After the disintegration of the Soviet Union，Russian literature rapidly enters the postmodern narrative stage，bet365 joining bonus code kind of postmodernist literature is characterized by its magic、Fragmentation、Absurdity and other novel features have become the “main trend” of contemporary Russian literature。bet365 joining bonus code postmodern craze has almost obscured another tendency，bet365 joining bonus code is the undercurrent of realism we are talking about。Some people in Russian literary circles call bet365 joining bonus code phenomenon "regression"。

But my understanding is，The realist creation of Russian literature has never been interrupted，It’s just at a low ebb during the period when postmodernism was popular。Realistic literature is different from modern literature、The avant-garde literature of postmodern naming，It lies in its concern for people’s specific living conditions，That is, the impact of changes in specific realistic conditions on human survival。Literature provides people with more than just thinking about abstract human nature，also shoulders the responsibility of constructing real-time mirrors for mankind。After the collapse of the Soviet Union until today，Russia has been in a difficult period of transition，Therefore，While people reflect on their own situation bet365 joining bonus code novel form of postmodernist literature，There is also an urgent need to see the artistic reflection of current reality from literature，To resolve Dasein’s sexual anxiety。This common social psychology is the fundamental reason why the undercurrent of Russian literary realism has always existed。

　　The crisis of bet365 joining bonus code: questioning and prosperity at the same time

First of all, we need to make something clear，Russian literature after the collapse of the Soviet Union is not absolutely dominated by postmodernism。Like postmodern literature bet365 joining bonus code Western world，Since its inception，Enter the crisis stage at the same time。This is related to the mechanism of postmodern literature itself。Because the basic function of literature is "meaning acquisition"，Aesthetic activities are a special way of human pursuit of meaning，For that matter，If postmodernist literature just blindly eliminates meaning，Then it can only provide a short-term form of shock。Therefore，In Russia，Occurred almost simultaneously with the rise of postmodernism，Is the questioning of postmodernist literature。

For example, V. Novikov, the earliest critic to advocate postmodernist literature，Writing articles since the mid-1990s，Expressing disappointment with postmodernist literature。He thinks，Criticism should no longer actively sell postmodernism，bet365 joining bonus code is not in line with the development trend of Russian literature，If there is some kind of literature that is different from realism，That’s just “late modernism”，Instead of "postmodernism" after modernism。Andrei Bitov, a representative writer of postmodernist literature, said: "Any new trend，It’s all a return to the old starting point。...If there is some kind of so-called postmodernism，In other words，Some people like bet365 joining bonus code appeared，They discovered a new way，How to return to the old form of inspiration that grasps oneself and the reality around us。”

There are various reasons for the crisis of postmodernism literature，Such as lack of emotion、Lack of realistic concern, etc.。Another important reason is the widespread nostalgia in Russian society since the collapse of the Soviet Union。This complex is due to dissatisfaction with reality，It is also a continuation of social psychological stereotypes。bet365 joining bonus code field of literature，reflects the mentality caused by the long-term influence of the creative tendency of socialist realism，Concerns about reality、Reminiscence of heroism、Expectations for idealism, etc.。The rapid arrival of the era of postmodernism，It causes people with this mentality to feel a huge sense of loss。For example, critic I. Rodnyanskaya has lamented many times，The kind of pursuit of truth、The art of recreating sacred space on earth has disappeared，And true art，First is the art of restoring sacred ethics，The second is the art of maintaining beautiful humanity，The so-called "new era art" that came with the disintegration of the Soviet Union deviated from such artistic principles。

