Hu Qiaomu (June 1912-September 1992)，My real name is Hu Dingxin，Penname "Qiao Mu"。People from Yancheng, Jiangsu，Tsinghua University、Educated from Zhejiang University，Joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1930，Joined the Communist Party of China in 1932。1930，Hu Qiaomu was admitted to the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University。Transferred to the Department of Foreign Languages ​​of Zhejiang University in 1933。1935，Served as Secretary bet365 coupon code Chinese Union of Social Scientists。Served as Mao Zedong’s secretary in 1941、Secretary bet365 coupon code Political Bureau bet365 coupon code CPC Central Committee。Served as President of Xinhua News Agency in 1948。After the founding of New China，Presidents of Xinhua News Agency、Director bet365 coupon code General Information Administration、Vice Minister bet365 coupon code Propaganda Department bet365 coupon code CPC Central Committee。Participated in drafting the first "Constitution bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China"。Elected as a member bet365 coupon code Eighth Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China in 1956。Served as President bet365 coupon code Chinese Academy of Social Sciences after 1977、Consultant、Honorary Dean。In 1978, he was elected as a member bet365 coupon code 11th Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China。Elected as Secretary bet365 coupon code Secretariat bet365 coupon code CPC Central Committee in 1980。Elected as a member bet365 coupon code Standing Committee bet365 coupon code Advisory Committee bet365 coupon code Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China in 1987。Former director bet365 coupon code Documentation Research Office bet365 coupon code Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China。

Hu Qiaomu has drafted many important documents。Including editing and revising "Since the Sixth National Congress", "Before the Sixth National Congress", "Selected Works of Mao Zedong", "Selected Works of Zhou Enlai" and "Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping"；Participated in drafting the first historical resolution in the history bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China，Responsible for drafting the second historical resolution；Participated in drafting the "Common Program bet365 coupon code Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference"；Assist in drafting "Adhere to the Four Basic Principles"；Written the first concise party history bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China, "Thirty Years bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China"；Published "How the Communist Party of China Developed Marxism"。The concept of “building socialist spiritual civilization” publicly proposed by the Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China for the first time，See "Speech at the Conference to Celebrate the 30th Anniversary bet365 coupon code Founding bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China" drafted by Hu Qiaomu。

End of 1985，Photo at the review meeting for "History bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China" (Volume 1)，Hu Qiaomu, fourth from left in the front row。 File picture

Hu Qiaomu (1912-1992) is an outstanding Marxist theorist、Political commentator and social scientist，Excellent leader on the ideological, theoretical, publicity and cultural front。In a revolutionary career of more than 60 years，He devoted his life to the Chinese revolution、Construction and Reform，Many major decisions for the party and the country、Ideological and theoretical construction and publicity and cultural work、Compilation of party documents and research on party history and national history、Prosperity and development of philosophy and social sciences in the new era，Established outstanding achievements，Known as “the first pen bet365 coupon code Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China” and “an encyclopedic Marxist scholar”。Hu Qiaomu insists on being guided by Marxist historical materialism，Attach great importance to learning、Research、Promote the history bet365 coupon code party and the country，Made groundbreaking academic theoretical contributions to the construction and development bet365 coupon code research cause of party history and national history。

　　Drafting two historical resolutions bet365 coupon code party

In the century-old history bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China，Made two historical resolutions，One is the "Resolution on Certain Historical Issues" passed by the Seventh Plenary Session bet365 coupon code Sixth Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China in 1945 (historically known as the "First Historical Resolution")，The other is the "Resolution on Certain Historical Issues bet365 coupon code Party since the Founding bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China" passed by the Sixth Plenary Session bet365 coupon code Eleventh Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China in 1981 (historically known as the "Second Historical Resolution")。This is the time when the party was on the eve bet365 coupon code victory bet365 coupon code Anti-Japanese War and the beginning of reform and opening up，To summarize historical experience、Unify the thinking bet365 coupon code whole party、Major decisions and scientific conclusions made by uniting and looking forward，It is of extremely important historical significance for promoting the sinicization of Marxism。Hu Qiaomu participated in drafting the “first historical resolution”，Responsible for drafting the "Second Historical Resolution"，Made important theoretical contributions to the formation of two historical resolutions。

