Terms in the classical literary and historical tradition，Connotation transfer and denotation expansion often occur。As ​​time passes，its original meaning，Or it may be converted to another meaning and the original meaning will die，It may develop into multiple meanings and multiple meanings coexist，Therefore，It is quite necessary to sort out the meanings of such terms。Take “internal bet365 code” and “external bet365 code” as examples，These two words are quite common in academic history，However, the meaning it refers to has experienced several derivatives，People today are accustomed to using "neixue" to refer to Buddhism，Using "foreign bet365 code" to refer to Confucianism、Tao and other doctrines，In fact, it just means that they are relatively solid and stable。

"Internal bet365 code" and "external bet365 code" are associated from the source，There must be a comparison between what is said and what is said。Based on the records in the documents，The original meaning of "Neixue" refers to the "Jinxue" of Confucian classics in the Western Han Dynasty，The corresponding "foreign bet365 code" is the theory of various scholars。"Kong Congzi" records that Kong Yu said to Kong Jiyan: "The following are from the imperial court，Within the Four Seas，All are internal studies of chapters and sentences，The king alone governs ancient principles。Zhiguyi，You have to learn within the chapters and sentences；Non-chapter internal bet365 code，This is the way to endanger yourself。"Song Xian's note: "On the Scholars of the Western Han Dynasty，Taking Confucian classics as internal study，Regarding the miscellaneous theories of various scholars as foreign bet365 code。”

However，What we need to ask is，What is "Inner bet365 code of Chapters and Sentences"？Some scholars believe that "study within chapters and sentences" is one body，Interpret it into Jinwen Jingxue，And "Jingshu" corresponds to ancient Chinese classics，This statement seems to be a little understated。“Study within Zhangs and sentences” should be punctuated as “Zhangsute”、Internal Studies”，Neixue may refer to the prophecy theory that was popular at that time。"Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Preface to the Biography of Fang Shu" says: "Self-exercise is internal bet365 code，Shang Qiwen，Expensive odd number，No shortage of time。"Li Xian's note: "Internal bet365 code is also called a book of prophecies。The secret，hence the name 内。"Hao Jing also said when discussing the "triumphs of passed down scriptures" in Eastern Han Dynasty Confucianism，"Encourage the gods and guide prophecies，Bullying each other，Calling disasters and prophecies as internal bet365 code，The names of principles and principles are foreign studies” (Volume 65 of "The Book of Later Han")，All can be proved。

Under the Confucian tradition，The discussion of internal and external studies will also be transferred，In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, "neixue" was often used to refer to the study of principles，And "foreign bet365 code" refers to the study of poetry or political achievements。For example，Confucianism in the Song Dynasty used to use "internal bet365 code" to refer to the study of human nature，Hu Bingwen from the Yuan Dynasty also said in "Ming Fuzhai Ji"，"What did the ancient Confucians learn，Only care about recovery。Reciting poems for later generations，Not unlearned，And cannot be restored。Learn and return，It is called internal bet365 code。Learn but never repeat，It is called foreign bet365 code。What you learn internally can be learned externally，bet365 code from outside is not beneficial to the inside。There are differences between the inside and outside of the heart，The Department of bet365 code” (Volume 2 of "Yunfeng Collection")。Wu Cheng's "Wang Xuexin's Theory of Words" states: "Political achievements，Foreign scholars，Not internal bet365 code。" (Volume 5 of "Wu Wenzheng Collection") When later generations Gu Yanwu and Li Yong discussed the internal and external theories of Song Confucianism in their letters，It is believed that it originates from the Buddhist concept of "inner mind"，In other words, Song Confucianism inherited from Buddhism。Of course，Gu Yanwu revised this view in "Rizhilu"，The internal and external studies have already been divided among Han Confucians，Buddhism actually followed Confucianism。

Outside the Confucian speaking system，Taoism introduced the terms "internal bet365 code" and "external bet365 code" before Buddhism。"The Taiping Jing" says: "There are many foreign studies，Nei Xue Shao。Foreign Affairs Rixing，Internal affairs are declining。Old friend often sick，So much glitz。"Although its meaning is slightly obscure because there is no other documentary evidence，But according to what is discussed later on “Those who keep their roots，Government is like a god；Keeper，It’s less chaotic and more troublesome” sayings，It can be judged that the internal study here refers to the study of mind，Foreign scholars teach the science of meritorious deeds by name，Probably mainly for Confucianism that advocates progress。Chu Boxiu of the Song Dynasty said in his annotation "Wei Zhen is tired of me" in "Zhuangzi·Tian Zifang": "The name shows virtue，Foreign scholars；Internal studies think it is a waste of virtue，Therefore, all those who study Tao are known to the world，All without a trace，Not all virtue。" (Volume 63 of "Nanhua Zhenjing Yihai Compilation") The meaning of "internal bet365 code" and "external bet365 code" is consistent with the "Taiping Jing"。

After Buddhism came from the East，Able to maintain the dominant position of our religion，Not only named the translation of Sanskrit classics "Sutra"，Those who stick to Samana and disrespect the king、Don’t worship worldly things，And at the ideological level, Buddhist scriptures are also called "inner scriptures"，Calling Buddhism "inner bet365 code"，The rest regardless of Confucianism or Taoism，Collectively referred to as "Apocryphal Code" and "Foreign Studies"。Although this trend is later than the transfer of internal and external studies in the Taiping Jing，But it was very popular in the Six Dynasties，"The Biography of the Eminent Monk", "The Tripitaka Collection", "Hongming Collection" and other Buddhist classics are too numerous to mention。With the expansion of Buddhism’s influence，Distinguish Buddhism from other theories by internal and external studies，has become the primary meaning of “internal bet365 code” and “external bet365 code”，So much so that Gu Yanwu researched that "Confucian scholars in the Eastern Han Dynasty regarded Qiwei as internal bet365 code，The Six Classics are external studies” and then sighed: “Today’s so-called internal studies，It is not in the book of prophecies，The Shi family will be moved。"(Volume 18 of Gu Yanwu's "Rizhilu") possession of this right of interpretation，Continued into modern times，Ouyang Jingwu founded an internal medicine college in Nanjing，It also has the magazine "Internal Studies"，The word "internal bet365 code" has become a synonym for Buddhism。

Accompanied by the Buddhist school’s “grabbing” of the right to interpret internal and external bet365 code，The monks are not willing to succumb to the disadvantages in the collection of poems and essays。Since the Song Dynasty，Alien sets often distinguish inner sets、External episode，This can certainly be considered to be influenced by the examples in the internal and external chapters of Zhuangzi。As stated in Huang Tingjian's "Inscribed on the Essay compiled by Wang Zifei":

Winter of the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China，Looking at this book in the boat in Shashi。This article is not enough to pass on，There are many people who have passed down the tradition in this world，Because I want to take the poems and essays I wrote as "Inner Chapter"，The ones that are not in line with Zhou and Confucius are called "Outer Chapters"，It’s not too late。bet365 code a common weed，Search and remove half，There are two separate articles，bet365 code possible to end this meaning。

Huang Tingjian after reading the collection of essays compiled by Wang Zifei，Stated his ideal method of dividing the collection，bet365 code and external chapters。Hong Zikui is keenly aware，Huang Tingjian was actually influenced by "Zhuangzi"，He pointed out in the "Preface to the Poems of Yu Zhang Wai Collection" that "the collection attempts to imitate "Zhuangzi" into bet365 code and external chapters"，The discussion is based on Huang Tingjian’s article "Inscribed on the Essay compiled by Wang Zifei"。actually，Huang Tingjian’s collection of poems and essays is indeed “the hand divides the inner and outer chapters” (Lou Yao’s “Poems of Listening to the Qin in Western Zen in the Valley”，See Volume 74 of Lou Yao's "Gong Wei Ji")，In the Song Dynasty, it was also collected within the collection、External episode、Handled down from generation to generation in the form of separate collections，Ren Yuan、Annotated by Shi Rong and others。Chen Zhensun also holds the same view，He specifically emphasized this in the article "Thirty Volumes of Chronicles of the Valley Chronicle Poems, Two Volumes" of "Anthology of Zhizhai Shulu" Volume 20，"Qingcheng Shi Rongyifu's recent notes on "Waiji"。The author of "Waiji"，It is said that the valley once wanted to imitate "Zhuangzi" both internally and externally"。

