An important manifestation of the current political polarization phenomenon in Western democracy is the general ideological positioning of political elites and ordinary voters，And in politics、Society、There is a trend of "left" and "bet365 casino bonus" polarization in attitudes towards economic and other related issues。Although the trend of polarization is accompanied by the gradual clarity of the distinction between citizen ideologies and political attitudes，But how to understand the “left” and “bet365 casino bonus” in the current political polarization in the West is not easy，This is not only due to national differences behind the left and bet365 casino bonus spectrum、Complex connotations brought about by changing times and other factors，Moreover, because ideological positioning is subject to complex economics when combined with party politics、Culture、Identification and other factors。This article aims to analyze the current basic ideological positions of "left" and "bet365 casino bonus" in Europe and the United States，And how it combines with party politics to influence the current political trends in Europe and the United States。

　　Basic positions of “left” and “bet365 casino bonus”

"Left" and "bet365 casino bonus" as political terms first came from the French Revolution。Summer 1789，Facing the raging revolution，The National Assembly included an important issue in the heated debate on the formulation of a new constitution，That is, how much power should the king be given。In this process，Those representatives who believed that the king should have absolute veto power sat on the "bet365 casino bonus" side of the President of Parliament，The representative who believes that the king should not have absolute veto power sits on the "left" hand。Therefore，In the original sense，The bet365 casino bonus represents a relatively conservative force，The left tends to carry out reforms and changes。Although more than 200 years have passed since the French Revolution，But the original meaning of progress and conservatism represented by the "left" and "bet365 casino bonus" debates born in the French Revolution，It is still reflected in the current polarizing power of ideology in European and American countries。

Ideology operates as an understanding of the world、The basic value system that guides individual or group behavior，The differentiation between “left” and “right” generally revolves around politics、Economy、Society、Culture and other dimensions are generated，Although there are numerous divisions within each camp，But overall the left tends to favor economic equality in the economic dimension，The government should intervene more in social redistribution，Advocates high welfare，Accept Keynesian abandonment of consumerism, etc.。corresponds to this，The right advocates more free market in the economic dimension、Economic Privatization，Emphasis on fair opportunities in market competition，Tend to relax government regulations and reduce government spending。At the cultural level，The left identifies with the liberalism accompanying the modernization process、Metropolitan Culture、Egalitarianism、Open Borders、Inclusive society, etc.；The right defends personal freedom and opposes government interference，Emphasis on traditional values，Includes traditional family structure、Gender roles、Religious beliefs, etc.，Emphasis on national borders，Advocate nativism，Prefer order and rule of law, etc.。From the ideological spectrum，There is a clear difference between bet365 casino bonus and right and the relatively moderate left and right。bet365 casino bonus has the urge to carry out radical social change，Seizing power from the existing political elite and eradicating existing economic inequality is an important demand。The current radical right mainly revolves around nativism，Finance against globalization、The impact of trade flows on the local economy，Oppose the dilution of traditional culture by open pluralism、The impact on its cultural dominant status, etc.。Both bet365 casino bonus and the right may exhibit populist tendencies，Anti-establishment、Against political elites，Questioning the existing political system, etc.。

　Populism includes bet365 casino bonus and radical right

Current，The ideological rift between political elites and ordinary voters in European and American countries can be demonstrated in the left-right differentiation analyzed above，But there is a more complicated relationship between voters and party support in various countries。In Europe，Before and after the British “Brexit” in 2016 and the rise of a large number of radical right parties in the 2017 European elections，The power of populism in Europe reaches its climax after the impact of the 2008 financial crisis。Behind the rise of populism，Contains activity from both the radical right and bet365 casino bonus。Radical right forces are anti-immigration、Opposition to European integration as core，Exhibits strong nativist tendencies。But existing empirical research shows that，The extremity of European radical right parties is mainly reflected in the conservatism of the cultural dimension，Including strong nationalistic sentiments，Anti-Muslim immigration、Oppose cultural diversity，At the level of economic globalization，The degree of radicalization of attitudes among voters who support radical right parties is limited，And the radical right parties in various countries include taxation、Government expenditure、There are large differences in economic policies such as international trade，has strong heterogeneity。

