Western global governance research and development and characteristics

Western research on global governance mainly experienced three periods。The study of the first period was based on the freedom and diversification of the 1970s、The theory and institutional theory of political power，Scholars pay attention to the research of multinationalism and international organizations，The point is the principle of the international system、specification、​​rules and decision -making procedures。Freedom diverse people question the uniqueness of the country as an international relationship.，It is considered that the informal coordination mechanism in international relations is quite important。，A "new governance mode"。It does not deny the key nature of the national role，But emphasizing that the country is no longer the only source of command and control，but transformed into coordinator，Create conditions for the effective Bet365 lotto review activity of non -national behavior，and use "soft law" and "government" and other mechanisms to coordinate its role。

Study in the second period from before and after the end of the Cold War to the New Thousand Years，The focus is on the norms and ethical issues of global phenomena。Unprecedented improvements in the importance of global governance after the Cold War。The sponsors of this period of research are Rosau，In the book "No Governance of the Government" edited，Proposal compared with government rule，Governance is a phenomenon of richer connotation。It includes both government mechanisms，also includes informal、Non -government's public mechanism。Expansion with the scope of governance，All nations in the world、All kinds of organizations can use these mechanisms to meet their respective governance needs。Jessica Green and others focus on international non -governmental organizations in the field of global governance、Civil Social Organization、Acts such as multinational enterprises and even individual elites，Point out that they have a new and important role in global governance。Hoshino Zhaoshi believes，Global governance is neither a global government or a world government，Not a simple combination of national behavior，but a new way between the cooperation between the country and the non -state behavior and the solution from the region to the global level。

Third period Study from the first ten years of the 21st century to the present，The point is to discuss global and value。Global governance faces both poverty、Cross -border crime、Climate warming、Climate warming、Energy shortage and other crisis，There are geopolitical opposition、War conflict、Nuclear diffusion and other threats。Breaking the governance coordination weak，It is very important to establish an effective global regulatory mechanism。Researchers strengthen the study of the complexity of the global governance bet365 Play online games mechanism，It is proposed to establish more international institutions corresponding to the global process。Some researchers advocate the existing international institutions of reform，Gives them wider power; some researchers have proposed to strengthen political management of the non -institutionalized global governance process。Expansion of deficit in the world、"Adverse Globalization" intensified and Western populism rises，The authority and effectiveness of global governance have received more attention，Governance authority、Competition of legitimacy and discourse rights becomes a research hotspot。

　　Western global governance theoretical paradigms exist in defects

Western global governance research involves realism、Constructivism、Constructivism、Multiple theoretical paradigms such as multipleism，They are close to the connotation and structure of global governance、The role of national and international institutions、The role of non -state behavior and the adaptability of global governance、Important issues such as accountability and legitimacy，Make many influential theoretical results。but but，The main theoretical paradigm still exists in certain defects and deficiencies。

First, the research theme presents fragmentation。Global governance has many aspects、Multi -domain attributes，No single theoretical paradigm cannot capture the entire complexity of this process，Disciplinary research fragmentation tendency makes the theory more complicated、It is difficult to deepen。For example，Realism emphasizes the central status of the country，Think that the country is the center of global governance and the only main responsible behavior body，This helps us understand the global governance character。But，It is rarely for social organizations in analysis、A non -state behavior of multinational institutions and other non -national behaviors leave space。Bet365 lotto review Multipleism emphasizes the importance of non -state behavior in the global governance system and the universal nature of the global governance network，But this paradigm often ignores problems such as elite and power in the international system。Another example，Constructionist Focus Concept、specification、How to construct the identity and interests of global governance participants，Supplementary explanation of multi -behavioral bodies that the national center theory cannot explain、interests and social purposes，But it failed to provide a substantial explanation for the impact of global governance changes。Institutionalism uses the system as the main body of global governance，Emphasized interdependence、The importance of international institutions，But it cannot explain the change，Pay less attention to causality when understanding the influence of the system。

Second, try to emphasize de -authoritivity、Non -political tendency。From the perspective of critical theory，Many theoretical paradigms of global governance research are the same as other "pragmatism" methods in international relations research，Non -political features，That is, "governance" is better than "politics"。They emphasize that global governance is no government governance，It advocates that national behavior is located in the non -governmental organization、Influential elite people and other non -national behavior。Thomas Weis thinks，Global Governance is "Subtracting Government Governance"。Stig Litz pointed out，The characteristics of the era of globalization are the governance system of the world government，Only a few global institutions，Such as World Bank、International Monetary Fund and a few countries or non -national behaviors dominate the international stage。Thompson's proposal，As long as the state is developing a public policy、Affecting Bet365 lotto review the market's expected results to follow or consult the opinions of the private sector，can prove the existence of private authority。Actually，Geopolitics、The "high politics" represented by the competition of the great power continues to affect and even dominate the process of global governance。Current，Europe is to deal with the energy crisis，I have to slow down the "carbon" pace，Extra the use of fossil energy，The "Green Revolution" that is leading to the false "green revolution"。

Third, pay too much attention to the big country，With a strong Western Affairs Color。The global governance system is dominated by the West，Research on global governance more reflects "what to think in the West" and "what to do in the West"，More emphasis on the concept of western liberal governance。These theoretical paradigms take western values ​​and specifications as measurement of global governance norms、Standards for legitimacy and responsibility，Often pay too much attention to the role of the big country and underestimate the middle -class power and other small and medium countries，Ignoring the reality of continuous enhancement of the country's power of the third world，Many countries are excluded from the decision -making process of global governance。With the emergence of the liberal world order crisis centered on the United States，These western specifications、Value and principles are increasingly challenged。

　　The trend of grasping global governance research

Under the background of the current trend of "adverse globalization"，Homogenesis of global governance、The problem of unity and coordination is particularly sharp，No single theoretical paradigm can completely capture the complexity of global governance。Therefore，Paradigm that surpasses Western global governance research，Need to present the whole picture and representativeness of global governance。

First，Global governance research should at the same time observe theory Bet365 app download and reality。Not only pay attention to the diversity of participating subjects，It can not ignore the "return of the country"; it is necessary to study the institutional institutionality of global governance、Structural power，Also pay attention to the right to speak globally，Especially the power of the discourse spread itself。The current global governance research should focus on competitive relationships in global governance，In -depth analysis of global governance is allocating prestige、The importance of recognition of basic society such as status and respect，Trying to bridge the competition due to great powers、Governance consensus gap caused by geopolitical conflicts。

Next，Global governance research must focus on the global governance challenges that need to be solved urgently，The most urgent from the current current、The most tricky question starts，Put forward a targeted solution，Guide the intellectual discussion on global governance issues，Promote the formation of public opinion consensus。At the same time，Global governance research should also surpass the management of short -term crisis with long -term strategic thinking，Avoid "headache doctors、Foot Pain Medical Foot "，Theoretically constructing a knowledge system for global governance "governing the road"，Promote the creation of a new governance mode。

Last，Global governance research should surpass Western centralism，Follow different countries、Groups concerning the interests of global governance and initiative and proposal。See stack in the phenomenon layer of "retreating group" and "absence" in Western countries、The era of accelerating the rise of non -Western world，Global governance research should be in China、India、Indonesia and other developing countries and emerging countries are representative samples，More concerns about developing countries' cognition and Bet365 app download demand for global governance，More emphasis on the role and contribution of developing countries and emerging countries on global governance，More research and justice、Reasonable、Fair、Tolerance Global Governance Opinion，Realize from real "Western Governance" to real "global governance"。

　(Author Unit: China Research Institute of Fudan University)