the above situation，It is still due to the booming of the following academic trends: First, use the history of image research on the history of ideas、History of conceptual and cultural history; second, the study of Chinese art history or art history with the nature of social and cultural history; the third is the method of image theory and visual analysis。As for the specific way of discussing the legal images of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，not only continues the old tradition of "on the left and right" and "the history of evidence with graphics"，A absorbing imageter、New method of research on art history。In this sense，Study on the image of the law of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，It must have the characteristics of interdisciplinary。

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Legal image research on Ming and Qing China，Although it lasted for nearly 20 years，But related theories are still rare，Want to summarize the rules from it，It is quite difficult。but but，Since you have to talk about bet365 live casino games "possible path"，It seems to be necessary to count the existing academic theory and the number of research roads，It can also be considered a cushion。

One，Inserting images related to text narratives in Chinese legal history。This method，Operations that can be described as illustrated，Not "evidence history"，It is not strict legal image research。Use images in this type of discussion，Mainly to enhance the fun and readability of the discussion，or to enhance the visual effects of the text narrative; of course，To some extent, the cognitive effect of "graphic interoperability" and "interpretation of graphic interoperability" will be generated。Its two，Use imageter、Research method of Chinese art history or art history analysis legal image。For example，Some scholars have the nickname in export paintings and photography works、Listening trial and death penalty have been analyzed and interpreted by image significance，Reveal and criticize the implicit "orientalism" tendency。Just，Export paintings, although the characteristics of the cultural prejudice and curiosity of Westerners，But it cannot be completely considered that it is a work of "foreigners' construction of the legal image of the Qing Dynasty"。Some scholars analyzed image significance in the "Trial Code" in Ming Dynasty opera novels，and institutional history、Interpretation of cultural history。Summarize the characteristics of the above -mentioned discussion，Examination with existing perspective，is the mother question of analyzing legal images、Element、composition、Drawing skills, spectrum and meaning，It belongs to the study of image science; there is also an external perspective inspection，That is the background of the test image、Author、Production、Communication、audience bet365 best casino games and reading，Research on the study of social history or communication。

　　Research path 

Judging from the legal image of the Ming and Qing Dynasties of the author's eyes，Roughly two types of themes: First, trial，The second is punishment。As for the carrier of the legal image，The following three categories: First, prints，Book illustrations and late Qing pictorials; the second is painting，But traditional Chinese literati paintings rarely touch legal themes，and more common in the export paintings of Guangzhou in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the Chinese news paintings drawn by Europeans; the third is photos，Mainly the image of the Western people in China after the mid -19th century。Due to legal image information in content、Formality and similarity，The academic space of Chinese legal image research in the Ming and Qing dynasties is more forced，The development prospects are also quite limited。other，Compared with the information depicting secular legal images，There are still texts expressing religious concepts，For example, an image on "Hell Trial"。

As for how to collect and organize the legal image information of traditional China，I don’t have much experience to talk about。What I can think of is only，First，According to time sequence，Nets involved various images of the law，Then sort out their mother and elements，Reason for the development clues of the mother and elements; the second，Organization of this spectrum system and type，can be roughly described as the outline and features of traditional Chinese legal images。The theoretical basis of this job，It seems to be able to use image science、Theory and method of art history or art history。For example，According to the historian Cai Hongsheng's "Mythical Function of Chinese Unicorn and the Cultural Connotation of the Fa", the image Bet365 lotto review of many different "unicorn" images，We can roughly outline their characteristics and types。Various "Listening illustrations" in Ming and Qing Novels and Opera，Although there are exquisite and rough drawing、Vivid and stereotype、Differences of informal and sparse，But their mother question、Elements and composition，There is no fundamental difference。In the popular export paintings popular in the 18th and 19th centuries，Although there are many works describing the number and death penalty，but，If you can determine the relationship between "original" and "milk" between them according to the time sequence，can also outline their spectrum and type。This is here，It is not so difficult to interpret。Actually，Research on the difficulty of export paintings involved in law，It is the time sequence of the time for the test of the test、Transmission pathway and specific audience，instead of interpreting their legal elements and cultural significance。

