Repeal bet365 joining bonus code Corn Laws

The Corn Laws were designed by the British government to safeguard the interests of large landowners，Coercive Acts from 1815，Aims to restrict or prohibit the import of grain from abroad。Marked by the establishment bet365 joining bonus code "Anti-Corn Law Society" in 1838 (renamed the "Anti-Corn Law League" in 1839)，A fierce debate broke out between the industrial bourgeoisie and the landed aristocracy over the issues of free trade and protective tariffs。

June 1846，British Parliament passes bill to repeal the Corn Laws，“Free trade was declared to be the guiding light of legislation” (Marx)。In the movement to repeal the Corn Laws，Free Traders “To Win，Need workers’ help”，Promise workers through demagoguery，“Not only promised to double the size bet365 joining bonus code bun，And promised to implement the Ten-Hour Working Day Act in the Millennium Kingdom of Free Trade"。But，Real life exposed these promises as entirely deceptive: the repeal bet365 joining bonus code Corn Laws in 1846 "as soon as this object was achieved"，Factory owners began to "oppose the ten-hour working day bill"；And when the Ten-Hour Day Act was "finally enacted into law" in 1847，The first reaction of factory owners is to "generally lower wages"。Marx sarcastically said: "This is the so-called gift to the new era of free trade。”

Marx pointed out through historical investigation，The principle of free trade brought about by the abolition bet365 joining bonus code Corn Laws is an important driver bet365 joining bonus code social poverty bet365 joining bonus code working class。The freedom promoted by the bourgeoisie is only the freedom of capital，Freedom instead of labor，It is capital slave labor、Freedom to exploit workers。The contradiction of "class struggle between capital and labor" that was "pushed behind (the dispute between industrial capital and the landed aristocracy)" after the promulgation bet365 joining bonus code Corn Laws，It was only during the practical struggle over the repeal bet365 joining bonus code Corn Laws that it "exploded publicly"。In the Anti-Corn Law Movement，The British working class gradually sees through the historical truth bet365 joining bonus code "Anti-Corn Law League"，Began to consciously combine economic demands such as "raising wages" and "implementing ten-hour working days" with independent、Political Chartist movement united，Opened the prelude to the struggle for power between the working class and the bourgeoisie。

　　The evolution bet365 joining bonus code Factory Act

、The collective name for a series of laws and regulations covering education provisions and other contents。In Capital, Volume 1，Marx “dedicated a great deal of space to describing the history of British bet365 joining bonus code legislation、Content and results”，Proof that the production of absolute surplus value by extended working days and the production of relative surplus value by using machines devastate workers’ bodies and aggravate poverty。

In "Working Day"，Marx’s contrast between factory owners’ “greed for surplus labor” and the working class’s “struggle for a normal working day”，Starting from the opposition between the old "labor law" (forcibly extending the working day) and the "modern factory law" (forcibly shortening the working day)，Investigated and analyzed the two stages of modern factory law。The first stage is 1802-1833。Although the Parliament promulgated five labor laws，But it turned into a “dead letter” due to lack of financial support。The second stage, the real change, began in 1833。The Factory Act 1833 provides for ordinary working days，Limited working hours for teenagers and children；The Act of 1844 placed adult women under the protection bet365 joining bonus code law；The 1847 Act formally established the ten-hour working day；The 1850 Act also included the working days of adult male workers within the legal limits。Afterwards，Although the Factory Law has been revised several times, there has been no major change，Continued until 1867。For the historical progress made in the modification bet365 joining bonus code factory law around the working day，Marx concluded from the historical sense that "capital was finally restrained by legal provisions": "Factory legislation is the first time society has become conscious bet365 joining bonus code spontaneous shape of its production process、Planned reaction。”

