Social systemism is the main theoretical basis of Western governance research。Social Systems School of Governance Research is concerned about the system、Program and mechanism。Governance Theory is like a complex jungle，If the United States preferences rational choice and its new institutionalism derived，So the research based on system theory is mostly concentrated in Europe。

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Jan Kooiman (Jan Kooiman) "Modern Governance (Modern Governance), edited in 1993，is an early representative of the theory of governance。He uses diversity in this book、complexity、Dynamic three systematic characteristics describe the basic attributes of governance。The task of governance can be attributed to Niklas Luhmann's so -called "the basic problem of all social systems is to reduce complexity"。

In order to further explain why the governance has the above features，Curman 2003 takes mutual action as the starting point，Elements that are analyzed and induced governance、mode、Based on steps and abilities，Building the theoretical building of social and political governance of interactive governance。including two important aspects。On the one hand，interaction is intentional and structural。The intentional manifestation as a picture、Tools and Actions，There are mutual reference、Three types of play and interference bet365 live casino games with each other。Correspondingly，Interaction has self -governance、Cooperation governance and section -based governance three modes，This determines that governance is diverse、Dynamic and complexity。On the other hand，Interesting and structural interaction to form a third -order social -political governance。The first order is the daily governance activity of solving problems and creating opportunities，The second order is the system，The third order is a meta -governance of the entire governance foundation specification and principles。Although there are many discussions worthy of attention in the theory of Twitan interactive governance，It is helpful for people's understanding of governance and management，but still not thorough enough。

　　Function - Structuralism

The question of Curman is just a typical representative，Not fundamentally solved the relationship between the relationship between autonomy and cooperation，This is the common problem of governance research based on social system theory as the theoretical foundation。Comparison of comparison，Talcott Parsons's social systemory theory is called structural -functionalism。The so -called function，Refers to the needs of a system of systems higher than it than it，The impact of various behaviors of this system (function) depends on the previous level。In the words of Heins，Parsons's function is "Social System，instead of its (own) society or institutions (Institutions also translated as a system) "。Lumon sublimated Parsons's action theory into communication theory，Therefore, the structure -functional theory to form function Bet365 app download -structuralism。It means that the system first is the function of function，It through the structural process of the class program，Let yourself distinguish itself in the environment，Make the system from the system。

Lu Man from self -reference、Self -copying of the conclusion of system differentiation is very insightful。But he for self -reference、The internal connection of self -production and the internal stability of the system lacks understanding，Confused by the "extreme complexity" of various functions in the system，Vaguely of system stability，Do not recognize the academicity and integration of systems。Luban's Function — Structuralism emphasizes the independent status of behavioral functions and subsystems，This directly bred a self -organized point of governance theory，Society under the logic is increasingly differentiated、diversification and complexity。Luman's worldview is multi -quality、Multi -center、Troubled times formed by systems with different sizes，The surface of each separated system seems to be running self -discipline，But this self -organized game must be risky，Highly uncertain。

　　Control mechanism, class program and social mechanism

Parsons starts with the actions of people with autonomous will，But he opposed the pure creature、Physiological "action conditions、Objective impact on the specifications as the ultimate explanation "。In his opinion，Action organic body and specification、Value、Cultural systems composed of beliefs and other concepts connected with action。Action is a process that changes all kinds of components bet365 Play online games in the direction of consistent specifications，Standards play a dominant role in social order formed social order，The control mechanism is particularly important。From Parsons,，Standardized is of course a element of social order，but not the only element。Dispute control mechanism will inevitably lead to compulsory governance，This is contrary to Western social thoughts after the 1960s，Also with Parsons's early action about people is autonomous concept。

Luman's class order originated from the action of two actors intersecting each other，They construct a program in their own system to handle the complexity of the other party，This continuous choice and programmatic contract distinguishes self -system。Then，The elements in the system properly adjust the order and network structure in the system，Select a time structure that meets the orderly order of various events of the system，Through this simplified program, it stipulates the structure of the system。Then，The system can achieve self -discipline and self -reference，The factors in the system achieve the same function，As an overall system integrated collaborative operation。With the concept of the class program，Lu Man set off from the function itself and the original state，Establishing inevitable、Preliminary and stable dynamic structure。But he does not agree with internal stability，One -sided emphasis on the role of consciousness in the process，The actual attribute of the class program，That is, the mechanism does not explore in -depth。

Rudolf Traub-Merz, who had worked with Luman in 1973, is a recognized bet365 Play online games authority for governance and regulation.，Also interested in mechanism research。Mez analyzes the reasons for insufficient interpretation of the relationship，Research on causal reconstruction and mechanism research，Then point out that due to the definition of mechanism terms, the research of the mechanism has a decline in quality and quantity。Metz is combing the ontology of the mechanism and the mechanism、Identification Theory、Based on the explanation of essentialism，The mechanism that emphasizes the connection as a causal connection is first of all "generating mechanism"。At the same time，He pointed out the "Macro -Micro -Macro Model" with the concept of personal actions and mechanisms as the centered.，Although I followed the environmental mechanism、Cognitive mechanism，but ignored the "Relationship Mechanism"。Last，Metz concluded: The mechanism studies the connection theory，It is a causal interpretation of the repeat process and its inherent relationships that produce a certain result; people have many collective behavior mechanism explanation models，But the lack of "systematic discussion" for the generating mechanism that plays a key role in system and structural configuration。

Metz's analysis framework based on the "actor -mechanism -mode" analysis framework，Analysis of the social mechanism is worthy of attention。In the cognitive mechanism of its actors, both should be conscious，There are real rules，Its generating、Processive has natural attributes; although there are external factors such as culture in its environmental mechanism，bet365 Play online games But there are no lack of natural mechanism ingredients。The repetitiveness of the so -called mechanism of Mez，It is the most important feature of this mechanism emphasized by the complementary system governance。Its conclusion on the constant of the mechanism is particularly important，It is the key to human nature's mechanism and random will of will。Because the two key concepts are not introduced in the system and complement each other to analyze the results and their relationship with action，Metz did not explain why the mechanism has constant commonity，There are no subjective and objective factors in the cognition of actors。This also eventually led him to fail to identify the relationship between the environmental mechanism and the perception of the actor。

To sum up，To move forward to the ideal of "systematic discussion" of the mechanism，The essence of the governance must be clearer through the analysis of the mechanism，It is also necessary to jump out from the social system theory that focuses on the self -differentiated social system，Re -review from the perspective of a new complementary system governance to re -examine the facts hidden from the concept of the mechanism concept from Parsons to Luman to Mez，Establishing mechanism -the basic principles of procedural interaction。

　(This article is the National Social Science Fund's later funding project "National Governance System and Governance Capability Modernization Performance Performance Evolution and its contemporary value" (18fsh004)

(Author Unit: Tianjin Academy、Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China)