The system of pavilions and pavilions has its roots in ancient times，Zhou Dynasty Tibetan Room、The League of Spring and Autumn Period is its origin，Its main function is to collect and organize books。The system of pavilions and pavilions bet365 games Northern Song Dynasty was also established along this tradition，Especially inherits the Tang Dynasty system，But compared to before，There have been some important new changes bet365 games Northern Song Dynasty pavilions。For example，Because of the rise of woodblock printing，The museum is responsible for publishing the final version of the book，Another example is that the responsibility of compiling official history is borne by the museum。As for what is particularly relevant to art，Guange began to assume the function of organizing and cataloging art collections，Civil officials of the imperial court were systematically involved in it for a long time with formal standard procedures，This can be said to be an important phenomenon at the institutional level in ancient Chinese art。

Courtiers' viewing。Early Northern Song Dynasty，The pavilion actually includes Zhaowen Pavilion、History Museum、Three institutions of Jixianyuan，Also known as Sanguan or Chongwenyuan。bet365 games first year of Emperor Taizong Duangong's reign, a secret pavilion was built in Chongwen Academy，To integrate the collections of the three museums。The "Lintai Story", which specifically records the pavilion system of the Northern Song Dynasty, lists the relevant details: "There was King Xizhi of Jin、Dedicated、Yu Liang、Xiao Ziyun、Tang Taizong、Emperor Ming、Yan Zhenqing、Ouyang Xun、Liu Gongquan、Huai Su、Huairen ink，Gu Kaizhi’s painting of Vimalakīrti，Han Ganma，Xue Jihe，Dai Song Niu，And the modern king of Dongdan, Li Zanhua Thousand-Antlered Deer、Xichuan Yellow Quan and White Rabbit，It’s also a wonderful moment。"Of course these are all treasures of calligraphy and painting from all ages，Uncomparable to ordinary mortals，It can be seen that the Secret Pavilion was at the beginning of its establishment，It assumes the important function of collecting precious works of art。In documents related to the pavilion，The term "picture books" often appears。It’s not clear what it refers to，Sometimes refers to pictures and books，Sometimes referring to books with pictures and books without pictures。Maybe a long time，The distinction between pictures as books and pictures as art is not yet clear。There is an article in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" titled "Secret Paintings from Ancient Times"，The "Five Stars and Eight Trigrams and the Twenty-eight Constellations", "Yin and Yang House Phases", "Twenty-Eight Constellations", "Zhou Royal City Mingtang Ancestral Temple" and "Three Rites" listed among them are the kind of books with pictures or the pictures themselves. for books，Rather than the creative paintings of later generations of artists。As far as the Northern Song Dynasty pavilions are concerned，The imperial court clearly regarded calligraphy and painting as the same category - let's use the word "art" to express it，Stand side by side with books bet365 games collection。

"The Story of Lintai" contains many records of emperors and ministers viewing art collections，For example, "Now I want to occupy the number of old rooms bet365 games Secret Pavilion，Rebuilt into the inner courtyard，Feng'an Taizong's Holy Face and Royal Book，Purchase imperial books、Forbidden Astronomy、Pictures，Its four corridors serve as a library and a history library and a calendar library" and "Jiaxing，Yimi Pavilion，Xuan Qun Chen Guan Lei Chao Yu Shu Yu Zhi、Calligraphy and Painting、Ancient utensils, etc.，Your Excellency, all listed as secretaries”。The pavilion also has a formal system for exposing calligraphy and painting，According to "Pengshan Chronicle": "The paintings and calligraphy collected bet365 games secret province，A violent incident at the age of 1，Since May 1st，Until August。It’s the month，Zhao Shangshu、Servant、Bachelor、To be produced、Censor Zhongcheng、Kaifeng Fu Yin、Prisoner bet365 games Palace、Da Sicheng became an official and official of two provinces，Feast for Your Excellency，Overview of Chen Shu’s ancient artifacts，The title was removed from the list。”In these three months，More than ministers，A large number of Beijing officials had the opportunity to appreciate these precious collections。However，The seemingly complete art collection system has gradually developed many flaws in its long-term operation，In addition, there was a big fire in King Rong Palace，So much so that "Pengshan Zhi" specifically mentions that many of the previous calligraphy and painting collections bet365 games pavilions at that time (late Northern Song Dynasty) were hard to find: "Today's Huairen's ink marks、Vimalakīrti Statue、Han Ma、Xue He，None exist。"One of them specifically mentioned a "Shepherd Picture"，It was only bet365 games fourth year of Chongning that he was recruited from outside the palace and entered the secret pavilion，But the mark on it shows that this painting is stored bet365 games Secret Pavilion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom，So he is a person who was lost from the inner court，There may not be many artworks scattered and collected like this。"Pengshan Chronicle" also mentioned a "Five Stars and Twenty-Eight Constellations True Shape Picture"，And promoted as "the wonderful pen of the Tang Dynasty"。"Houshan Tan Cong" also records that Li Gonglin once praised this secret pavilion collection，"It is said that Wu Sheng women will not be reduced"。These all show，The treasures of calligraphy and painting collected bet365 games pavilion，Court officials, especially cabinet ministers, have many channels to see their true appearance，In comparison，The opportunities for civil servants bet365 games Tang Dynasty were much less。

