Indonesia, as the "Islands State", has been established since the establishment of modern nation -states，Its maritime concept has gone through the "introverted" "islands view"，The transformation of the concept of "Global Marine fulcrum" containing the concept of "Indo -Pacific" concept to "export -oriented"。In this process，Ocean consciousness and ocean ambitions in Indonesia's history，With its complex domestic political background and restless nationalist emotions、The changeable geopolitics and the diverse practical interests are intertwined，profoundly affects the orientation and constructing path of contemporary Indonesian marine policy。

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In history，Shi Li Buddha's death (684-1377) and Maruta Boury (1251-1459) were Indonesia，Once with the bustling port and powerful maritime power。14th century to early 15th century，5 important maritime businessmen are distributed in the Indonesian waters。China and India have used this business to carry out busy trade，Maritime personnel flow and cultural exchanges are very frequent。Dutch colonial period，Although the colonists carry out economic exploitation of natural resources on the land and closely control the harbor，But the Indonesian nationalist has not forgotten the importance of the ocean to Indonesia's national identity。They think，"Indonesia is the overall overall that is difficult to divide in the ocean and land"。After official independence in 1949，Indonesia's collar sovereignty and marine rights and interests began to put on the schedule of the national country。In 1951, Sugno delivered a speech at the Surabaya Naval Base in East Java: "Efforts to make us become a navigator again ...，instead of being a crew at sea，Not! It is the country of navigation as the commander of the sea，The country of navigation with a commercial fleet，The country of sailing with military ships，The country of navigation of the wind and waves on the ocean。”

1966，President Suharto, who just came to power, convened the sea、Lu、The person in charge of the three air forces，The first national defense seminar with the theme of "Ocean Islands" was held。1967，Indonesian National Defense Security Conference decided bet365 best casino games to use the "Islands View" as the guiding ideology of defense and security。1973，Indonesian People's Consultative Conference passed the fourth resolution，Establish the "Islands View" as the guidance of the country's development guidance。In the sixth "National Five -Year Development Plan" in 1995，Foreword section explains and improves the "Islands View"。This plan has added "Based on the 1945 Constitution" and "Fresh and Flexible Foreign Policy，to promote the establishment of an independent、The world order of permanent peace, fairness and justice "; in the economic field part，Newly added "Economic Development is based on every family on the islands，and benefit the well -being of all citizens "。The final determination of the bill and planning documents，Indonesia's "Islands View" can also be formally formed。Its specific connotation is that Indonesia is an islands country，Is politics、Economy、Social Culture、Unified entity of defense security，The ocean is a bridge connecting to various islands in Indonesia，instead of "isolation belt"。At the third UN Oceanic Council in 1982，The international community recognizes Indonesia as the "Islands State"。The establishment of the baseline of the islands，Make Indonesia's territorial waters and exclusive economic zones expanded several times before。

"Islands View" was originally a concept built by the elite Indonesian military elites for political purposes，Emphasize the unity of the ocean between the islands，geopolitical meaning is strong。Although the development plan in 1995, the dimension of foreign policy，Danco's previous president's marine policy is basically focused on the internal affairs level。As a development concept，"Islands View" has a profound impact on the construction path of Indonesia's marine policy。In the early stages of administration of Suharto，Geopolitics based on "Islands View"，Indonesia mainly conducts the border negotiations of the marine boundary with neighboring countries，Create an environment that is conducive to the identity of the "islands"。After the 1980s，The Suharto government focuses on the connotation of the economic development of the islands，Focus on digging the economic value of the Indonesian waters，Including the development of marine fisheries and the development and utilization of sea oil and gas resources at sea。Democratic reform Bet365 app download period，The economic and national defense security connotation in "Islands View" profoundly affects the direction of Indonesia's marine policy。In pirate、smuggling、illegal fishing、Terrorism and other non -traditional security issues，Megovati and Sucoro give corresponding attention，The naval defense strategy of "Green Water Navy" and "Minimum Defense Power" is proposed。

