When discussing a case comparison research method，Often can't bypass Mirl's five methods，Among them, it contains the same method and the method of seeking differences。Seeking the same method is to find the same through maximum differences，The rule of difference is to find differences through minimizing differences。The two sides of the seemingly coin，But the inner logic still has a large difference。For example，Some scholars believe that the method of seeking differences is a more fundamental method，The logic of seeking the same method is weaker，More extreme views even deny the credibility of the latter。

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But，This denial is biased，The reason is in the cause and effect interpretation，Factors -based thinking and mechanism -based thinking are not exactly the same。This is not obvious in seeking differences，Because the method of seeking differences can be used for screening factors，It can also be used for the inspection mechanism，Its advantage is that it is close to the status of the experiment，Have a strong internal validity。After controlling a large number of factors，The only factors that produce changes can be regarded as the cause of the result; when the factors that are controlled by a particularly controlled control affect bet365 best casino games the process of the key link，Realized control based on semi -negative cases，so as to effectively test or discover the mechanism。But seeking differences often only pay attention to internal validity，and less pursuing external validity，Because the researchers need to make a statement about time and space restrictions，If this study is limited to Western Europe in 1700-1789。The confusion that this brings to researchers is，Is the factors and mechanisms of the interpretation of the resulting universal significance or only the above space -time。When the external validity is insufficient，Many research associations face the question of "so what"，That is to reveal the meaning of realistic problems，Still to explain historical events，and claim that there is almost no extra meaning。If it is the latter，In fact, it is also easy to be questioned as a game in the ivory tower。

So，Discussing the differences between factors and mechanism -based seeking the same method is still necessary。Factor -based seeking Tongxian is considered to have weak logic.，Because when there is multiple causality，It is difficult to think，Common factor is the reason，And other factors can be ignored。For example，Suppose that many celebrities love smoke，But obviously smoking is not the reason for their success。Similarly，It is difficult to think that some countries have gained better development，It is just because of controlling key geographical hub areas (such as land power/sea power)，or have Bet365 lotto review some organizational form (such as federal/single system)。The situation of the same positive results due to the various paths of the "Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea" type is difficult to eliminate the same method，This has greatly weakened the credibility of its theory，Professor Charles Lajin and others of American sociology also developed a qualitative comparative analysis method (QCA) to test the effects of factors on the results of the result.。

　　Mechanism -based seeking simultaneous seeking together is more reasonable

Although there are obvious logical defects based on the factors of factors，But you should not deny the strong rationality of the same logic of the mechanism -based seeking same logic in specific empirical research。For example，In a pond in contemporary China and on the ancient Pacific Island，The mechanism of "mutation -selection -heredity" has appeared，This obviously increases the credibility of the theory of biological evolution，It will not damage the theoretical explanation of the theory due to the difference in space -time situation。Examples of biology may be far from social science，You can use another intuitive feeling to explain the problem。A costume drama enthusiast may feel when watching different era costume dramas，In different countries、Different areas、Different dynasties，A similar "seizure" mechanism that caused the brothers to disabled。In the dynasty empire of the eldest son，If the sister -in -law is better or approaches the heir，The monarch often Bet365 app download faces the dilemma of the head of the leader or Li Xian，As a result, the court struggle or even more serious split。Because the losers usually face a tragic ending，Therefore, this struggle is particularly cruel and bloody。For example，From the Three Kingdoms, the two, the two, the two, the south and the south dynasty to the Sui Dynasty，This mechanism leads to the disability of the royal brothers.。Even Li Yuan has a deep historical memory (such as Emperor Sui Yang)，It cannot prevent the occurrence of "Xuanwu Gate"，Li Shimin still cannot prevent such incidents from repeating in his son -in -law，Even in the Kangxi period, such incidents are still happening。If this mechanism has occurred many times in the same dynasty，It will also appear repeatedly in different dynasties，Even after the descendants of the historical lessons，Still unable to get rid of this fateful tragedy，This is even more powerful for the mechanism。

After discussing the external validity of the mechanism，Another problem that needs to be thought is，Why is the mechanism easier to "out" (that is, to obtain external validity across time and space)，The factors "out of the circle" are much more difficult。This also needs to return to the discussion of the specific definition of the mechanism and factors。Factor refers to a component or condition，This ingredients or conditions often change at any time and change at any time，For example, the "feudal dynasty" in ancient Europe and the ancient Chinese "feudal dynasty" are not bet365 best casino games exactly the same concepts。More intuitive examples are，£ 10,000 in "Tour the 80 Days of the World" and the current £ 10,000 is not exactly the same concept。So，When considering the effects of factors on the result,，Often, you need to think about the interaction of it with the surrounding situations，Context can sometimes be understood as a collection of many more complex background factors。Although the definition of different genres in the mechanism (Mechanism) exists in controversy，But one of the consensus is that it is a process。As an interlocking process，There is a specific causal relationship between each link，After summing it up as a mechanism, it is conducive to more quickly to interpret and infer the cause and effect process before and after the incident。other，Factors -based predictions and mechanism -based predictions are also different。Mechanism can only predict the overall direction of biological evolution，But it is impossible to predict what the next evolved species is; the mechanism can predict the tragedy of a brothers may occur in a dynasty，But which heirs will win, they need factor thinking，For example, too impulsive publicity may be bad，It is easy to "live a few episodes" in the court struggle。

　　Case deduction of consolidating internal validity

In short，Consolidating internal validity is the basis for seeking external validity，That is, the promotion of mechanism based on time and space regulations to seek external validity，Therefore, the use of different methods Bet365 lotto review and the use of the same method in the Mill method。Seeking differences is one of the most effective ways to enhance internal validity，Factors change and look for semi -negative face cases，Enhance the confidence in the internal validity of the mechanism in a specific situation。Finding the same rule needs to be based on this，By maximizing the principle of maximizing differences, the confidence in the external validity of the mechanism。

Specifically，The European system of the ancient Chinese system and religious reform in the late Han Dynasty in the late Han Dynasty，Test the effectiveness of social evolution theory in international politics。The direct contrast of "Guan Gong Zhan Qin Qiong" obviously violates the "empty principle of simultaneous emptiness" of case research。Therefore，Case comparison after limited time and space，Choose the semi -negative face case -based case -based semi -negative case case，The "mutation -selection" social evolution mechanism is used in the late Han Dynasty and the Roman system in the late Han Dynasty.，That is, whether it is Wei Shu or British and Frenchhe，The main action will evolve towards the form similar to the sovereign state。On this basis, find the same，Although from the end of the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms、From religious reform to Westpulia system to establish these two space -time situations, there is a great situation.，But it just meets the "maximization difference" principle of seeking the same method，Instead, it is more helpful to enhance the external validity Bet365 lotto review of theory than choosing a system with two historical backgrounds.。

(Author is an associate researcher at the Institute of International Issues of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences)