Level system theory is an anarchy for the three mainstream theories of the current international relations theory.，The "Level System in the International Relations" of American scholar David Lake is a representative book of this theoretical perspective。Level theory emphasizes，The weaker affiliated country provides a valuable political order for the leading country that occupies the strength advantage through the form of sovereignty transfer。The process of trading or setting a contract based on the consent of both parties allows the leading country to form a "relational authority" to the affiliated country，and actually build a alternative international order，Then the classic assumption of the state of no government form a challenge。Since Lake，Many scholars from the formation and operation of the level system，Continuous enrichment and development of it，What is accompanied by it is that criticism follows the one after another。Overall，The current criticism of the theory of level system is mainly concentrated in the basic assumption、Core concept stability and theoretical applicability:。

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The basic assumptions of the current academic circles of the level system are mainly reflected in the division of the sovereignty of the state、National non -buffet、The theoretical analysis level falls、Questions about the cause of the formation of the level system。

First，Level Theory Considering，There is a difference between "private domain" and "public domain" within the country，The former is controlled by "private authority"，Other countries may exercise authority bet365 Play online games in the "public domain" to the sovereign country。This view of Lake is based on the negation of the non -divided traditional cognition of sovereignty。But in fact，International authority is not a negation of sovereignty，Instead of embodiment of sovereignty。Affiliated countries entrust some of their power to another country or international organization，Authorized them on behalf of the country to deal with certain problems。In this process，Affiliated countries have not given up the power to withdraw authorized，Sovereignty still has stability。This behavior itself is a manifestation of the country's exercise of sovereignty rather than abandoning sovereignty。So，The appearance of international authoritative form does not mean the weakening of national sovereignty，Instead, it proves the strengthening of national sovereignty。

Next，Level theory propose national non -self -service propositions，It is believed that the affiliated Congress voluntarily abandon the sovereignty in exchange for the shelter of the leading country，Then reduce defense investment、Develop economy or increase national welfare，The argument of pursuing security maximization in traditional theory。Actually，Even if the affiliated countries form a safety division of labor with the leading country in the issue of security defense，But the goal of accepting the authority of the leading country is still to maintain national security，Free of external threats。Leading country protection is just a means in the process of pursuing security to maximize the safety of the country，Is a more flexible self -service form，The stability of the national self -help as the traditional theory assumption is maintained。

again，The theory of the level system itself presents bet365 Play online games the trend of the analysis level fall，The basic assumptions of an anarchy at the international system level cannot be effectively replaced by the international system。Supporters of the theory of level system look forward to replacing the basic assumptions of an anarchy in the international system with the level theory，But in the specific analysis process，But the perspective is limited to the bilateral relations between the dominant country and the affiliated country，No further discussion on the international system itself，This leads to the falling level from the system to the unit level。Although some scholars have come from collective concepts in recent years、Gender differences and other cultural factors proceed to demonstrate，Try to enrich the level system at the system level，But some scholars believe that this social and cultural factors are the result of the formation of hierarchical relationships or disintegration rather than the cause，This effort has not completed the construction of the level system at the system level。

Last，Some scholars have fundamentally denied the formation of the hierarchy，It is believed that the so -called hierarchical system is the heritage of colonial history。In international political reality，Level system is often the inheritance of the colonial dominance structure，Structural effects forced the subsidiary countries to have no choice，Can only stay in the level system。So，The reproductive production of the Affiliated State's hierarchical system is regarded as a process of forming legitimate authority through transactions，It is a process that is influenced by historical inertia。

　worry about the stability of the core concept 

In the construction process of the theory of level system，"authority" and "level" are the core concepts。bet365 Play online games But so far，The academic world has not yet reached a consensus on the definition of these core concepts，Then it triggered the inherent contradictions of theory。

One，The original level theory is not clear for the concept of "authority"，The relationship between "authority" and "compulsory" is if it is left。The definition of "authority" in the academic community has the authority of the contract、As the authority of rule、As the authority of the impression and the authority of dedication。Level theory mainly refers to the authority involved as a contract，and "Relationship Authority" as the core concept of theoretical core。This definition itself emphasizes the difference between "authority" and "compulsory"，But Lake also clearly states that the difference between authority and compulsory is difficult to distinguish。But，The Empire proposed in the level system of Lake、Protective nations or economic affiliated countries are compulsory products，Not the result of interest replacement。As for the measuring military base that measures the strong and weak level、Exchange rate contact and trade dependence indicators，The authority of "voluntary obedience" will be more mixed with the authority of "voluntary obedience"。

Its two，Rich and developing the perspective of the level system，Further blur the boundary between "authority" and "power"。Lake and others' discussion on "relational authority"，Whether it is cost -based or social agreement position，All emphasize the voluntaryness in the process of formation，underestimated the compulsory role。The level theory formed based on consent indicates that the level should be unstable，But the international relations mid -level system is not like this。At the same time，If the formation bet365 best casino games of the level system is based on free bargaining or transaction，So all parties should have an equal status similar to the market，This is inconsistent with the facts of the experience。Promote other acts through transactions to promote other acts in accordance with their wishes.。In the process of correction and development of the level theory，Some scholars try to broaden the concept of "authority"，Incorporate parent intervention and other compulsory factors into the reasons for the formation of the level system，or try to treat the hierarchical system with an anarch status two sides，It is believed that there is a level of centralization of power。These two practices make the concept of "authority" and "power" increasingly similar，Not only fails to solve the problem of blurred concepts，Instead, the theory of hierarchy is increasingly similar to the realist perspective based on anarchy.，The theoretical boundary is increasingly blurred。

Three，Level theory has not independent definition of "level"。Lake thinks，Level system is the existence of international authority，Emphasizing the "relational authority" between the leading country and the affiliated country，Definition "Level" with "authority"。Although this move is reasonable，But I failed to grade the attribute、Systematic discussions。Formation of the International Level System、Maintenance and development are all theory，But the international level system itself has its own table。

　　Questions about the applicability of theory 

Except for the basic assumptions of the level system theory and the question of core concepts，Whether the theory of level system is in more areas、Applicable to more fields，It has also become an important concern in the current academic community。The existing literature not only lacks attention to non -state behavior，The hierarchical relationship Bet365 lotto review between national behavior is also mainly focused on demonstrating China and the United States。On the one hand，An argumentation of the relationship between the level of the country is too focused on a minority country，Lack of universality and depth。The pioneers of the theory of level system mainly focus on the United States after World War II，excluded the United States in other periods，Cases of other political acts in different periods。In recent years，Along with the relevant scholars to ancient China、Following the regional level system in South America and South Asia，Level theory is rich and developed to a certain extent。But the theory bet365 best casino games of the level system is obviously insufficient to pay attention to other regions and great powers in case selection，Research depth and breadth need to be improved。On the other hand，The hierarchy in international relations is not only reflected in the behavior of national behavior，There is also a manifestation between non -national behavior such as international organizations。Although the existing literature shows a trend of attention to non -state behavior to a certain extent，But the starting start is late and the research results are limited，Even in the study, there was a discussion about the existing departure。For example，Some scholars believe that international organizations have continuously increased the scope and depth of governance in world politics，It is not an embodiment of too much political authority，and exactly the lack of political authority。

Questions and criticism of the theory of level system provides an opportunity for the richness and development of theory。Theoretical researchers need to further expand theory，Only this，Only the leap -up development of the theory of international relations。

　　(Author is the Lanzhou University Central Asian Institute、Associate Professor of the School of Political and International Relations of Lanzhou University; Master's degree from the School of Political and International Relations at Lanzhou University)