Although Huang Tingjian may have the intention to "become a family" by comparing his collected works to his books，However, the category attribute of the collection naturally determines that it is difficult to distinguish between bet365 code and external aspects to reflect the author's ideological standard。Therefore，Most of the Song Dynasty people’s treatment of Neiji Collection were works that Satisfaction with Neiji Cun，The outer set is mixed、Little writings and official documents，The concept expressed is that the inside is emphasized and the outside is neglected。

Monks who indulge in chanting and writing will also compile anthologies，But they are in the inner scriptures of Buddhism、Under the influence of apocryphal thoughts，Inner collection of the collected works、The outer set function performed a conversion，That is, a collection of sermons and quotations，The external collection collects poetry and prose。For example，Shi Zanning, who wrote "The Biography of Eminent Monks of the Song Dynasty" in the Northern Song Dynasty，After his death, there were one hundred and fifty-two volumes of "Nei Dian Ji"，Volume 49 of "Collection of Foreign Studies"，Obviously based on Buddhism，Focus on poetry，Therefore, Wang Yucheng said in "The Preface to the Collected Works of Master Tonghui by Zuojie Monk" that "Shizi said that Buddhist books are inner canons，Calling Confucianism as foreign bet365 code...read the text，You know the way”。Song Dynasty Shi Daocan handed down four volumes of "Liutang Waiji"，The official of Siku pointed out that the title of the book means: "There are unique quotations in the book，So it’s named after the set。Shi Shi took Buddhist scriptures as his inner bet365 code，Take Confucianism as foreign bet365 code。" (Volume 165 of "Sikuquanshu General Catalog") Ming Dynasty monk Zongli compiled a collection of poems and essays into the nine volumes of "Quanwaiji"，The title of the book has the same meaning，The official of Siku Quanshu also pointed out keenly: "This is also an example of "Liutang Waiji" written by Shi Daocan in the Song Dynasty" (Volume 170 of "Siku Quanshu General Catalog")。

The opposite，Although some scholars are also indulged in Zen to please Huang Lao，But he was very cautious when compiling，Their classification of the Inner and Outer Samshu is exactly the opposite of that of the monks。For example，Jin Zhao Bingwen is happy with Buddha，Zeng called himself Xianxian Jushi，However, in his later years, he was afraid of soldiers，I want to gain the reputation of supporting education and spreading the ancients”，It’s “choose your own text”，Anyone who advocates Buddhism and Laoism，Cut them all，No. "Fu Shui Collection"，The first is "Zhong", "He" and "Cheng" which are the most popular ones，The "Original Way" to retreat" (Volume 9 of Liu Qi's "Gui Qianzhi")。Then，He made another compilation of the poems and essays he wrote for the Buddha and Lao Er clan，No. "Xianxian Waiji""，Handled down together。Compiled by monks: Buddhism and Confucianism，Compiled by Zhao Bingwen: Internal Confucianism and External Buddhism，What is hidden behind it is what is internal bet365 code、The debate over which is the paradigm of foreign bet365 code。