In the latest round of European elections，With the adjustment of strategies of mainstream conservative parties in various countries and the relative relief of immigration issues，The power of radical right parties in various countries’ elections has been greatly weakened。Here，The influence of radical left-wing forces in European countries is slightly weaker than that of radical right-wing forces，But the financial crisis in 2008 also gave radical left forces in various countries more basis for political mobilization。After the crisis, bet365 casino bonus and the radical right in Europe have common aspirations on EU issues，They oppose EU integration，See it as a symptom of imperialist plunder，Emphasize that sovereign states are important carriers of independence and anti-exploitation，However, there is a certain tension between this position and bet365 casino bonus’s traditional appeal for internationalism as a revolutionary force。Liberalism in economic exchanges with left center forces、The advocacy of welfare politics is different，bet365 casino bonus has a thorough criticism of capitalism and consumerism and demands for reform，Opposition to capitalism and equality for all are the core differences between it and the center left。

Generally speaking，bet365 casino bonus and the radical right have significantly different social support bases，The radical right’s main support comes from globalization、Modernization、The working class who are gradually eliminated in the process of technological progress，They generally have not received good social education，Do not agree with openness、An inclusive and pluralistic society。Although bet365 casino bonus also has the pressure of economic inequality，But they are often well-educated and even professional elites，It is the improvement of education in the process of modernization、Beneficiaries of industrial changes，Culturally identify with an open society of freedom and equality，The middle class who have suffered economic shocks in recent years have become an important source of strength for New Left parties in various countries。

　bet365 casino bonus and the radical right are tearing European and American society apart

In the United States，Trump’s election in the 2016 election is regarded as an important watershed in the rise of the radical right in the United States，It is also regarded as a symbol of the further deepening of political polarization in the United States since the 1970s。The United States is currently considered to be experiencing a "culture war"，Hold liberalism、bet365 casino bonus under the banner of progressivism and the radical right defending conservative values ​​are tearing American society apart，And it directly affects the political ecology of the Democratic and Republican parties。Left liberals in the United States advocate higher tax rates on the economic level to ensure more federal government spending；Adhere to political correctness in culture，Emphasis on cultural diversity and individual equality，Protecting women’s abortion rights、Promote gun ban、Protect the interests of ethnic minorities、Strong stance on issues such as supporting complex gender identity；The left is tolerant of immigrants，Oppose border wall construction。And right-wing conservatives are firmly opposed to high tax rates，Advocates limited government under free market operation，Defend the rights of state governments；Culturally opposed to political correctness，Questioning cultural pluralism，Defending the traditions of Anglo-Saxon culture；Support citizens’ gun rights，Defend the Second Amendment；On the issue of treating ethnic minorities，Oppose special rights granted to ethnic minorities，Emphasize that white people are experiencing anti-discrimination；Oppose women’s right to abortion，Defending the Evangelical Tradition；Support building a wall to stop illegal immigration，Questioning globalization’s border opening brings employment、Culture、The impact on social order and even national security。

Although the ideological positioning of American voters cannot completely determine their party voting tendency in the general election，But it is undoubtedly one of the important determining factors。Trump supporters, including Tea Party forces, are often seen as typical representatives of radical right forces，They are mainly uneducated white working-class people from the Rust Belt and Southern states in the American Midwest，Similar to the support of radical right parties in Europe，They are the losers in the United States in globalization。These white people in the Midwest are not only suffering from economic inequality，And the white mainstream culture is gradually disintegrating under the impact of diversity，Many crises。corresponds to the radical right，bet365 casino bonus in American politics is represented by Sanders and others，Their supporters are often working-class people who suffer from low incomes，But different from the free market principles of the right，They agree with redistribution through higher tax rates and higher federal spending。There is a clear distinction between the American radical left and the radical right in the cultural dimension，They firmly support political correctness，Often refer to ethnic minorities such as African Americans、The equal rights of people with complex gender identities has been advanced to the point where it cannot be discussed，Thus regarded by conservatives as "politically correct fascism"，Believe that left-wing liberals have threatened the basic principle of free speech in American society。

Despite the current rise and fall of populism in European and American countries、There are differences bet365 casino bonus situation of ideological tearing，However, the impact of anti-globalization forces generated by the vigorous globalization process under liberal principles bet365 casino bonus past few decades is structural，The consequences have spread to all aspects of democratic political operation in various countries。Ideological split in European and American countries，It has become an indispensable perspective for observing the political ecology of various countries，How to bridge these rifts has become a major challenge for current European and American democratic politics。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation project “Tracking Research on the Phenomena of Political Polarization bet365 casino bonus United States since 2016” (20BZZ092)

(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 casino bonus, Nanjing University)