If extending the working day is mainly a physical torture for workers，Then machines and large-scale industry are a combination of physical torture and mental torture of workers、Overlay、Accelerate、Expansion and generalization。In "Machines and Big Industry"，Marx combined the historical evolution of industrial factories with the historical evolution of factory legislation，On the one hand, it examines the "direct、How the undisguised rule of capital" expanded from "the initial products of machine production, namely the spinning industry and weaving industry" to "the entire social production" and developed universally；On the other hand, it reveals the essence of how capitalist production "creates a kind of barracks-like discipline" through the factory system and transforms it into a "gentle prison"。In Marx’s view，The development bet365 joining bonus code capitalist mode of production with machine-based large-scale industry as its essential feature and the conspiracy bet365 joining bonus code logic of capital dominance and the logic of machine use，Not only "artificially caused the waste of (workers') intelligence"，And “the hitherto safety valve that eliminated the entire social mechanism”。This has caused the working class to live in poverty in modern society、Mental destruction、Moral decadence、Low education level、Poor sanitary conditions、The culprit bet365 joining bonus code deterioration of living environment and other problems，It is also a development requirement that "the universalization of factory legislation as a means of physical and mental protection for the working class is inevitable"。

　　Amendments to the bet365 joining bonus code

The Poor Law is a law that provides relief to the poor and weak。After the Industrial Revolution，In order to cope with the emergence of a large number of unemployed refugees、Growing poverty、Rapidly growing population and huge pressure on poor relief，The British government passed the "Poor Law Amendment" in 1834。Influenced by liberalism and utilitarian economics，The new Poor Law stipulates that the workhouses shall implement the principles of "Poor Law Test" and "Inferior Treatment"，Let the poor who receive relief perform forced labor in the "poor workhouse"，But don’t let their living conditions be better than those bet365 joining bonus code lowest workers。The workhouse became the formidable "Bastille bet365 joining bonus code poor"。

In "Das Kapital" Volume 1，Marx focused on the issue bet365 joining bonus code “New Poor Law” three times。The first time was in "Working Day"。First，In response to the factory owners’ request to once again allow poor children and orphans from the workhouse to work in factories，Marx pointed out，The factory owners are based on the system of treating orphans and children of poor people in need as apprentices，"Contract with the workhouse authorities for a certain period of time"。Secondly，In response to “locking poor people in need of relief into ‘ideal workshops’” in order to “eradicate laziness、Debauchery and extravagant hope for freedom”、In order to "relieve the poor tax"、Rhetoric to encourage hard work and lower labor prices in manual workshops，Marx analyzed and proved the fact that this "ideal studio" is already "significantly inferior" to the actual "trainee" or "factory"。The second time is in "Machines and Big Industry"。Marx cited "the reason why the competitive relationship between the hand-loom and machine-loom industries in England dragged on" before the implementation bet365 joining bonus code New Poor Law，It is because the salary far below the minimum limit is supplemented by church relief funds” This example，Proves the dual facts that "labor instruments kill workers" and "the new poor law promotes the flow of agricultural workers to factory areas"。It explains，The new Poor Law ostensibly uses the workhouse as a carrier to relieve the poor，In fact, it is sacrificing the interests of workers，Through punitive and prisoner-style harsh management and welfare treatment，Forcing them to participate in capitalist production and machine industry。

In "The General Laws of Capitalist Accumulation"，Marx focused on the issue bet365 joining bonus code “New Poor Law” for the third time。Marx first started from the unity of opposites between the industrial reserve army and the active labor force，After analyzing the various situations in which “the lowest strata bet365 joining bonus code relatively surplus population are trapped in abject poverty in need of relief”, it is pointed out: “Abject poverty in need of relief forms a dead load for the active labor force’s disabled hospital and the industrial reserve army。"Marx believed，The capitalist production and accumulation mechanism is the law of capital wealth accumulation、The Law of Proletarian Poverty、The unification of capitalist population laws，Its result can only be "accumulation of wealth" on one pole and "poverty" on the other pole、Labor torture、Slavery、Ignorance、Polarization as the accumulation of boorishness and moral depravity。Conclusion，Marx analyzed various views of political economists on the relationship between poverty and wealth，Criticized the views bet365 joining bonus code Protestant pastor Townsend against the "Poor Law" (a curse that entitles the poor to meager social relief) and the Malthusian population principle (that is especially important among the poor) as the theoretical basis bet365 joining bonus code "New Poor Law" population principle at work)。Marx pointed out，“The number of people dying of starvation in London has increased alarmingly in the past 10 years，This undoubtedly proves that workers are even more disgusted with the slavery of poor people’s penal institutions such as poor workhouses”。This explains，It’s time to revise the “New Poor Law” in which workers would rather starve to death than accept workhouse relief。

　　bet365 joining bonus code and Enlightenment

From a macro perspective of criticizing the capitalist mode of production，Marx’s historical investigation bet365 joining bonus code above three laws constitutes his “hidden narrative” in criticizing the capitalist social security system，But it provides a "social mirror" for us to improve the socialist social security system，It has important practical significance and inspiration。