Mr. Chen Yinke once published it in "A Study of the Theory of Zhimindu"，In the early days of the spread of Buddhism to the East, the phenomenon of "geyi" emerged in order to adapt to localization。For example, Volume 4 of "The Biography of Eminent Monks" written by Huijiao "Jin Gaoyi Zhu Faya": "Shi Yi Disciple，Merit in Merging World Code，Wei Shan Buddhism。Yanai and Kang Falang, etc.，Number of things in the sutra，Planned foreign letter，An example of explanation，Called Geyi。"The so-called "numbering things in the scriptures，Planned to prepare foreign letters”，It refers to taking Buddhist scriptures to match Confucianism, which is considered by Buddhism to be foreign bet365 code、Tao Classics。Pure Land Sect great virtue Hui Yuan is giving a lecture，Also "cited the meaning of "Zhuangzi" as a continuous line"，So the confused person knows it。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　atic，In the Ming Dynasty, there was also a trend of "Iru Confucianism"，Among them is Wang Daiyu, a scholar in the late Ming Dynasty、Liu Zhi especially worked hard (Ma Wenbing's "A Brief Discussion on the Interpretation of Confucianism and Confucianism - with Wang Daiyu")、Liu Zhiwei’s observation point》)。Liu Zhi once "thought of heaven"、Bye、Zhai、Lesson、Chao "Five Skills vs. Five Elements"、Five ethics、Five Virtues，His "Explanation of the Five Gongs" is also written in a style that imitates the "Book of Filial Piety"。Liu Zhi wants to make it easier for people to understand the system of Tianfangxue，Introduced the terms "internal bet365 code" and "external bet365 code"，It is said that Tianfang Xue "has foreign bet365 code"，You have internal bet365 code。Foreign bet365 code has helped people，Inner bet365 code Master”。Also list foreign studies such as "Character Studies、Dictionary、Literature、Classics、History、bet365 code of laws and regulations" and other 25 types，Also lists internal bet365 code as "the bet365 code of self-recognition、The study of recognizing the Lord、The science of controlling desire、The study of recovery、Pure Heart bet365 code" and other 46 types (Volume 15 of "Tianfang Zhisheng Shilu")。Observe the names of internal and external studies he listed，For example, "Classics" refers to the name of Confucian Classics，“The Study of Restraining and Restoring” refers to the Confucian classic of “Restraining Oneself and Restoring Rituals”，We can see that its categorical tendency is very obvious。Liu Zhi does not emphasize internal bet365 code at the expense of external bet365 code，Rather, it is considered as “the ninth level of foreign scholars”，Among them are those who are of the same quality as the saints" and "Hua Yan, a scholar who is both internal and external" (Volume 15 of "Tian Fang Zhi Sheng Shi Lu")，"Internal bet365 code" and "external bet365 code" derive a new meaning system in "Tianfang Zhisheng Shilu"。

A derivation of the above meaning of internal and external studies，We can find a pattern，That is, all meanings have changed，They all appeared under the collision of different doctrines or ideas。The same rule also applies to Zhang Zhidong's use of "internal bet365 code" and "foreign bet365 code" in the late Qing Dynasty to explain his attitude towards local and foreign ideas。In the context of modern middle schools being fully impacted by Western bet365 code，Zhang Zhidong advocates bet365 code Western artifacts and technology，But when it comes to the core spirit of thought and culture，He believes that "those who are addicted to Western France，Or even take Chinese and Western bet365 code and mix it，Think that there is no difference between China and the West。The Spring and Autumn Annals are public law，Confucianism and Jesus，It’s self-disturbing”。The last conclusion is: "Middle school is internal bet365 code，Western bet365 code is foreign bet365 code。Healing the body and mind with middle school，Western bet365 code responds to world affairs。" (Volume 2 of "Encouraging bet365 code") This should be the last evolution of internal and external bet365 code in the collision of ideas from different countries and nations。However，This derived debate did not continue to use the terms "internal bet365 code" and "external bet365 code" when it was later developed，Instead, the words "middle school" and "western bet365 code" are captured，Zhang Zhidong’s proposition also takes “middle school as its essence”，The motto "Western bet365 code is for practical use" has entered the sequence of Chinese intellectual history。

It is worth mentioning，Because "internal bet365 code" and "external bet365 code" have the characteristics of clear praise and blame in comparative discussions，So it is easy to be used in daily speech。Liu Kezhuang once mentioned in "Postscript Huang Mu Siliu" that the literary style of Siliu in the Southern Song Dynasty was becoming increasingly inferior，Scholars often use it to figure out the imperial examination papers，Therefore, few people pay attention to the four and six postures of the "Imperial Ceremony Book"。Occasionally there are people who pay attention to this，"My peers would laugh at it and say: I am a foreign student"。Therefore，Liu Kezhuang couldn’t help but sigh: “They are all like worms，What is applied to the house is internal bet365 code，Shi Zhitaige is a foreign scholar，The decline of four and six is ​​also appropriate。”But，This kind of reference to internal and external bet365 code does not have academic regularity，And it is just an occasional drop of water splashing in the waves，This article will no longer include it in the scope of investigation。

　(The author is an associate professor bet365 code Department of Chinese, Peking University)