The development and characteristics of Western global bet365 kentucky bonus code research

Western research on global bet365 kentucky bonus code has mainly gone through three periods。First period study by liberal pluralism in the 1970s、Contributed by regime theory and institutional theory，Scholars focus on transnationalism and international organization research，The focus is on the principles of the international system、Specification、Rules and decision-making procedures。Liberal pluralists question the uniqueness of states as actors in international relations，Considers that informal coordination mechanisms in international relations are very important。Within the theoretical framework of liberal pluralism，A “new bet365 kentucky bonus code model” emerges in global bet365 kentucky bonus code。It does not deny the critical role of the state，But emphasizes that the state is no longer the only source of command and control，But transform into a coordinator，Create conditions for effective activities of non-state actors，And coordinate its role with the help of "soft law" and "governmental" mechanisms。

The second period of research from around the end of the Cold War to the new millennium，Its focus is on normative and ethical issues of global phenomena。After the Cold War, countries’ understanding of the importance of global bet365 kentucky bonus code has increased unprecedentedly。The initiator of research on this period was Rosenau，In his book "bet365 kentucky bonus code Without Government"，Compared to government rule，bet365 kentucky bonus code is a phenomenon with richer connotations。It includes both government mechanisms，Including informal、Non-governmental public mechanisms。With the expansion of bet365 kentucky bonus code scope，Ethnicities of the world、All types of organizations can use these mechanisms to meet their respective bet365 kentucky bonus code needs。Jessica Green and others focus on international non-governmental organizations in the field of global bet365 kentucky bonus code、Civil society organizations、Transnational corporations and even individual elites and other actors，Point out their new and important role in global bet365 kentucky bonus code。Hoshino Akiyoshi thinks，Global bet365 kentucky bonus code is neither global government nor world government，It is not a simple combination of nation-state actors，It is a new way of cooperation between state and non-state actors and solving common problems from regional to global levels。

The third period of research from the first decade of the 21st century to the present，The focus is on the discussion of globality and value。Global bet365 kentucky bonus code faces poverty、Cross-border crime、Terrorism、Climate warming、Energy shortage and other crises，There is another geopolitical confrontation、War conflict、Nuclear proliferation and other threats。Overcoming Weak bet365 kentucky bonus code and Coordination，It is very important to establish an effective global regulatory mechanism。Researchers strengthen research on the complexity of global bet365 kentucky bonus code mechanisms，Propose the establishment of more international institutions corresponding to global processes。Some researchers advocate reform of existing international institutions，Give them broader powers；Some researchers have proposed strengthening non-institutionalized political management of the global bet365 kentucky bonus code process。Expanding deficit in global bet365 kentucky bonus code、In the context of the intensification of “anti-globalization” and the rise of populism in the West，Issues such as the authority and effectiveness of global bet365 kentucky bonus code have received more attention，bet365 kentucky bonus code authority、Competition for legitimacy and voice has become a research hotspot。

　　There are flaws in the Western global bet365 kentucky bonus code theoretical paradigm

Western global bet365 kentucky bonus code research involves realism、Institutionalism、Constructivism、Pluralism and other theoretical paradigms，They closely follow the connotation and structure of global bet365 kentucky bonus code、The role of national and international institutions、The role of non-state actors and the adaptability of global bet365 kentucky bonus code、Important issues such as accountability and legitimacy，Achieved many influential theoretical results。However，The main theoretical paradigm still has certain flaws and shortcomings。

First, the research topics are fragmented。Global bet365 kentucky bonus code has many aspects、Multiple domain attributes，No single theoretical paradigm can capture the full complexity of this process，The fragmentation tendency of disciplinary research complicates theoretical comparisons、Difficult to deepen。For example，Realism emphasizes the central position of the state，Believe that the state is the center of global bet365 kentucky bonus code and the only major responsible actor，This helps us understand the role of global bet365 kentucky bonus code。However，It is rarely socially organized in analysis、Leave space for non-state actors such as transnational institutions。Pluralism emphasizes the importance of non-state actors in the global bet365 kentucky bonus code system and the universality of global bet365 kentucky bonus code networks，But this paradigm often ignores issues such as the strength and weakness of elites and power in the international system。Zairu，Constructivism focuses on ideas、Specification、How rules and institutions construct the identities and interests of global bet365 kentucky bonus code participants，Supplementary explanation of multiple actors that cannot be explained by the state-centered theory、Benefits and social purposes，But it fails to provide a substantive explanation for the impact of global bet365 kentucky bonus code changes。Institutionalism regards institutions as the main body of global bet365 kentucky bonus code，Emphasis on interdependence、The importance of international institutions，But it cannot explain the changes，Less attention paid to causation in understanding how institutions influence behavior。