It is against bet365 joining bonus code background，Some scholars have proposed the idea of ​​getting out of postmodernism。For example, the famous Dostoevsky expert Ka Stepanyan proposed the concept of "new realism"。He proposed it in 1992，The so-called ending of postmodernism is the turn to realism，Although bet365 joining bonus code is no longer the old realism of the Soviet period，But it is an organic fusion of realism and postmodernism art。He said: "I am talking about neorealism，Refers to such creation，The author believes that higher spiritual reality is a real existence，And make it your goal to draw readers to these spiritual realities (rather than their beliefs)。”Obviously，Stepanyan transferred the concept of "realism in a higher sense" mentioned by Dostoevsky to neorealist literature，The purpose is to connect new Russian literature with classic Russian literature represented by Dostoevsky，Thus creating the glory of Russian literature。

　　The continuation bet365 joining bonus code realist art strategy

　　Critic Lietelman once pointed out，There is a phenomenon that has always existed in Russian literary creation bet365 joining bonus code 20th century，The tendency that has passed its peak has not completely exited the stage of history，But continue to exist in different ways，And brilliant sparks burst out from time to time。Even bet365 joining bonus code creations of master writers，Also visible，On the one hand, it is the coexistence of different artistic strategies，On the other hand, in terms of historical development，Return from newer method to older method，These all illustrate the unfinished nature of the evolution of art forms、The uncertainty of art acceptance rules，And the possibility of a return to the abandoned paradigm。Not bad，The evolution of social form will bring about changes in artistic strategies，But this change will not be a "logical mutation"，It can only be the emergence of new strategies under the dominance of old strategies。Besides，In contemporary Russian society still in transition，People may not be more concerned about the so-called abstraction、Eternal proposition，But a real practical dilemma。

So，bet365 joining bonus code poetic form of contemporary Russian literature，Always maintain a clear orientation towards reality。Postmodernist works adopt spatial narrative，Deliberately dispel the dimension of time and the concreteness of history，As everyone knows, Sorokin's "Blue Grease" (1999)、Pelevin's "t" (2009), etc.。And bet365 joining bonus code realist works of the new era，The specific meaning of social reality becomes the real scene of character activities，Thereby shifting the pursuit of meaning to the impact of changes in historical conditions on human existence。This includes two realistic narratives，One is reflection on historical events，One is a revelation of the tragic reality of the situation。

bet365 joining bonus code past ten years，There are many historical-themed works，Wide influence。For example, "Winter Road" (2015) by Leonid Yuzefovich。The novel reproduces the story that happened in Yakutia, the extremely cold zone during the civil war bet365 joining bonus code first half of the 20th century。The protagonist Pepelyaev is the general of Kolchak’s army，Due to the failure bet365 joining bonus code battle with the Red Army bet365 joining bonus code severe winter of 1919，Forced to flee with his family to Harbin, China。He has been looking for opportunities to return to China，And returned to Siberia in 1922，Form a volunteer force，Continue fighting with the Red Army troops who have just established power in Yakutia，Failed again bet365 joining bonus code historically famous siege of Fox Meadow in Yakutia，Finally surrendered to the Red Army。At the trial held the following year，He was sentenced to death。But Strode, the Red Army general who had outstanding military exploits bet365 joining bonus code Yakutia incident, interceded for Pepelyaev，bet365 joining bonus code end he was commuted to 10 years in prison，Strode was later accused of being soft-hearted towards the remnants of the White Army，Executed in 1937 on charges of being a Trotskyist。Follow，Pepelyaev, who had been released from prison long ago, was also arrested and shot。

This novel is written using a method of restoring historical scenes，When a civil war occurs in a nation-state，People who were originally in a relatively stable state of integration，But we have to face new difficult choices。The writer puts the characters under such complex historical conditions，Come and explore the changes in their way of living and the pain of their souls，Trying to find an ethical rule in this dilemma that can provide reference for contemporary people's survival。Many comments have noted the cruelty of that special era reflected bet365 joining bonus code death of the two protagonists bet365 joining bonus code novel，But actually，The fundamental purpose of a true realist work is not to look back at that specific historical scene，It’s about finding someone in that scene who can represent the soul of that era。Therefore，As Stepanyan said before，The purpose of novels is to attract readers to pay attention to people’s “spiritual reality”，Focus on people’s spiritual shock bet365 joining bonus code “highest reality”。In this sense，"Winter Road" is a novel that pays homage to "Quiet Don"。Recreating Grigory’s situation in Pepelyaev，And on Strode，Recreating Benchuk’s situation，Although their realistic endings are different，But his spiritual experience has achieved a kind of connection between two eras。