From 1941，Hu Qiaomu began to serve as Mao Zedong’s secretary、Secretary bet365 coupon code Political Bureau bet365 coupon code CPC Central Committee，Assisted Mao Zedong to edit important historical documents such as "Since the Sixth National Congress" and "Before the Sixth National Congress" shortly after taking office，To learn the history bet365 coupon code party、Resolve historical issues，And for the drafting of two subsequent historical resolutions，Laid an important literature foundation and ideological understanding。

May 1944，Prepare mentally for the upcoming Seventh National Congress bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China，The Party Central Committee decided to establish an intra-party resolution preparation committee on historical issues，Drafting resolutions on historical issues。This work was under the leadership of Mao Zedong、Developed by Ren Bishi in charge of daily work。Hu Qiaomu participated in the drafting of this historical resolution from beginning to end、Modify、The whole process of finalization and approval。The resolution systematically and profoundly summarizes the party’s historical experience and lessons since the founding bet365 coupon code party, especially from 1931 to 1934，Making formal conclusions that can withstand the test of history on several major issues of this period。Start here，Hu Qiaomu has an indissoluble bond with the cause of party history research。

Not long after the founding of New China，To commemorate the 30th anniversary bet365 coupon code founding bet365 coupon code Party，Hu Qiaomu took on the task of writing "Thirty Years bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China"。He divided the history bet365 coupon code first 30 years bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China into four stages，That is, the founding bet365 coupon code party and the first domestic revolutionary war、The Second Civil Revolutionary War、Anti-Japanese War、The Third Civil Revolutionary War and the Founding bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China，Thus constructing the basic framework bet365 coupon code 30-year history bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China。This work was published by "People's Daily" and then by People's Publishing House at the end of June 1951，It has had a significant and positive impact on the teaching and research of party history，Twice designated by the Ministry of Education as a substitute textbook for party history courses in colleges and universities and an outline for teaching Mao Zedong’s works，It has also been translated into many foreign languages ​​and distributed abroad。This work is "a perspective that combines the universal truth of Marxism with the specific practice bet365 coupon code Chinese revolution，The first concise party history to narrate and summarize the 30-year history bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China”，Shows Hu Qiaomu's "ability to master historical materials and to grasp the context of history in general terms"。Afterwards，Hu Qiaomu continues to absorb revision opinions，Supplement and improve "Thirty Years bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China"，Make it the foundation and opening work for the study of party history since the founding of New China。

After the Third Plenary Session bet365 coupon code 11th Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China，In order to realize the party’s guiding ideology and bring order out of chaos，Correctly understand the history bet365 coupon code Party since the founding of New China、Scientific evaluation of Mao Zedong’s historical status、Uphold and develop Mao Zedong Thought，The Party Central Committee decided to draft the "Second Historical Resolution"。The drafting of this resolution was under the auspices bet365 coupon code Political Bureau bet365 coupon code Central Committee and Deng Xiaoping，Produced by Hu Qiaomu。Starting preparations since Ye Jianying delivered a speech at the 30th anniversary celebration bet365 coupon code founding of New China in 1979，Adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session bet365 coupon code Eleventh Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China in June 1981，It took one year and eight months to complete。Hu Qiaomu based on Deng Xiaoping’s basic spirit on drafting resolutions，Lead the drafting group from the initial idea of ​​drafting the resolution，Ask for comments，Concentrate opinions for discussion within the party，Repeated discussions、Modify，Until finalization，Conversations with the drafting group alone were as many as 32 times，Have done a lot of fruitful work，It takes a lot of effort to write a good historical resolution。In drafting process，To scientifically summarize the party’s historical experience、Distinguish between right and wrong in history，He carefully studied major issues in the history bet365 coupon code party，Especially the historical status of Mao Zedong and the scientific system of Mao Zedong Thought，In order to create and formulate the party’s theory at the current stage、Routes and Policies，Making important contributions to creating a new situation in reform and opening up。