Although under the leadership of the "Islands"，Indonesia's previous government, especially Megavati and Sucoro,，Pay enough attention to the formulation and development of the Indonesian marine policy，But due to the obstruction of the interests of the department and the development level of Indonesia's own national strength，The actual effect of marine policy is not ideal。The fundamental reason is that the "Islands View" 囿 囿 知 知 知，That is "the territorialization of the ocean"，Ignoring the liquidity and public attributes unique to the ocean。Under its influence，Indonesian marine policy is "introverted" as the guide，Its focus lies in the domestic level，Few attention to the more grand Indian Ocean and Pacific region。Indonesian marine historian Labi Aine once strongly appealed，Indonesia should be regarded as a country with thousands of islands in the ocean，instead of the opposite。This concept also affects the concept of the construction of the Zoko government marine policy。

　　Establish "Global Marine fulcrum" concept

　　"Global Marine fulcrum" concept was originally born as a program for the presidential campaign of Zoko。November 2014，Zokko first clarified the "Global Marine fulcrum" concept at the East Asian Summit，and through the President's Order of President 2017, the Indonesian marine policy was established。The core of the concept of "Global Marine fulcrum" is to reshape Indonesia's marine identity，Pay attention to the economic interests of the ocean and defense function。First，Zoko wants to revitalize the glory of the Ocean Kingdom of the past，Indonesia into a "marine power"; followed by，Indonesian maritime infrastructure is quite weak，The logistics cost of goods between goods between islands is high; finally，Indonesia claims that illegal occurs frequently on its territorial sea, especially in the exclusive economic zone、Unprepared and unexplained fishing activities，Indonesia's fishery resources suffered serious violations。

This idea has changed the construction path of the past marine policy，bet365 best casino games aimed at reviving Indonesian marine culture，Promote the implementation of marine policies at a high degree of diplomatic level，Place Indonesia's "Islands State" identity under the geographical pattern of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean，Maintaining the sovereignty of the sea，Protect maritime fishery resources。Under this concept,，Indonesia emphasizes the use of marine thinking to recognize the entire country，That is "the marineization of territory"，Fighting on the maritime interconnection of various islands in Indonesia，To promote the economic development of the country。To realize this concept，Indonesia plans to build 24 ports nationwide，Among them, the total cost reached 7 billion US dollars; during Zako, the defense budget was raised to 1.5%of the GDP; the Maritime Safety Coordination Committee was upgraded to the National Maritime Safety Commission，and give greater power to the Ministry of Maritime and Fisheries，For example, the "shipwreck policy" increased in implementation in recent years。Under the leadership of the "Global Marine fulcrum" concept，Indonesia's strategic vision gradually casts west to the Indian Ocean area。2015-2016，Indonesia as Chairman of the Indian Ocean Regional Cooperation Alliance (IORA)。March 2017，Holding the first Rings Indian Ocean Regional Cooperation Leadership Summit in Jakarta, Indonesia，Each member country signed the "Jakarta Association"。This contract shows that the Zoko government is no longer as focused on marine cooperation in the Asia -Pacific region as the previous government，and ignore the Indian Ocean area。

The concept of "Indian" in the concept of "Global Marine fulcrum" also prompted Indonesia to build the ASEAN version of the "Indo -Pacific Outlook" to expand its influence。The ASEAN version of the "Indian Outlook" of the ASEAN version focuses on "tolerance development" and the leading role of ASEAN。"Indian Outlook" can be described as an upgraded version of the "global marine fulcrum" concept，No longer limited to an Indonesian country，but the entire ASEAN。"Global Marine fulcrum" is conceived to pay attention to the development of marine security and marine economy，and "Indian Outlook"，also increased the two levels of interconnection and the United Nations Sustainable Development Objectives in 2030。"Global Marine fulcrum" ideas and the proposal of "Indochina Prospects"，All in Indonesia trying to play a potential bet365 best casino games impulse to play a large country's role in shaping the marine order of the Indo -Pacific region。

Current，Indonesian active "export -oriented" marine strategy，Based on the status of "Islands State"，Give full play to the "bridge" role of the islands waters in the Indo -Pacific area，The "landing" of marine policy with the construction of diplomatic strategy。The "Indian" concept formed in the concept of "Global Marine fulcrum"，Promote Indonesia to actively promote the formation of the ASEAN version of "Indo -Pacific Outlook" with the role of ASEAN "leading sheep"，The influence of the wrestling region of the unbalanced country in the Indo -Pacific region。This strategic thinking comes from the long -awaited freedom of Indonesia、Flexible diplomatic thought core。