This novel won first place bet365 joining bonus code 2016 "Big Book Award"。Interesting thing，The first place bet365 joining bonus code "Big Book Award" in 2007 and 2014 - "The Translator Daniel Stein" by Ulitskaya and "The Monastery" by Prilepin are both such historical retrospective novels。Ulitskaya’s novel depicts different ethnic groups traumatized by World War II、The spiritual crisis that occurred among people of different identities after the war，What the novel ultimately reveals is still some kind of ideal spiritual reality—getting out of hatred，Towards the ultimate spiritual reconciliation。Prilepin’s novel describes what happened on the famous Russian ascetic site Solovki Island bet365 joining bonus code 1920s，Describes the end of dozens of characters and families bet365 joining bonus code old era、The changes experienced at the beginning of the new era、Bitterness, happiness, joy，And raise the question of who is causing the suffering in life。It can be seen from this，This kind of historical narrative works can be said to lead a fashion in today’s Russian literary world。

In addition to such historical reflection novels，More works involve the impact of changes in Russia’s real society after the disintegration of the Soviet Union on people’s survival and soul。Such as Yuri Polyakov's "Hopeless Escape" (1999，Literally translated as "I planned to escape")，Describe the three escapes of the protagonist Bashmakov from his family in his life，And this process has a clear sign of the times。The first time was "16 years ago"，At that time he was working bet365 joining bonus code "Red Proletarian Youth League Committee"，This iconic name quickly locates the event bet365 joining bonus code Brezhnev era。But obviously，In that era it was almost impossible to escape from any order，So，His two escape attempts failed。The third escape described bet365 joining bonus code novel occurred during the social transformation period after the collapse of the Soviet Union，Iconic things of this era appear bet365 joining bonus code novel at any time，Like an ATM、Potato chip packaging bag、English tips everywhere，In this context，“When the warm spring breeze of reform blows，Those freedom-loving people who were persecuted by the old system are crawling out from every corner with their tentacles shaking"，So，Bashmakov’s chance has finally arrived，He started planning to escape again。But bet365 joining bonus code end he failed，But this failure was not because the organization did not allow it，It is the paradoxical mechanism of "escape" and "adherence" caused by social transformation to people。The times are changing，The heart that makes everyone as quiet as a dry well begins to revive，But this recovery is accompanied by fatal blindness，Because transformation will inevitably bring about a relative "chaos" state，So the escape is hopelessly terminated when the escapee discovers that there is no clear escape goal。As mentioned before，Realistic literature is not just about reproducing certain specific events and situations，Instead, find “typical” questions in this situation。And "Hopeless Escape" uses Bashmakov's suffering to summarize the spiritual dilemma of an era for readers。

　　Neo-retroism: the recurrence of bet365 joining bonus code proposition

　　When we are used to referring to Russia’s past 30 years as the “post-Soviet” era，Already means the connection between bet365 joining bonus code era and the Soviet era。Although postmodernist literature also deconstructs the Soviet Union as history in different forms，But the way meaning is formed is scattered。Therefore，Contemporary realist literature has shouldered the serious responsibility of reflection，Its method is the reconstruction of old artistic propositions，Critic and writer Mikhail Grubkov calls it “neovintishism”。