Engage in and guide party history research、Compilation and publicity work，It is Hu Qiaomu’s lifelong career，Also an important part of his life。He made full use bet365 coupon code work experience accumulated on the ideological propaganda front，With long-term thinking and profound understanding of several party history issues，Actively lead and promote the establishment of party history research institutions、Compilation of basic works on party history and other work。1980，The Party Central Committee decided to establish the Central Party History Committee and the Central Party History Compilation and Review Committee，The Central Party History Research Office was established under the leadership bet365 coupon code Editorial Committee，Hu Qiaomu serves as a member bet365 coupon code editorial committee and the first director bet365 coupon code Central Party History Research Office。1982，The Central Committee decided to set up a Party History Working Group under the Secretariat bet365 coupon code Central Committee，Hu Qiaomu is also a member。1988，The Party Central Committee decided to change the Party History Working Group into the Central Party History Working Leading Group，Yang Shangkun is the team leader，Bo Yibo、Hu Qiaomu serves as deputy team leader。

Under the auspices of Hu Qiaomu，The Central Party History Research Office began to organize the writing of "Seventy Years bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China" in 1990。While guiding the writing work，He advocates innovation and breakthroughs in party history research，Emphasis on writing touching scenes，Write the details bet365 coupon code figures in party history，Written vividly；Pay attention to the suspense in writing，With care，There are insightful discussions，There are rules for opening and closing。He personally wrote the "Inscription" for "Seventy Years bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China"，Definitely "This book is more readable"、Trusted、Desirable，Because it tells the true nature of history in a realistic and realistic manner，Also tell the truth of history in a realistic way。Comments and discussions，Quality and literature，Chen Yan Da Qu，New ideas，Rarely dull”，And expressed his confidence and enthusiasm for the future of party history research。This "Inscription"，Thinking carefully、Profound meaning、Exquisite vocabulary，It can be called a masterpiece of party history，The concept of party history governance contained in it can be seen as establishing a new yardstick for the research and compilation of party history in the new era，Continuously raise new topics、New tasks and requirements。

Hu Qiaomu is guiding the research and compilation of bet365 coupon code history，formed a series of important discussions with epistemological and methodological significance，Promoted the construction of bet365 coupon code history discipline。

About the combativeness and scientific nature of party history research。Hu Qiaomu thinks，We cannot regard party history work as peaceful、Career in the study，It is a combative work at the forefront of ideological struggle。He pointed out，“The reason why the militancy of party history work is powerful，Because we rely on science，Rely on the truth，This kind of battle is the battle between science and anti-science，It’s a battle between truth and lies”。“Our party history work must scientifically demonstrate the path our party and people have taken，It is in line with the objective needs and trends of historical development，If other development paths had been taken in the past，It is impossible to have everything China has today。If you take another path today，There can only be great chaos in China、Great Regression。”The principle of Marxist historicism is the basic concept that Hu Qiaomu particularly emphasized in his later years and practiced in practice。He advocates，Historical materialism requires very careful attention、Analyze the specific situation in detail。Study the history bet365 coupon code party，Cannot be removed from the meeting、File Departure，But we must proceed from historical reality，First of all, we must grasp the basic historical facts，Clear the context of history，Use historical facts to illustrate the problem。Don’t look at history simply。Not like labeling，Cannot simplify historical materialism、Vulgarization。

About the "all directions" principle for party history research，Hu Qiaomu emphasized that the following three issues should be paid attention to when writing party history: Party history must show that the party strives among the people，The party’s struggle reflects the demands bet365 coupon code people，We rely on the masses to win；The party relies on people who work closely with the party to work together，These people should also have their own status in the history bet365 coupon code party；Party history must write about the activities bet365 coupon code Party Central Committee and central leaders，Also write down the party’s local organization、Activities of outstanding party cadres and the broad masses of party members。He thinks，Only pay attention to "all directions"，Party history written like this，Talent is more than just one thing，But three-dimensional。