Indonesian leaders have recognized the uniqueness of Indonesia's geographical location，and the marine economic interests and defense vulnerability brought by it。Indonesia's "Islands View" and "Global Marine fulcrum" concepts are based on the "Islands State" as a foothold，But the path that affects the Indonesian maritime policy is different。Under the influence of "Islands"，Indonesia's previous leaders cognitive ocean with land thinking，Indonesian marine policy from the inside and outside，The center of gravity is at the internal affairs level，and accompanied by the principle of actively promoting the "Islands State" in the international community; under the influence of the "global marine fulcrum" concept，Zakko conducts strategic positioning in the big pattern of the Indian and Pacific Ocean，Indonesian marine policy "from the outside and the inside"，Start with the height of diplomatic strategy，The core appeal is the development of the marine economy，to improve Indonesia's comprehensive national strength。

Indonesian marine policy is not only affected by the historical complex of the previous marine kingdom，and also driven by the demands of real interests。First，For regional order，The United States restarted in 2017、Japan、A four -sided security dialogue between India and Australia (hereinafter referred to as the "four -sided dialogue") deeply affects the geopolitical pattern of the Indo -Pacific region。"Four Side Dialogue" aims to establish a regional order that is conducive to these four countries，A strategy of contacting and curbing in China's "Belt and Road" initiative。Geopolital factors determine that Indonesia cannot be outside。Indonesian Ambassador to the UK Lizar Bet365 app download Sukma once commented: "Zoko's strategy to deal with the great power is a balanced diplomacy。"" Affected by the new situation of the game of the Great Power of India，Indonesia's marine policy is not docking with China's "Belt and Road" initiative alone，but on this basis，Also maritime cooperation with the four member states of the "Four Sides"。But these cooperation basically does not involve cooperation between naval bases and military ports，Because Indonesia is still worried that the existence of military existence in Southeast Asia outside the domain countries will endanger Indonesia's marine sovereignty。

Next，Indonesia's own medium strong country status shaped the practical dimension and content of marine diplomatic and marine governance in Indonesia's marine policy。As a secondary power，Indonesia is the country with the largest population in Southeast Asia，Resource endowment superior，It is also one of the members of the Group of 20。Follow the role theory of international relations，Middle -aged power often plays a good role of international citizen on the international stage，tend to maintain multilateralism and support the existing international order。Indonesia's medium power status has made it dedicated to adhering to the "Convention on the United Nations Marine Law" and maintaining the international marine order established in accordance with the Convention，Multilateral solution to seeking marine disputes，and actively join the international organizations related to the ocean。Under the influence of this identity definition，Indonesian marine policy advocates marine diplomacy with the principle of multilateralism，and actively quote the relevant regulations of the United Nations Marine Law Convention to strengthen marine governance。

Last，The Indonesian military forces promote the development of the Indonesian marine policy towards the direction of its own interests。The "Islands View" during the Suhartt period gives the military a certain operating space，But the subsequent democratic reform movement gradually alienated the Indonesian military for political stage。After the "game rules" familiar with democratic politics，Conservative forces in the military "Roll up the soil"，Gradually use the new stage to obtain political interests。Especially on the "Naita Islands Question"，The Indonesian military has repeatedly touched the statement，With the external threat of rendering the north Bet365 app download to promote the Indonesian authorities to increase support for marine defense，This is conducive to its rise on the political stage。

In short，Under the action of the "Islands View" and "Global Marine fulcrum" rooted in Indonesia's marine historical complex，Oceanic concepts in Indonesia's history and the interests of the identity of middle -aged power，Complex factors mixed with changes in the surrounding situation，Promotion behind the Indonesian military forces and the dynamics of the game of great powers have a profound impact on their modern marine policy。This has also become an important motivation for the formation of the policy orientation of Indonesia and neighboring countries in recent years.。

　　(Author Unit: Indonesia Research Center, Fujian Normal University)