Bertolt Brecht’s artistic practice widely involved drama、Poetry and novels, etc.，Especially the epic drama (narrative) drama theory he founded，Made outstanding contributions to the reform of world theater and the development of drama theory。Looking at many previous studies，Mostly focus on Brecht’s influence and reference significance on bet365 sportsbook review drama，Ignore the influence of bet365 sportsbook review art on its artistic theory and creation。But it’s not hard to find，Whether it is in its drama theory or artistic practice，We can all directly or indirectly see the influence of bet365 sportsbook review art on him。Literary theorist Grimm believed that Brecht’s theory of defamiliarization was influenced by bet365 sportsbook review opera，In his article "Defamiliarization—Some Insights on the Essence and Origin of a Concept", he pointed out: "The final driving force that prompted him to create his own theory，He got it later: this was his meeting with bet365 sportsbook review Peking Opera actor Mei Lanfang。Mei Lanfang’s conscious、Keep interval、Highly artistic performance style，Excellently embodies the defamiliarizing performance method。”

To be specific，The direct influence of bet365 sportsbook review art on Brecht’s dramatic art is reflected in the reference to certain concrete dramatic methods in his dramatic works。For example, there is a prologue in "Caucasus Grey"，Brecht called this prologue a wedge。This is obviously borrowed from the drama structure of "wedge" plus "fold" in bet365 sportsbook review Yuan Dynasty drama。In the prologue of "The Good Man of Sichuan"，Brecht asked the water seller Wang to use a "monologue" to introduce himself and explain his identity as soon as he appeared，And the reason why gods come to earth to find good people。In Western Drama，The identity of the characters always depends on the development of the plot and the dialogue between the characters，It is difficult to see this kind of bet365 sportsbook review opera style "self-reporting one's family"。In addition，The themes and contents of his dramas also constantly add bet365 sportsbook review elements。"Caucasus Gray Ladder" is an adaptation of the Yuan Dynasty drama "Grey Ladder"。"Good People from Sichuan" takes place in China，The imaginary book that Lao Wang opens and reads in the play is "Zhuangzi" written by ancient bet365 sportsbook review sages。

But，Throw aside these elements of direct expression，The deeper influence is its recognition and acceptance of the bet365 sportsbook review aesthetic tendency behind the "stylized" characteristics of traditional drama。

First，Traditional bet365 sportsbook review aesthetics emphasizes the golden mean，中正、Peace is a major feature。We rarely see traditional bet365 sportsbook review opera actors in a hysterical state on stage，No matter how big the emotional fluctuations are, they are hidden in the light and stylized movements。For example，When expressing a person’s anger in opera，Maybe it’s the actor who keeps shaking his head and braids，Externalizing angry emotions into specific actions。This kind of restraint、The implicit way of expression is the way bet365 sportsbook review art expresses beauty。Western theater actors are different，They try their best to guide the audience closer to the events and characters they perform。For this，They try their best to transform themselves into the characters in the play without reservation。This is very hard and difficult for actors，They need to maintain a very excited state at all times，Let yourself become one with the character，Only in order to make the audience have "hallucination" and immerse themselves in it。And for the audience，This is not a good thing either。They need to be emotionally integrated with the actors，It is impossible to view the performance with a calm and peaceful attitude。To this，Brecht gave a direct description: "Let us enter such a theater，Observe the effect it has on the audience。As long as we look around，You will find that you are in a strange state、A rather indifferent image: the audience seems to be in a state of intense tension。All muscles are tense，Although extremely tired，Not relaxed。They have almost no interaction with each other，Like a group of sleeping people gathered together，And some disturbed dreamers...with their eyes open of course，They are staring，But didn’t see it；They are listening，But didn’t hear it。They stared blankly at the stage...like people possessed by evil spirits。”