In this "neo-retroism" movement，Perhaps Polyakov is the most eye-catching one。He began to enter the literary world bet365 joining bonus code 1980s，And became famous with "Hopeless Escape"，Some people even call him "the youngest classic writer"，And has been a popular writer bet365 joining bonus code Russian literary world for the next 20 years，What he relies on is a realistic narrative that is opposite to Sorokin。As some commentators said，His novels let people see our real life。The so-called real life，Not blindly dealing with reality through deconstruction，It is about finding the proposition that best represents the essence of survival in complex life。"Hopeless Escape" reveals the current situation of intellectuals bet365 joining bonus code transition period，Some people call Bashmakov a "superfluous person" bet365 joining bonus code "post-Soviet" era，It’s just that the “superfluousness” in him is the product of the “chaos” situation after the disintegration of the empire。And "Love in a Time of Change" (2015) still continues his thinking on intellectual propositions。If Bashmakov is an escapee，Then the protagonist of this novel, Gaynor Sklyatin, is a contemporary Duroa (the protagonist of Maupassant's "Beautiful Friend")。He comes from a working class family，Later, I studied in a famous journalism department of a certain university and entered the journalism world。He learned how to survive at any cost since his college days，Betrayed classmates in order to join a certain "Knights" organization。After he entered the media work, he wrote articles to slander political opponents for his own benefit，Even trade the love in his life，Abandoned the lover who loved him deeply，Marry a woman who doesn’t love him at all，The purpose is to seek refuge with the editor-in-chief of the newspaper，Then take the opportunity to replace it。He succeeded，But he died inexplicably bet365 joining bonus code end，There is just an obituary bet365 joining bonus code margin of the sixth page of the newspaper。

Perhaps the understanding of characters like Sklyatin can be compared with the protagonist bet365 joining bonus code novel "My Baby Pavel" (2018) by another realist writer Varlamov。The novel uses line drawing to describe the psychological state of Soviet college students bet365 joining bonus code 1980s。The protagonist Pavel Nepomiluyev spent his childhood and adolescence in a closed town far away from the capital，This forms pure trust bet365 joining bonus code organization。But after he entered Moscow University，Discover that the world is changing。He is under the "teaching" of his senior classmates，The vision has changed，And under this view，The familiar life bet365 joining bonus code countryside and the unfamiliar life bet365 joining bonus code city put him in a contradictory state of mind。But the novel does not penetrate the harsh reality of the disintegration of the Soviet Union，But it stayed at the end of that "innocent" era，And Pavel finally believed it，Whatever，He will not betray his ideals。But the problem is，If this ideal encounters Sklyatin’s situation，Will Pavel also choose Sklyatin’s path？

So-called “neo-retroism” writing，There is also a "rewriting" of old themes。Roman Senchin's novel "The Flood Zone" (2015), which won the 2016 "Big Book Award", is generally regarded as a tribute to Rasputin's "Farewell to Maggiore" (1976)。Rasputin's novels are generally on the chain of the Russian "Soil School" writing tradition，What it expresses is people’s attachment to their hometown as a symbol of a better life，And expectations for a new life bet365 joining bonus code future，The overall style of the novel is still idealistic。Xian Qin’s novels focus more on describing the impact of the rupture of the times on people’s survival and soul，Focuses more on showing a certain scene of decline and spiritual crisis。Rasputin’s farewell is accompanied by new hope，The "Farewell" written by Xianqin contains desperate hostility。The old lady Dalia in "Farewell to Maggiora" bid farewell to her hometown alive，Natalia in "Flood Zone" met her death at the beginning of the novel；The farmers in "Farewell to Maggiora" finally moved to the new homes built for them by the state，The farmers in "Flood Release Zone" were driven out of their homeland through violent demolition，And the novel also uses the cramped buildings that these people moved to bet365 joining bonus code city to symbolize the isolation of life。All this shows the heavier thinking of realist novels bet365 joining bonus code new era。ie，What kind of society will Russians usher in bet365 joining bonus code new era？If holding on to the ancestral land becomes impossible，Then，How to rebuild a new life？This is not only a question that contemporary Russian realist literature has to answer，It is a serious problem faced by the entire Russian people。