Even with rich legal image information，It may not be able to start related research。It is not easy because of real cross or interdisciplinary research，Image studies in the history of law need researchers in law、History、Imageology、Art History and other fields all have enough knowledge reserves。Therefore，We should return to the starting point of legal image research，Through a lot of reading image,、The history of art history or art history，Then start again，can enter the research field of legal images，Only to make a real professional level of research。

　　Academic value 

Although the image can become a carrier of meaning，Has its own expression; but in many cases，If there is no relevant text information，or do not know enough about the related context，The meaning of the image will be obscure。So，If you want to reveal Bet365 lotto review and show the meaning of the image，It is necessary to combine related text information。

First，There is a sense of difficulty between the text and the image。Because of the text of early China，Itself has the characteristics of the image。Five Penalties in the Three Generations -Mo、劓、刖、Palace and Hang (枭)，This feature reflected this feature。There are many other examples，You can see Xu Jinxiong's "Ancient Chinese Society: Perspective of words and anthropology"、Zang Ke and "Cultural Explanation of the Words" and other books and its explanation。Graphic interpretation of legal text，It is also a way of literacy in traditional China。For example，Editor Liu Shiping of the Qing Dynasty、The book "Chengxin Mongolian Academy Text Map" drawn by Wu Zicheng，Putting a stranded image beside the word "twisted"，It plays the function of "interpretation of the word"。As for the specific method of implementing twisted，In the judicial practice of the Qing Dynasty，There are different operations。Related image display，China's twisted method in the Qing Dynasty，There is a significant difference in execution methods that hang criminals in the western history and hang on the twisted frame。

Next，Images can enrich our imagination and cognition of law。In the legal image of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，People are more concerned about the weight and conventional shape of the shang "、Short -yoke or Single、Lianzheng)，But pay less attention to other shapes of the 枷，For example, sitting and barrel。For the author，"Bulk" is also recently reading the works and export paintings of Westerners in the late Qing Dynasty，New knowledge obtained only。Taking "barrel" as the keyword，I retrieved the database，No relevant text records have been found。Seeing the "Foshan Division Barrel" sealing bet365 Play online games picture，It seems to be fictional to the wall，but it is indeed based。But no matter what you say，These legal images are intuitive，Their meaning is also easy to solve。For the criminals，Pain caused by barrels，Far more serious than ordinary。and Westerners deliberately depict barrels，Although there is a factual basis，But showing the cruelty of the punishment of the Qing Dynasty; behind it，The intention of the law of the Qing Dynasty without derogation。

Last，The image has the characteristics of text、Explanation effect of visualization，It can help us rethink some seemingly unpredictable views。1854，Governor of Guangxi, Ye Mingchen, suppressed the Rebellion of the Red Soldiers，Judging the captured red soldiers; summer in 1855，75,000 people performed together，One said 30,000 people。According to Rong Yan's "Western Xue East Graduate" saying，Its execution location is located in the city of Guangzhou。Another scholar thinks，It is the "law venue" in pearls，It is also the execution ground used by Nanhai County and Panyu County, which is often mentioned by "Du Fengzhi Diary"。To figure out the location and space of the French venue，I visited the French venue。As a result, I found，That is a narrow alley，Only one end of the Tianzi Wharf on the Pearl River，There is a slightly larger open space，But the area is not large。This may be because of，The current law venue is no longer the landscape of the year。Further check photos of the death penalty of the death penalty at the French venue，and Daoguang Fifteen Years (1835) "Guangzhou City Guo Tu"，Real scenery painting and text records along the river，The result is still the same，The space of the law venue is not spacious。In this narrow space，In the short summer，How can we continue to execute so many people? bet365 live casino games So，Three problems related to each other。First, is there really so much red soldiers in the year? The second is the executing corpse，Must be removed in time，Otherwise, how can this narrow space accumulate the corpse of the mountain? Third, in addition to the Red Soldiers in the French field，Is there any other place? at present，The author has not found conclusive evidence，But these questions are not unreasonable。

　　(the author is a professor at the School of Law of Sun Yat -sen University)