Brecht admired the calmness of bet365 sportsbook review actors during their performances，They use stylization to create artistic depictions。In accordance with the requirements of its defamiliarization theory，The effect of this aesthetic tendency in traditional bet365 sportsbook review opera is to keep the distance between the actors and the objects being performed，Strive to prevent the audience’s emotions from being assimilated by yourself。Neither the actors nor the audience are locked into the characters。In other words，There is no fourth wall in bet365 sportsbook review opera performances。The actor performs within the three walls surrounding him，Fully aware that your performance is being watched。At the same time, the actors will also face the audience，He clearly knows that the person he is telling his story to is sitting in the audience。As they turn to the audience，Declares the breaking of the fourth wall。“This performance immediately departs from a specific illusion on the European stage。The audience as observers cannot have the illusion of being blind to what is actually happening on the stage。A rich set of techniques that have been developed on the European stage，Hide the actors within four walls，The various scene arrangements allow the audience to see clearly，This technique seems redundant。”At the same time，Brecht believed that European theater used the fourth wall to isolate the audience from the world of the actors，Let them watch as if they were in the cloakroom。But the audience of Peking Opera is not like that，They are used to expressing their opinions immediately in the theater，Applause or boo。Opera actors can always receive feedback from the audience，Then it is impossible for an actor to fool the audience on stage，Or self-expression。

The second is morality，Traditional bet365 sportsbook review opera embodies moral sense through stylization。The division of labor in opera is clear，Fixed Facebook、Clothing，Can reflect a character’s personality and identity。The good and bad characters can be clearly distinguished。The reason is that we are interested in kindness、Evil has its own standards of judgment，What should a person with the virtue of "goodness" look like、It is relatively clear what a person with "evil" should look like，Same，What a woman should look like，There are fixed standards for what a man should look like。We pay attention to ethics，So when creating a character, you will consciously or unconsciously fix these elements into the external characteristics，People can distinguish it at a glance。

　1935，Brecht watched Mr. Mei Lanfang’s Peking Opera performance in Moscow and participated in the subsequent symposium。From Mei Lanfang’s performance，He saw that "the point of Mei Lanfang's performance is not to show how a woman walks and cries，Rather act out how a specific woman walks and cries。His views on the ‘nature of things’ are mainly critical and philosophical understanding of women”。Visible，Mei Lanfang’s performance has become divorced from the character itself，And shows the essential characteristics of women。bet365 sportsbook review is exactly the technical stuff and appeal to the senses that Brecht admired、External expression。The actor's performance separates the character from his individual self and shows his common external characteristics。

In addition，Brecht believed that bet365 sportsbook review actors perform more than just the attitudes of the characters in the play，At the same time, the actor's attitude is also performed。What the audience can see should be a performer，Two performers。The second performed object is presented through a specific set of complete actions that are repeated over and over again。This presentation of multiple positions is also in line with one of the functions of defamiliarization mentioned above，Let the audience gain a new perspective，Without being "immersed" in the storyline and actors' performances。

The last thing is symbolic，The stylization in bet365 sportsbook review opera also reflects its emphasis on symbolism、The aesthetic tendency of imaginative meaning。In his article, Trezyakov described the symbolic Peking Opera performances he once saw: "bet365 sportsbook review drama is based on stylization。The actor stepped onto the stage，He is holding a riding crop decorated with a necklace，Walking with weird steps，Like walking through a wide puddle，This means he is riding a horse，When he gave the riding crop to his entourage，That means he has dismounted。On his back，Four flags fixed on shoulders，Swaying like wings，The meaning is that he commanded the four armies。Beside him there was someone holding a square flag on a wheel，Just to tell the audience that he left by car。Many low-hanging orange-yellow patterned flags gallop across the stage，This is a fire。The inspector threw a handful of suddenly glowing powder into the fire bowl，This means there is lightning。”From these descriptions we can see the ubiquitous symbolic expression in bet365 sportsbook review opera。And Brecht also believed in "The Defamiliarization Effect in bet365 sportsbook review Drama and Performing Arts"，The symbolic and stylized features of bet365 sportsbook review classical opera are in line with what he calls the defamiliarization effect。

In short，The stylized aesthetics of bet365 sportsbook review art has guiding and reference significance for the formation of Brecht’s drama theory，He saw the unique aesthetic tendency and aesthetic spirit of bet365 sportsbook review art behind the stylized performances。And this stylized aesthetic coincides with the "defamiliarization" of the dramatic characteristics he pursues。bet365 sportsbook review art allowed him to see the feasibility of the dramatic innovation he had been working on，It is precisely because of this that he continues to absorb and transform，Finally perfected his own theoretical system and creation of epic drama。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on the Impact of bet365 sportsbook review Aesthetic Culture on the Modern West from the Perspective of Mutual Learning among Civilizations” (17ZDA016)

(Author’s unit: Fudan University Literary bet365 sportsbook review Research Center)