Graduate paper ancient books are a special form of ancient books，It refers to the use of the official document of the government during the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties、file、The book books include the ancient books of paper back printing or copying of private books。It has a positive content of ancient books，The back of the back is official private document、Double value of first -hand historical materials such as account book registration，Relative to the ancient books, precious。A total of 170 kinds of ancient books and paper ancient books that have mastered the specific Tibetan land are currently mastered，Among them, a total of 116 kinds of copied have been checked，By analyzing these ancient books back literature，Visible，Ancient Books Paper Literature has the following distinctive characteristics。

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Review of 116 types of ancient book paper back literature，According to the content type, it can be divided into 55 types of document category、40 types of registers、4 types of private book enlightenment、6 kinds of imperial examination papers、11 kinds of blank public paper。This can be seen，Paper back literature in the official document、The number of registers occupies an absolute dominant position，The number of private book enlightenment is small。55 kinds of paper back official documents，6 kinds of Song Dynasty，Including the northwest border military and political documents on the time of the Song Dynasty、Dao Dao and Chunxi dynasty officials for leave for leave, and during the Chunxi period of Taiping Prefecture and Ezhou、During the Jiatai period Jiangnan West Road、During the Jiading period of Zhejiang East Road, various states and counties under the jurisdiction of wine taxes、Library and other income and expenditure Qianmi application and some states and counties forbidden to apply for Shenwen。3 types of Yuan Dynasty，First, the National Library Collection "Wei Shu"，Paper Back is the prefecture and counties of the roads of Yuanzhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, and the administrative document of the Division of Suzheng Lian, Zhejiang, Jiangnan, Jiangnan，Content Bet365 lotto review involving official selection、Published、Orphan relief、Population Perspective、Taxation of taxes、Cases 牍 Brush、Law Litigation、Price estimation and other aspects; the second is the two "On Health" residual volumes hidden in the Shanghai Library and Nanjing Museum，Paper Back as Yuan Yanyou During the year, a certain division was reported to the Division of Zhejiang East China Sea.。46 species of the Ming Dynasty，Document types include complaints、Application、collar、Perseverance、Conclusion、Supply、collar、Handbook、Unveiled posts、Constitution, etc.，Content involving public security inspections、Break -in scroll、Break -in scroll、Prisoners and prisoners、Tax and food silver money、Official assessment、Official assessment、Global Woman Jing Table、Jun Ding Hook supplement、Junyu Tuntian、Posterior dosage and other matters，The subject of the presentation is mostly patrol according to the monitoring royal history。40 kinds of paper backblocks，Mainly -related registers of the assignment，Including Yuanhuzhou Road Household Registration Book and Hangzhou Road Fish Scales、Field Tax Grain Book，Ming Dynasty Xiaohuang Book、Equipping Yellow Book、Zonglu Book，Qing Dynasty Playing Book, etc.，Total 32 species，There are 5 kinds of registers in the Ming Dynasty military registers、Instructions for 2 types、1 kind of official examination of officials。

Paper Back Gobies、Books，Look at the main body of the author，Both the local administrative agencies or officials of Fuzhou County、攒。Where，The main body of the division of complaints is ordinary people、Most of the delivery objects are mostly officials of their management agencies，Other documents are divided into two types of administrative agencies and officials of officials。Where，Administrative agencies are basically the taxation tax of Fuzhou County and its jurisdiction、Field library、Post Station、Delivery Institute、Experience Division、Inspection Division and other local administrative units; officials are basically managers of the above administrative agencies。Generally speaking，Paper backgas in addition to the Ming Dynasty Constitution，Basically belonging to the upper text，No downward article，Most of the local institutions at the grassroots level report on the application of relevant affairs or Bet365 lotto review the application of the duties in accordance with the instructions of the superior。Paper Book Collection，Although there are Yellow Books for Ending、The flag army of the health center，presenting objects as central households、Bing Department，But the units of their buildings are also all local states and counties or local health centers。Division、Outside of the registration，Paper Back Global Paper，The seals above it also belong to local states and counties.，Paper -back test papers are mostly tested test papers，Therefore, local character is a prominent feature of paper back literature。