About writing party history，Hu Qiaomu hopes that party history workers will attach great importance to academic value，Attach importance to the readability of party history works。He said: Writing party history must show our enthusiasm，Revolutionary experience is obtained by revolutionary martyrs with a lot of blood，Cannot use bland brushwork、Write with an indifferent attitude，Comment appropriately，The writing should always be filled with emotion。History is not a simple record，To abstract facts、Concrete facts、The three parts bet365 coupon code background bet365 coupon code facts are well matched，There are also many famous quotes and anecdotes，With character description，Not only about big names，Also write about little people，Writing must be as popular as Sima Qian's "The Chronicles of Xiang Yu"。

　Preparation for the establishment bet365 coupon code Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Contemporary China

May 1977，Hu Qiaomu was appointed to found the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。Hu Qiaomu is serving as the first president bet365 coupon code Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、After Party Secretary，It is envisaged that it will take eight years to establish fifty or sixty research institutes, including the Institute of History bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China，Design "One Hundred Examples of Selected Topics for Basic Marxist Works" including "History bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China"，Proposed to “start studying the history bet365 coupon code People’s Republic of China as soon as possible”，And provided guidance on the preparation of national history。In the process of drafting the second historical resolution，He advocates that the study of national history should clarify the relationship between the party and the country，Pointed out: "The "Historical Resolution" talks about what kind of party the party wants to be，Part of it talks about the relationship between the party and the country。I think，We should be sure，What role does the Communist Party of China occupy in the national life bet365 coupon code People’s Republic of China，It should be given clear regulations，Cannot give it general regulations。”These principles and concepts，It was better reflected and developed in his subsequent guidance of national history research。

November 1982，The Secretariat bet365 coupon code CPC Central Committee discussed and approved the initiative initiated by Hu Qiaomu、Report on the preparation and publication bet365 coupon code "Contemporary China" series proposed by the Propaganda Department bet365 coupon code Central Committee bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China。1983，Hu Qiaomu pointed out at the editorial board meeting bet365 coupon code "Contemporary China" series，We need a history of contemporary China、Works on various aspects of history since the founding bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China，In order to write more comprehensive historical works in the future。He said: "We don't do the work，Sorry for those in the past，Sorry for the current people，I’m also sorry for those in the future。" He also pointed out: "In terms of population，China accounts for nearly a quarter bet365 coupon code world。The history of such a large country for more than thirty years，No description，No systematic reporting，But there are all kinds of strange rumors circulating，If we don’t stand up and make things right，Tell the truth about China to the people bet365 coupon code world，This is our mistake。”“We are now thirty-three years old，Write it，Probably at least thirty-four years，Maybe thirty-five years，Only in order to write it out in different categories。If all departments can write and publish books like this one after another，Then，We may be able to write a large book、Complete modern China、History bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China。"Under the guidance and promotion of Hu Qiaomu，More than 100,000 national history researchers and publishing workers have invested in the compilation and publication of this first large-scale series that comprehensively records the national history bet365 coupon code People's Republic of my country。The "Contemporary China" series will be completed by 1999，152 volumes published in total、212 volumes。This series is a series of special and local histories bet365 coupon code People’s Republic of China，It is also a scientific history，To summarize the 50 years of historical experience of New China、Exploring the development laws of socialism with Chinese characteristics、In-depth implementation of patriotic education provides fresh historical materials and vivid teaching materials。Although Hu Qiaomu could not see the final completion of this series of books in his lifetime，But his research on national history、The contribution of compilation and pioneering will forever be recorded in history。