Public art discussion。However，This alone is not enough to support a substantial expansion of “publicity”，The more important influencing factor is，The scribes at that time - especially those who had served in libraries，Likes to comment on the museum’s art collection，And often critical comments。bet365 games Northern Song Dynasty，Because of the openness of the museum’s collections and the importance of its civil servants，This kind of discussion has become so common，So much so that it has become an important dimension for literati to communicate and identify with each other。If we are talking about the civil servants who are most familiar with the collection of pavilions and pavilions，When pushing Mi Fu，But Mi Fu has many words on calligraphy and painting，But few of them involve those hidden bet365 games palace。In books such as "Records of Baozhang Waiting for Interviews", "History of Calligraphy", "History of Painting" etc.，Mi Fu commented on works scattered among the people。But in "Book History"，He also expressed his dissatisfaction with the seal used bet365 games pavilion: "My great ancestor's 'secret pavilion book seal' is less than two inches，circle、The writing is detailed。The same is true for Shangge book seals。Biography granted by Renzong Hou Sutra Printing Academy，Use ‘Shangge Books’，Bold text in large print。If applied to calligraphy and painting，Official calligraphy and painting on paper，Mostly detrimental to signatures。The seal of the secret pavilion of the nearly three halls，The article is detailed，The circle is thick，Like half a finger，It also damages calligraphy and painting。”This does not involve authenticity identification，But it is also closely related to the collection of calligraphy and painting，His comments have revealed a questioning attitude towards Guange’s art collection。

Su Song, a famous official bet365 games Northern Song Dynasty, was earlier than Mi Fu，Although he is not a professional calligrapher or painter like Mi Fu，But I always pay attention to this，And has served as a library official for a long time。For the paintings and calligraphy collected bet365 games pavilion，Although there is no direct comment，However, as mentioned in his "Ti Youjun" post, "I have many letters to meet the two kings，Suspected not to be authentic，It should be Xiangtuo" "So the person who distinguishes it can use a piece of paper to write several posts and use a hard yellow ear"，It is likely to involve the calligraphy of the two kings stored bet365 games pavilion。Looking at "Xuanhe Shupu", you can see how many ink marks were on the names of the two kings stored bet365 games pavilion at that time，Therefore its authenticity is not beyond question。If you look at Su Shi’s comments，The attitude is more obvious and direct: "I have tasted the ink stains bet365 games secret pavilion，All Tang Dynasty Hard Yellow Version。”Yao Zhi，The collection of Guange became a focus of discussion among scribes at that time，The Northern Song Dynasty Guange Art Collection presents a "publicity" unprecedented in previous generations。Along with such discussions，The circle of literati has formed an artistic cultural atmosphere，In it，The discussant intends to show his or her artistic appreciation level，This is a new cultural literacy。

The search for meaning。Huang Tingjian's "The Empress of Luo Shen Fu" said: "I have doubts that "Luo Shen Fu" is not written by Zijing，However, learning writing skills by using calligraphy has gone a long way，I dare not make this argument。Looking at it now，Dong Xuanxian of Song Dynasty、The Ministry of Food and Drinks needs less writing power，Also available here。"The "Luo Shen Fu" mentioned here refers to Wang Xianzhi's cursive "Luo Shen Fu"，And Song Shou (Xuan Xiangong)、Zhou Yue (wailang, a member of the dining department) was a master of cursive calligraphy bet365 games Northern Song Dynasty，Wang Xianzhi’s work is stored bet365 games pavilion，The first type under Wang Xianzhi's name in "Xuanhe Shupu" is the cursive "Luo Shen Fu"。It’s worth noting，Huang Tingjian’s identification standard is not detailed inspection，Not based on material judgment，It depends on a style or writing style。Such comments have not happened before，But for Huang Tingjian，This seems to be the core characteristic of calligraphy works，Enough to play a key role bet365 games authenticity identification of collections。A similar situation can also be seen in his "Inscription on Dongfang Shuo's Painting Praise": "I have tried to observe the ink marks on "Dongfang Shuo's Painting"，Suspected to be a letter from Wu Tongwei’s brother，I dare not question it，Crush the pen to conclude the words，Very similar to Tongwei's "Exterior View of Huangting"。Like the stone carvings on the top of the Buddha，Zhishi Jing Sheng Shu，Cannot be quoted bet365 games same category。”Wang Xizhi’s regular script “Ode to the Portrait of Dongfang Shuo” is also bet365 games collection of the museum，See "Xuanhe Shupu"。Huang Tingjian judged that it may be from Wu Tongwei, a calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty、Wu Tongxuan，It seems that there are also some basis for writing techniques，However, he later used the "Book of Sutras" carved on the stone on the top of the Buddha as an analogy，It is not without the flavor of asking for each other。

Actually，The literati of the Song Dynasty questioned the calligraphy of Guange, which is most concentrated bet365 games criticism of "Chunhua Ge Tie"，Although not all the engraved items in "Ge Tie" are from the collection of the pavilion，Many of them are collected from the private sector，But there are still many collections bet365 games museum，And it reflected the official and authoritative artistic taste and appreciation level at that time，There is a sense of standardization，This has caused literati to question this standard。They then put forward their own standards in art。Su Shi criticized the "Chunhua Pavilion Tie" in "Bianfa Tie" for "the mixture of authenticity and falsehood"，Proposed the method of identifying calligraphy: "The difficulty of identifying calligraphy，Just like listening to the sound and feeling the pulse，It’s okay to know the good and evil，Those who claim to be able to rectify their names，It’s all too late。"Distinguish the book with the metaphor of pulse"，There is a kind of mentality that is very personal and difficult to teach directly。

Su Song、Su Shi、Huang Tingjian、Mi Fu and others were all first-class scribes bet365 games Northern Song Dynasty，They have a strong interest bet365 games art of calligraphy and painting，All posted personal comments on the Guange Art Collection。The inscriptions and postscripts of his paintings and calligraphy can directly show that the collection of paintings and calligraphy has become a common trend among literati at that time，Following this, evaluation has become a cultural trend。The role of the museum in this process，We are “publicizing” the precious collections bet365 games palace to a certain extent。bet365 games previous dynasties，The internal collections are basically kept secret。In other words，The Northern Song Dynasty pavilions gave birth to an active "public space" for literati and officials，Artworks in this kind of space have received unprecedented scrutiny from this group、Evaluation and even imitation。From this，The discussion and collection of art, especially calligraphy and painting, has increasingly penetrated into the lives of literati in an unprecedented way and scale。Yu Su、Fang Shao, a literati of the same period as Huang, said in his notebook "Bo Zhai Bian": "Famous paintings and calligraphy in previous lives，Those who have hidden secrets，So-called Pavilion Edition，Popular viewing of paintings，Dan Yun Pavilion’s original principles are astonishingly good。"This is just like the saying that the musical score at that time had a "ge score"，The literati and officials questioned the value of pavilion music with more interesting folk music music such as Jiangxi music music and Zhejiang music music。Whether their general criticism of the collection is entirely justified or not is irrelevant，This situation reflects the important position of Guange art collections - they are often regarded as a "negative" example。But it is this established "negative" that prompted scribes to start exploring and even creating "positive" works。In this process，They no longer focus solely on artistic techniques or material details，And tend to use the more culturally meaningful "meaning" to govern it，Eventually developed a new artistic style and its discourse，This is exactly what later generations would call literati art。

　(The author is the person in charge bet365 games Youth Project "Northern Song Dynasty Pavilions and Literati Art" bet365 games National Social Science Foundation、Associate researcher at Zhejiang University Chinese and Western College)