The abolition of the "Grain Law"

Grain method is the interests of the British government to protect the interests of large land occupants，Compulsory Acts implemented from 1815，It aims to restrict or prohibit the input of grains from abroad。The establishment of the establishment of the "Anti -Grain Law Association" in 1838 (1839 to the "Anti -Grain League")，The industrial bourgeoisie and land nobles have exploded fierce debate around free trade and protection of tariffs。

June 1846，The British Parliament passed a bill that abolished the grain method，"Free Trade was announced as a legislation of legislation" (Marx)。In the movement of the abolition of grain，The Free Trade School "In order to win，Need the help of workers "，Promise to promise workers through confused propaganda，"Not only promised to increase the big round bread to double，And promised to implement a ten -hour working day bill in the millennium kingdom of free trade "。But，Real life reveals all the deception of these promises: the abolition of the grain method in 1846 "this purpose has just achieved"，The owners of the factory began to "oppose the ten -hour working day bill"; and when the ten -hour working day the bill was "finally set as a law" in 1847，The first reaction of the factory owners is "generally reduced wages"。Marx's ridicule: "This is the so -called gift to the new era of free trade。”

Marx through historical survey and point out，The principle of trade freedom brought about by the abolition of grain method is an important promoter that Bet365 lotto review causes the poverty of the working class。The freedom presented by the bourgeoisie is just the freedom of capital，instead of the freedom of labor，It is capital slavery labor、Freedom of exploiting workers。After the grain method was promulgated, the "Class struggle between capital and labor between the industrial capital and the land aristocracy) was pushed (the dispute between the industrial capital and the landlord)"，It was only "publicly erupted" in the practice struggle around the abolition of the grain method。In the Anti -Valley Movement Movement，The British worker class has gradually realized the historical truth of the "Anti -Grain League"，Began to consciously consciously require economic requirements such as "increasing wages" and "10 hours of working days"、Political Charter Movement combines，The prelude to the struggle between the working class and the bourgeoisie for power。

　　Evolution of the Factory Law

The British Factory Law is a limited working day length and sanitary clauses promulgated by the British government from 1802 to 1901、Educational terms and other contents of a series of laws and regulations。In the first volume of "Capital"，Marx "uses a lot of space to describe the history of British factory legislation、Content and results "，Prove the absolute surplus value production of the extension of the working day and the relative surplus value production used by the machine to the body's physical body。

In "Working Day"，Marx's "greed for remaining labor" and the working class "struggle for normal working days"，From the old "Labor Law" (forcibly extend working days) and the "Modern Factory Law" (forcedly shorten the working day)，Examination and analysis of the two stages of modern factory law。The first stage is 1802-1833。Although the parliament has promulgated five labor laws，But because of lack of financial support, it has become a "one paper empty text"。The second stage of the real change is from 1833。Factory Law in 1833 stipulates normal working days，Limit the labor time of children and children; the 1844 law order puts adult women under the protection of law; in 1847, the law officially established ten hours of working days; Restriction。，Although the factory method has been modified several times but there are no major changes，It lasts until 1867。Historical progress obtained by the modification of the factory method around working days，Marx concluded from Bet365 lotto review the historical sense of "capital's finally subject to the constraints of laws": "Factory legislation is the first time consciousness of the society's spontaneous form of its production process、A planned reaction。”

If the extended working day is mainly torture on the physical physical flexibility，Then the machine and large industry are composite to the physical torture and mental torture of workers、superimposed、Acceleration、Expansion and universalization。In "Machine and Great Industry"，Marx combines the historical evolution of the industrial factory with the historical evolution of factory legislation，On the one hand, I inspected the "direct、Uncover capital rule "is the process of expanding from" the original product of machine production, namely the spinning industry and weaving industry "to the" entire social production "and generally develop it; on the other hand, it reveals capitalist capitalism on the other hand How production is transformed into the essence of "mild prison" through the factory system "creating a barracks -like discipline"。From Marx's view，The development of capitalist production methods with the characteristics of the large machine industry as the essential characteristics, as well as the logic of capital rule and the logic of machine use，Not only "artificially caused (artificial) the desertedness of intelligence"，And "The safety valve that eliminates the entire social mechanism so far"。This is not only a poverty of the classics of modern social workers、Spiritual Destruction、Moral False、Low education level、Poor sanitary conditions、The culprit of the deterioration of the living environment，It is also the development requirements of "the generalization of factory legislation of the body and spirit of the working class".。

　　Modification of the "Poverty Law"

The Law of the Affairs is the law of relief to the poor。After the Industrial Revolution，In order to cope with the emergence of a large number of unemployed citizens、The increasing poverty、The rapidly growing population and the pressure of poverty -relief fees，The British government passed the "Amendment to the Poverty Law" in 1834。Affected by liberalism and utilitarian economics，The Xinji Poverty Law stipulates that the principle of "inspection of poverty alleviation" and "poor disposal" in the poverty alleviation house，Let the poor people who receive relief are engaged in bet365 Play online games compulsory labor in the "poor Xi Xi"，But do not allow their life treatment than the bottom workers。Jiji Palace has become a daunting "Poor Bus Best Prison"。