While promoting the compilation bet365 coupon code "Contemporary China" series，Hu Qiaomu also actively promoted the establishment of a national history research institution and the compilation bet365 coupon code history bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China。November 1989，Hu Qiaomu and the Central Party History Research Office、Central Literature Research Office、Responsible comrades from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and other units pointed out in their talks: "It has been 40 years since the founding bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China。We should study the history bet365 coupon code Republic，Writing the history bet365 coupon code Republic。”He proposed to first create a chronicle bet365 coupon code People’s Republic of China，And analyzed the basis and conditions for carrying out this task，Discussed the relevant ideas in detail on the issue of staging。In order to smoothly carry out the preparation work for the Institute of Contemporary China，Hu Qiaomu also conducted consultation and communication within the Central Party History Work Leading Group。He proposed to establish the Institute of Contemporary China，On the one hand, writing the history bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China，On the other hand, prepare for the establishment bet365 coupon code National History Museum in the future。This proposal was strongly supported by team leader Yang Shangkun and deputy team leader Bo Yibo。Meanwhile，Hu Qiaomu has communicated with Deng Liqun many times on the preparation bet365 coupon code Institute of Contemporary China。He wrote to Deng Liqun: "As for the exact opening time bet365 coupon code Institute of Contemporary China，As well as the mobilization of full-time personnel who can immediately start the investigation, research, compilation and deployment of data，Hope to make a decision soon。And we need to report to the central government、Request for formal report from the State Council。I often think about it，I really haven’t done much work in my life，I won’t be able to do anything from now on，Some things that should have been done long ago but have not been done must be done more quickly now，Otherwise it will be too late to regret and blame yourself。”

June 14, 1990，Hu Qiaomu drafted a report to the Standing Committee bet365 coupon code Political Bureau bet365 coupon code CPC Central Committee on the proposal to establish an Institute of Contemporary China，By Yang Shangkun, leader bet365 coupon code Central Party History Work Leading Group, and Bo Yibo, deputy leader、Hu Qiaomu jointly submitted a submission to the Standing Committee bet365 coupon code Political Bureau bet365 coupon code CPC Central Committee。Reviewed by relevant leaders、Approved，The Institute of Contemporary China was officially established。The cause of national history has been officially established、Specializes in research、Compile and publish the history bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China，Collect and edit relevant national history information，Participate in the publicity and education of national history，Contact and coordinate with various regions、Institutions for national history research work in various departments。

　　Exploring the laws of bet365 coupon code development

Hu Qiaomu has always had a strong sense of political responsibility for the study of party history and national history，A deep love for the people、Love for the cause bet365 coupon code party and the country，Did a lot of new thinking，Produced a series of in-depth、Something new、Valuable、Influential theoretical results。These thoughts、Theories and methods of researching party history and national history contained in viewpoints and achievements，It has long-term guiding significance and far-reaching historical influence on the research of party history and national history。

Correctly evaluate Mao Zedong’s historical status in the second historical resolution、Profoundly reveals the scientific system and living soul of Mao Zedong Thought，Hu Qiaomu thinks，Objectively admit Mao Zedong’s mistakes in his later years，We must also objectively acknowledge Mao Zedong’s immortal contributions to China’s revolution and construction，We must seek truth from facts，We must consider the overall situation again。He pointed out，Marxism cannot replace Mao Zedong Thought，To clarify the specific connotation of Mao Zedong Thought，We must distinguish Mao Zedong Thought from Mao Zedong Thought，Distinguish Mao Zedong Thought from Mao Zedong’s mistakes in his later years。He made the first summary bet365 coupon code spiritual essence and living soul of Mao Zedong Thought，Point out that the three basic points bet365 coupon code living soul of Mao Zedong Thought are seeking truth from facts、Mass line、Independent。He also started from the New Democratic Revolution、Socialist revolution and socialist construction、Revolutionary Army Construction and Military Strategy、Policies and Strategies、Ideological and political work and cultural work、Six aspects including party building summarize the scientific system of Mao Zedong Thought。

In summarizing the scientific connotation bet365 coupon code road to modernization that is suitable for our country’s conditions and characteristics，Hu Qiaomu proposed: “We must regard the development of productive forces as the fundamental task of socialism、Central Mission”，“Class struggle must not be regarded as a more fundamental driving force than the development of productive forces”，We need to conduct scientific pioneering research on what socialism is。He advocated that on the basis of summarizing experience and lessons, especially the experience since the reform and opening up，Summary of “a path to modernization that suits our country’s conditions and characteristics”。The drafting team then summarized the connotation of this road into ten "main points"。Deng Xiaoping commented on this: "The ten basic experiences are very important，Can give people confidence。”