First，Understand the significance bet365 joining bonus code social security system from the perspective bet365 joining bonus code "big social security concept"。The restrictions on population movement caused by the Old Poor Law and the increase in raw material prices caused by the Corn Laws，Opposed by the industrial bourgeoisie；The revision bet365 joining bonus code Factory Act in 1833 promoted the introduction bet365 joining bonus code New Poor Law in 1834；The repeal bet365 joining bonus code Corn Laws in 1846 promoted the revision bet365 joining bonus code Factory Act in 1847。The "last 20 years" since the repeal bet365 joining bonus code Corn Laws have been most conducive to "the study of capitalist accumulation"；The Factory Act is most conducive to revealing the situation of "workers when performing social functions"，The "New Poor Law" is most conducive to revealing "the situation of workers outside the factory"。Therefore，Social security is not an isolated issue，It is a systemic social problem，It is "the safety net of people's lives and the stabilizer of social operation"。People’s livelihood issues are closely related to democratic issues。Only from the "big social security concept" can we understand the significance of improving the multi-level social security system，Only by adhering to the people-centered development idea，Improve people’s livelihood and well-being，Improve people’s quality of life，Continuously realize the people’s yearning for a better life。

Next，Understanding the role of social security subjects from the perspective of "modern country"。The state and government are the first entities responsible for social security。The country mainly through "consciousness、Planned counter-reaction” legislation、Promote the operation of social policies through "enactment of mandatory laws"。Engels once pointed out: The article about the working day in "Das Kapital" shows "how important a role legislation plays"，Legislation is a political action”。Therefore，“A national law” is “a strong social barrier”。The social security system with Chinese characteristics must adhere to the direction of socialist market economic reform、Combined to promote the modernization of national governance，Make better use bet365 joining bonus code country’s adoption of economic legislation、The positive role of social legislation in promoting social security，Resolve the problem between government and market、The relationship between capital and labor，Effectively curb phenomena such as "capital squeezing labor" and "profit eroding wages"。On this basis，Through the government、Economic Organization、Social organization、Cooperation between multiple entities such as families and individuals，Constructing a national rescue、Social mutual aid、A diversified social security system that combines personal self-help。

Finally，Understand the original intention of social security policies from the perspective of "reform and development"。In order to alleviate the huge pressure on poor relief，The "New Poor Law" changes the out-of-hospital relief model to the in-hospital relief model，Stipulates that the poor must enter the workhouse to work in order to receive relief。This kind of reform turns poverty relief into government relief, but at the same time puts the cause of poverty entirely on the shoulders bet365 joining bonus code poor，It has the effect of "poverty is crime" and "relief is punishment"。Result，The "New Poor Law" not only fails to solve the problem of poverty，Instead, it has become an inhumane means used by the bourgeoisie to deal with the proletariat。For that matter，The socialist social security system with Chinese characteristics must adhere to the people-centered approach、The idea of ​​ensuring and improving people’s livelihood during development，We must insist on doing our best and within our capabilities，Build the protection and improvement of people’s livelihood on the basis of economic development and financial sustainability，We must also insist on encouraging hard work, innovation and wealth，Divide the “cake” well on the basis of making the “cake” bigger。Only this，Only can people understand the original meaning of social security through institutional arrangements and common struggle: through basics、Inclusiveness、Basic livelihood security provides everyone with the necessary material security and the social confidence to "start over" to create a happy life through self-struggle。

　　(The author is the dean bet365 joining bonus code School of Politics and Public Administration of Huaqiao University、Professor；Master’s student at the School of Politics and Public Administration, Huaqiao University)