The second is to try to emphasize deauthorization、Apolitical tendency。From a critical theory perspective，Many theoretical paradigms in global bet365 kentucky bonus code research are the same as other “pragmatist” approaches in international relations research，Apolitical character，That is, "bet365 kentucky bonus code" is better than "politics"。They emphasize that global bet365 kentucky bonus code is bet365 kentucky bonus code without a government，Advocate for state actors to give way to include non-governmental organizations、Influential elites and other non-state actors。Thomas Weiss thinks，Global bet365 kentucky bonus code is “bet365 kentucky bonus code minus the government”。Stiglitz pointed out，The era of globalization is characterized by the absence of a world government bet365 kentucky bonus code system，Only a few global institutions，such as World Bank、The International Monetary Fund and a small number of state or non-state actors dominate the international stage。Proposed by Thompson，As long as the country is formulating public policies、Follow or consult the private sector when influencing expected market outcomes，It can prove the existence of private authority。Actually，Geopolitics、“High politics” represented by great power competition continues to influence and even dominate the process of global bet365 kentucky bonus code。current，Europe is responding to the energy crisis，Having to slow down the pace of “decarbonization”，Intensified use of fossil energy，leading to a false “green revolution”。

The third is to pay too much attention to big countries，With a strong color of Western agenda。The reality that the global bet365 kentucky bonus code system is dominated by the West，Making research on global bet365 kentucky bonus code more reflective of “what the West thinks” and “what the West wants to do”，More emphasis is placed on the Western liberal bet365 kentucky bonus code perspective。These theoretical paradigms use Western values ​​and norms as a measure of the normativity of global bet365 kentucky bonus code、Standards of legality and responsibility，Tend to pay too much attention to big countries and underestimate the role of middle powers and other small and medium-sized countries，Ignore the reality of the growing power of third world countries，Many countries are excluded from the decision-making process of global bet365 kentucky bonus code。With the emergence of the crisis of the US-centered liberal world order，These Western Norms、Values ​​and principles increasingly challenged。

　　Grasp the appropriate trends in global bet365 kentucky bonus code research

In the context of the current rise of "anti-globalization" thoughts，Homogeneity of global bet365 kentucky bonus code、The problems of unity and coordination are particularly acute，No single theoretical paradigm can fully capture the complexity of global bet365 kentucky bonus code。Therefore，The essentials of paradigms beyond Western global bet365 kentucky bonus code research，Need to present the overall picture and representativeness of global bet365 kentucky bonus code。

First，Global bet365 kentucky bonus code research should consider both theory and reality。We must pay attention to the diversity of subjects participating in bet365 kentucky bonus code，We cannot ignore the "return of the country"；It is necessary to study the institutional nature of global bet365 kentucky bonus code、Structural power，We must also pay attention to the right to speak in global bet365 kentucky bonus code，Especially the power of discourse communication itself。Current global bet365 kentucky bonus code research should focus on competition and cooperation in global bet365 kentucky bonus code，In-depth analysis of the role of global bet365 kentucky bonus code in distributing prestige、The importance of basic social recognition aspects such as status and respect，Strive to bridge the gap between great powers、The bet365 kentucky bonus code consensus gap caused by geopolitical conflicts。

Secondly，Global bet365 kentucky bonus code research should focus on global bet365 kentucky bonus code challenges that need to be solved，From the current most urgent、Start with the toughest problem，Propose targeted solutions，Guiding intellectual discussion on global bet365 kentucky bonus code issues，Promote the formation of public consensus。At the same time，Global bet365 kentucky bonus code research should also use long-term strategic thinking beyond short-term crisis management，Avoid “headaches”、Cure for foot pain”，Theoretically construct a knowledge system for “bet365 kentucky bonus code change” in global bet365 kentucky bonus code，Promote the shaping of new bet365 kentucky bonus code models。

Finally，Global bet365 kentucky bonus code research should transcend Western centralism，Follow different countries、Group’s interests, concerns and initiatives regarding global bet365 kentucky bonus code。The phenomena of “withdrawal” and “absence” are common in Western countries、The era of accelerated rise of the non-Western world，Global bet365 kentucky bonus code research should focus on China、India、Indonesia and other developing and emerging countries are representative samples，More concerns about developing countries’ understanding and needs for global bet365 kentucky bonus code，More emphasis on the role and contribution of developing and emerging countries to global bet365 kentucky bonus code，More research impartiality、Reasonable、Fair、Inclusive view of global bet365 kentucky bonus code，Realizing the transition from realistic “Western bet365 kentucky bonus code” to true “global bet365 kentucky bonus code”。

　(Author’s affiliation: China Institute of Fudan University)