The theory must be powerful。Hu Qiaomu is in charge of drafting the second historical resolution，Repeatedly emphasized to the members bet365 coupon code drafting group that the "Historical Resolution" should be written with theoretical power。He said: "Now we have to write this "Historical Resolution"，Pay great attention to the theoretical part，This aspect must indeed have the same weight as the "Resolution" before the Seventh National Congress。Otherwise, we will not be able to build confidence within the party and within the country。" He pointed out: "Mao Zedong Thought needs to be explained theoretically。For example，We can start from the contribution of "On Practice"。”“Mass Line，It can also be examined as a theoretical issue。”“Party Building，We must strengthen the party’s theoretical work。"He said: "We need to talk about history，We need to talk about theory，Don’t get stuck in one historical event，After getting stuck in one incident after another，Only trees for the trees，Missing the forest，Talked a lot of history，But you can’t see the history。Also，A very important theoretical issue。Theoretical issues for the party，Need for the older generation of party members and cadres，For young party members、The needs of young people，Needed by the world。”

Using the two-line model to analyze the history bet365 coupon code party from "Thirty Years bet365 coupon code Communist Party of China" in 1951，In 1989, he published the article "Why China Made Twenty Years of "Left" Mistakes"，Hu Qiaomu proposed a new understanding of using two trend theories to observe history。For the first time, he clearly proposed two materialist historical analysis methods of development trend theory，That is: a trend is to adapt to historical changes，Continue to proceed from reality，Strive for the stable development of China’s economy under the new system，At the same time, continue to improve the new system；Another trend that cannot adapt to historical changes，Insisting on moving forward along the long revolutionary track bet365 coupon code past。This view is more comprehensive、A more objective analysis and evaluation bet365 coupon code party’s historical development has strong innovative significance。

In the "outline paper" "How the Communist Party of China Developed Marxism" written in 1991 to celebrate the 70th anniversary bet365 coupon code founding bet365 coupon code Party，Hu Qiaomu stands at the height bet365 coupon code party’s seventy-year history，Discusses the important development and contribution to Marxist theory made by the first-generation central leadership collective bet365 coupon code Party with Mao Zedong as the core and the second-generation central leadership collective bet365 coupon code Party with Deng Xiaoping as the core from twelve aspects，Proposed that "China established a socialist system in the 1950s，The reform and opening up policy was implemented in the 1980s。All China’s achievements should be attributed to these two milestones”，The assertion that “the cause of reform and opening up is the true sequel to the cause of socialist transformation in the 1950s”。He linked the arduous exploration bet365 coupon code path of socialism with Chinese characteristics by two generations bet365 coupon code party’s central leadership and its positive results、Unify，And put forward new ideas to lead the study of Marxism in depth，Emphasize that the purpose of research is to solve practical problems，Improving China’s Marxist cultural and academic level，"Formation of Chinese School"，It can be said to be insightful and unique，Profound significance。

History bet365 coupon code Party，It is a film that continuously promotes the Sinicization of Marxism、A history of continuously promoting theoretical innovation and theoretical creation。The study of party history and national history is an important part bet365 coupon code party’s ideological and theoretical construction。The theoretical contribution Hu Qiaomu’s life made to the creation and development of research on party history and national history，Melt in his every word。As Yang Shangkun commented，"His thoughts，His feelings，His expectations，They have all flowed into the countless words he wrote throughout his life。Only a small part of these words contain his personal name，A large number of them are in the name bet365 coupon code party and the country。He has personally agreed with our party、Our country、Our nation is integrated into one。This is the highest realm a person who can serve the people with his pen all his life can achieve”。Hu Qiaomu will serve the party、Serve the country、Serving the people as the greatest honor，As long as it is beneficial to the party and the people，Always diligent、Dedicated、Do your best，To uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics、The great rejuvenation bet365 coupon code Chinese nation has left behind very precious spiritual wealth。

　　(The author is deputy director bet365 coupon code Institute of Contemporary China, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Researcher，Executive Director bet365 coupon code National History Society bet365 coupon code People's Republic of China；Assistant Researcher at the Institute of Contemporary China, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)