Modified knows，The literature of the Song Dynasty is based on the history of the handed down，Discovery that has always lacks new literature materials，Local administrative files are extremely scarce。Although the Yuan Dynasty was unearthed due to the Blackwater City Literature，New discovery of a certain number of local administrative documents，But limited to Yijian Road, the northwest，The administrative system reflected in the administrative system is not universal。Although there are cabinets in the Ming Dynasty, there is a large library file in the Ming Dynasty、Liaodong Archives and Huizhou Documents and other large archives documents are passed down，But the first two are mainly archives at the central departments and provincial levels of the Central Committee of the Ming Dynasty，The latter one is mainly a civilian private cultural deed file，Lack of state、County and other local administrative institutions in the opening document archives。So，Local characteristics of paper back literature，It can greatly make up for the lack of local grass -roots administrative documents in the Song and Yuan Dynasties during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.，Provides a large number of valuable original archives historical materials for research on local governance and administrative operation。

　　homogeneity

For the paper back literature that has been copied，Document documents of the same ancient book, although there is a report time、Writing agency、The nature of the document is not the same，But most of the reporting time is relatively concentrated、The same object is the same、Phenomenon that involves more uniform matters。Brief words，Paper back of the same ancient book，Most of them are concentrated periods，Different institutions、The department's handling of the same type of matters，Report Bet365 lotto review reported to the same department or officials、Concluding official document。The same ancient book paper backbone，Most of them belong to different prefectures and counties、The same nature category created by the guards。Therefore，It can be said that bet365 live casino games the literature on the back of ancient books has great homogeneity。This homogeneity，Not only does it exist in the back of the same kind of ancient books，There are still several phenomena that different ancient books use the same batch of official documents or volume printing。such as，Japanese Jingjiatang Liberal Standard Classic Paper Print "Han Book"，Shanghai Library Collection Song Shaoxing Jiangnan East Road Transfer Division Paper Print "Hou Han Book"、Song and Yuan Du Xiu Xiu Cultural Paper Print "Wei Shu" residual volume，The Sichuan Library Collection Song Carved Yuan Xiu Ming Chu Gong Paper Print "Wei Shu" residual volume，Its paper back is the same batch of Ming Hongwu in the early years of the state of the state government。Another example，Suzhou University Tibetan Classics Paper Print "Moral Editor", "National Treasure New Editor" and Peking University Library Paper Print "Qingxi Time Pen", "Seven Persons Poetry", "Wujun Second Section", "Crane Crane" Examination，Paper back is the same batch of Ming Wanli period brushing signs。，As far as I can see now，The same carving ancient book basically has only one document paper，The phenomenon of two or more document paper in the same sculpture has not been found。such as，Shanghai Museum、National Library、The Shandong Library is hidden from Yuan to Zheng Gu Yinjian Mingxiao Material Paper Print "Tongjian Continuation" residual volume，Paper Back is the same batch of Yuan Hangzhou road fish scales，The number of residual volumes in the three places is not the same，It can be determined that it is a decentralized stream of paper in the same official document。Another example，National Library、Shanghai Library、Suzhou Library、Nantong Library has hidden in the Ming Jiajing Hu Zong's constitutional official document paper printing "Bester Classics Left Edit"，Nantong、Beijing Tibetan as a remnant，Suzhou、Shanghai Tibetan as a full book，But supplement for post -reinforcement，This book paper strap official document volume is hidden in the same place in the four places，It should also be decentralized for the same official document paper。

The homogeneity of paper bet365 Play online games back literature，Judging the ancient book version for us、Disabled and back -back damage literature has great reference value。First，It can further improve the ancient book version、The accuracy of the decision of the flow。such as，Back literature，You can determine the above Jingjiatang、Shanghai Library and Sichuan Library Collection "Han Book", "Hou Han Book", "Wei Book"，Should all be the first seal of the first seal of the Jiangnan East Road of Song Shaoxing Jiangnan East Road。Another example，2020 Yongle auction "Ancient Chinese Painting and Calligraphy Night Square" auction three volumes of document paper printing "Wang Wen's official document"，The back of the paper back with the Shanghai Museum Tibetan Dragon Shu Ben's "Wang Wen's Graduate Collection" is the same group of Song people's books，These three volumes should be the collected scattered of the Shanghai Museum。Next，Homerity can provide exact basis for the nature of the nature of paper back damage literature。Paper for paper used by the ancient books of the paper，belongs to the secondary use，Metropolis will cut off due to the original paper size with unwavering carving layout，Lack of important information in the original literature。There is also this situation in the unearthed documents，But it can be based on the same tomb、The age of the abrupt documents in the same place、Nature，Determine on the information of the damage。Determination of the homogeneity of paper back literature，allows us to learn from the method of arresting literature，Refer to the same book paper back document，The proposed unit of the damaged document、Writing Age、Present object、Literature and other key information to presume it，Then provide a accurate basis for research。

　　Error Simplified

abandoned official documents、Books are used to print ancient books，Often is to adapt to the size of the ancient quota in the seal，For the original official document、Book Paper Cutting，That is the original 1 leaf full paper，Cut into 2 leaves or even multiple leaves，So the paper back of the paper is mostly residual leaves，Rare content with content is rare。，Sequence of the Page Number of the Ancient Books of India for Printing Follows，The order of the original literature after cutting is basically not followed，Therefore, there are still very serious wrong simplicity in the paper back of the bet365 live casino games paper。This kind of damage is wrong，To fully grasp the content of the literature，Carrying out research has caused great trouble。So，One of the important tasks in the sorting of paper back literature is to perform synthetic restoration。

The conjunction of paper back literature is divided into two cases。One is a complete restoration，More common in official documents、Book Apocalypse Literature。Because of the official document、Book Revision，Limited paper used for single parts，After cutting, it is abandoned and there is no less part，Can achieve complete restoration。Refusion needs to judge the handwriting、Is the ink color unified，Whether the content is connected，Written planning agency、Is the personnel consistent with the official execution of the officials at the end of the text，The latter two are the main basis for whether the compatible recovery is correct。The second is part of the restoration，More common in the book literature。Because the book itself generally use more paper，When the disassembly is cut and prints ancient books，Most of them cannot keep all the paper of the original book，Will cause some content of the content，Therefore, only part of the restoration can be achieved。Book Literature restores relative official documents、Book Refusion is more complicated。The original book currently seen for printing ancient books，General paper is larger，It is often the 2 leaves of the existing ancient books.，Therefore, the recovery of the volume must be performed first，On the basis of a single leaf condensation，Based on the content of the book、Data before and after data，Sort the book leaf，Implementation of regulatory restoration。Ru Zhilan Zhai Zang "Sub -door Remarks Du Working Poetry Poem" paper back with three types of players，One of them is "Sentences of Zhejiang Money and Grain Question Sales"，Existing ancient native leaves 143 leaves，Among them, 5 leaves cannot be condensed，The remaining 138 leaves can be combined with 69 leaves of the original book，After sorting，Three parts of the original book can be restored。Although the book literature can only achieve partial recovery，But basically can be based on the recovery content，Analyze the basic book formula of the complete book，Show the basic structure of the book and the elements of boarding，Provide more information for research。It can be said，Most of bet365 live casino games the literature on the paper back of the paper，Systematic finishing compatibility restoration，is the basic prerequisite for carrying out in -depth research。Another，Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties，Except for the spread of parts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is circulated，In the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, the discovery of the number of batch enrollment campaigns，Combined recovery and composition of paper backbone literature can make up for this defect to a certain extent。

Although the content of the ancient book paper back literature is relatively detailed，There are many incomplete misplaced briefs，But after systemation、Combine restoration，It can still show the basic original appearance，Highlight it as a local administrative operation、Equipment、The unique historical value value of practical literature such as the management of the health center，Study on it，It will be able to promote the continuous deepening of the study of related issues during the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties。

　(The author is the National Social Science Fund Project "New Discovery of Ancient Books Paper Backing and Prisoner Classification and Research" host、Professor of History and Culture at Hebei Normal University)