In the first volume of "Capital"，Marx concentratedly mentioned the problem of the "Xinji Poverty Law"。The first time is in "Working Day"。First，For the factory owners, "requests the poor children and orphans to enter the factory to work in the factory" for the factory owners，Marx pointed out，Factory owners are based on the system that children who treat orphans and poor people who need relief as apprentices，"Tongji Poverty House authorities have established a certain period of contract"。Second，For "the poverty -stricken man who needs relief into the" ideal Xi Yi "" is to "eradicate laziness、Disposal and extravagance of freedom "、To "reduce the poor tax、Encouraging the work of diligence and the labor price of the manual workshop "，Marx analyzed and proved that this "ideal Xi Yi" in the real "Xi Yi", that is, the "factory" has already "inferior" facts。The second time is in "Machine and Big Industry"。Marx quoted the Xinji Poverty Law.，It is because the salary far below the minimum limit has been supplemented by the church relief fund "，The dual facts of "labor data stiffeter workers" and "Xinji Poverty Law to promote the flow of agricultural workers to the factory area。It explains，On the surface, the Xinji Poverty Law is based on the Jiji Institute as a carrier to rescue the poor，In fact, it is sacrificing the interests of workers，Through punishment and strict management and welfare benefits of prisoners，Forcing them to participate in capitalist production and machinery industries。

In the "General Law of Capitalism"，Marx concentrated on the "Xinji Poverty Law" problem for the third time。Marx first set off from the opposition from the industry after the industry and the active laborers，After analyzing the various situations that "the bottom of the relative excess population is trapped in the red poverty that requires relief", "pointed out:" Red poverty that requires relief forms the disabled and the deadline for the disabled and the post -industry after the industry。"Marx thinks，Capitalist production and accumulation mechanism is the law of capital wealth accumulation、The law of poverty in the proletariat、Unification of the law of capitalist population，Its result can only be one pole "accumulation of wealth" and the other is "poverty、bet365 best casino games Labor torture、Servant、ignorance、The accumulation of the accumulation of rough and moral degradation "bipolar differentiation。Taking this as a conclusion，Marx analyzed the various opinions of political economists on the relationship between poverty and wealth，Criticizing the views of the new religious pastor Tang Sen's opposition to the "Law of the Poverty" (curse to make the poor people have the right to enjoy the poor social relief law) and the principle of Malssas's population principle based on the theory of "Xinji Poverty" (that is especially in the poor people Population principle that works in the middle)。Marx pointed out，"The number of people who starved to death in London in the past 10 years has increased amazingly，This undoubtedly proves that workers are even more hate the slavery of the poor's punishment centers such as the poor "。This description，Workers would rather starve to death or not accept the "Xinji Poverty Law" that was relieved by the Poverty House.。

　　meaning and revelation

Stand at the macro angle of critical capitalist production methods，Marx's historical investigation of the above three laws constitutes a "hidden micro narrative" that criticizes the capitalist social security system，But provides us with a "mirror of society" for us to improve the socialist social security system，It has important practical significance and revelation。

First，Recognize the meaning of the social security system from the perspective of "Great Social Security"。The restrictions on the flow of population and the rise of the raw materials caused by the "Grain Law"，It was opposed by the industrial bourgeoisie; the amendment of the "Factory Law" in 1833 promoted the introduction of the 1834 "Xinji Poverty Law"; the abolition of the "Grain Law" in 1846 promoted the modification of the "Factory Law" in 1847 in 1847。"Grain Law" abolished the "last 20 years" is the most conducive to "the accumulation of capitalism"; the "Factory Law" is most conducive to revealing the situation of "workers when performing social functions"，"Xinji Poverty Law" is most conducive to revealing "the situation of workers outside the factory"。Therefore，Social security is not an isolated question，but a systematic social problem，It is "the safe network of people's life and the stabilizer of social operation"。The issue of people's livelihood is closely related to democratic issues。Only from the "Great Social Conservation Constitution" bet365 live casino games to understand the meaning of a sound multi -level social security system，can we adhere to the people -centered development idea，Promoting the well -being of people's livelihood，Improve people's quality of life，Continuously realize the people's longing for a better life。

Second，Knowing the role of social security subject from the perspective of "modern country"。National and government is the first responsible subject of social security。The country is mainly through "consciousness、Planning Reverse Laws "legislation、Through "promulgation of mandatory laws" to promote social policy operation。Engels once pointed out: "Capital" about the work day shows "how important legislation is playing，legislation is a political action "。Therefore，"A national law" is "a strong social barrier"。Socialist social security system with Chinese characteristics must be adhered to the direction of the reform of the socialist market economy、Promote the combination of modernization of national governance，Better the country through economic legislation、The positive role of social legislation to promote social security，Solving the government and the market、The relationship between capital and labor，Effectively curb "capital squeezing labor" and "profit erosion wages" and other phenomena。Based on this，Through the government、Economic Organization、Social Organization、Family and individuals and other diverse subject cooperation，Construct a national rescue、Social Assistance、The diversified social security system combined with individual self -rescue。

Last，Understand the original meaning of social security policies from the perspective of "reform and development"。In order to alleviate the pressure of huge poverty,，"Xinji Poverty Law" changed the relief mode outside the hospital to an in -hospital relief mode，It is stipulated that the poor must enter the poverty -stricken home to work to obtain relief。This kind of reform, while turning poverty -relief into government relief, completely pushes the cause of poverty to the poor of the poor，It plays the effect of "poverty is crime" and "relief is punishment"。Results，"Xinji Poverty Law" can not only solve poverty problems，Instead, the bourgeoisie is a means of violation of the proletariat。That's why，Socialist social security system with Chinese characteristics must adhere to the people -centered、The idea of ​​protecting and improving people's bet365 best casino games livelihood in development，We must insist on doing their best for their strength，Based on the protection and improvement of people's livelihood on the basis of economic development and financial sustainability，We must insist on encouraging hard work and innovation to become rich，Divide "cake" on the basis of making "cake"。Only here，Only to allow people to recognize social security in institutional arrangements and work together: through basicness、Betterity、Fundamental people's livelihood protection provides necessary material guarantees for everyone to create a happy life through self -struggle and the social foundation of "come again from the beginning"。

　　(The author is the dean of the School of Political and Public Management of Overseas Chinese University、Professor; Master's degree in the School of Political and Public Management of Huaqiao University)