Zhou Kunsheng (1889-1971)，Also known as Zhou Lan，People from Changsha, Hunan，Famous modern Chinese international jurist、Diplomatic historian、Educator，One of the four consultants who drafted China’s first constitution。Studying in Japan in the early years，Join the Alliance。Study in England and France，Received a PhD from the University of Edinburgh、Ph.D. in bet365 joining bonus code, University of Paris。Previously appointed National Peking University、National Southeast University、Professor of National Wuhan University。1939，Going to the United States to give lectures。Served as President of National Wuhan University after returning to China，Concurrently serving as an academician of Academia Sinica。Later, he mainly engaged in academic activities at Wuhan University，Famous for harshly criticizing the Lytton Inquiry report。After the founding of New China，Zhou Kunsheng continues to serve as the president of Wuhan University and a member of the Central-South Military and Political Commission、Deputy Director of the Culture and Education Committee。He has been engaged in education for 30 years，Advocate teaching、Educate people with equal emphasis on both，And with the spirit of "continuous progress，Encourage students to do the work of carrying forward the past and ushering in the future。After 1950，Zhou Kunsheng leaves teaching position，Successive advisors to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs、Vice President of the Chinese People’s Institute of Foreign Affairs、Deputy to the first to third National People’s Congress and deputy chairman of the Bills Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress，Making positive contributions to the diplomatic and legislative work of New China。April 20, 1971，Died in Beijing。November 2005，To commemorate the outstanding life of this international jurist，The statue of Zhou Kunsheng was completed in the new law school building of Wuhan University。Zhou Kunsheng joined the Communist Party of China in 1956。His major works include "The League of Nations", "Outline of bet365 joining bonus code", "Issues in Modern bet365 joining bonus code", "New Trends in bet365 joining bonus code", "Introduction to bet365 joining bonus code", "History of Modern European Diplomacy", "A Brief History of Modern International Politics", "Winning Peace in the Pacific", "Ideological Trends in Modern British and American bet365 joining bonus code", "bet365 joining bonus code", etc.。

Zhou Kunsheng (1889-1971)，People from Changsha, Hunan，Famous modern Chinese international jurist、Diplomatic historian、Educator。Studyed in Japan in his early years、UK、France，Previously served at Peking University、Southeast University、Professor and President of Wuhan University、Advisor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China、Vice President of the Chinese People’s Institute of Foreign Affairs、Deputy to the first to third National People’s Congress and deputy director of the Bills Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, etc.。Lifelong engagement in bet365 joining bonus code、Political Science、Education and other research，Enjoy high reputation at home and abroad，Known as the “Father of Chinese bet365 joining bonus code”。

bet365 joining bonus code (front row, first from left) and overseas students in Paris in 1919. File picture

　The founder of the Sinicization of Marxist bet365 joining bonus code theory

Although Zhou Kunsheng studied in Europe，Inherit the original intention，But he insists on using the Marxist worldview and methodology to study the basic theories and specific issues of bet365 joining bonus code，And guide the practice of China’s foreign relations。Modern bet365 joining bonus code theory began with the Westphalian system constructed by the "Peace of Westphalia" in 1648，With the industrialization of the world economy、Developing and evolving due to the trend of political multipolarity。It establishes “the independent status of states under bet365 joining bonus code”，Sovereign equality and inviolability，Prohibition on the use of force、Basic norms of bet365 joining bonus code and international relations such as non-interference in internal affairs and collective settlement of international disputes。But，With the development of the industrial revolution and the expansion of colonialism，The words and deeds of the capitalist powers are wrong、The vicious acts of intrigue have seriously undermined the basic order of modern bet365 joining bonus code。Marxist bet365 joining bonus code thought emerged in this context，It requires creation to meet the requirements of proletarian liberation、New international code of conduct that is conducive to the equality of all nations and the free development of all mankind。

Before the founding of New China，Zhou Kunsheng severely criticized traditional bet365 joining bonus code and the old order of international relations，Point out that the limitation of modern bet365 joining bonus code lies in the frequent changes in secret diplomacy and political alliances between Western powers，Making international relations full of fraud and variables。“Secret diplomacy is the secret of diplomatic methods and foreign policy，It is a legacy of authoritarian politics”；The value goal of bet365 joining bonus code should be to "maximize the realization of fairness and justice in the international community，And ensure that the interests of each country are safeguarded as necessary”；“Diplomacy cannot rely solely on a few specialized people，We should seek help from the public”，Creatively put forward the "National Diplomacy Theory" based on this；“National diplomacy is not handled by the citizens themselves，The purpose is to make a country's foreign policy directly or indirectly controlled by its citizens，That is, the democratization of diplomacy required by modern politics”。Zhou Kunsheng’s theory of national diplomacy，It is the improvement and development of bet365 joining bonus code and diplomatic relations theory。

After the founding of New China，Facing the dominance of Western international jurisprudence and its penetration into the third world，Zhou Kunsheng united with other international legal schools，Jointly criticize and supervise the mainstream bet365 joining bonus code schools at that time，Making bet365 joining bonus code advance through criticism。Zhou Kunsheng seriously criticized the powerful and reactionary trends of "supranational law" or "world law" and "world state" or "world government" popular in the British and American international legal circles，It has played an ideological preventive role for people in my country’s diplomatic circles and international legal circles。Proposed by Zhou Kunsheng，Sovereign states are the only subjects of bet365 joining bonus code，“The qualification or status of a state as a subject of bet365 joining bonus code，It is determined by the nature of bet365 joining bonus code as a special branch of law，The basic characteristic of a state as a subject of bet365 joining bonus code is that it has sovereignty”。What best reflects the sinicization of Zhou Kunsheng’s Marxist bet365 joining bonus code thoughts is his masterpiece "bet365 joining bonus code" completed in 1964。This book is guided by the class nature of bet365 joining bonus code，Systematically discusses the basic principles and general theories of international public law，And introduced a large number of examples of foreign countries handling foreign-related cases and the diplomatic and international legal practice of New China，Has high academic value and practical guidance value。The book has the following characteristics: First, the comprehensive content。This book explains the ins and outs of bet365 joining bonus code，Systematic review of the basic theories and main practices of Western bet365 joining bonus code，Details the views and practices of bet365 joining bonus code in the Soviet Union and the Third World。Second, it is both profound and easy to understand。Zhou Kunsheng with his profound knowledge of bet365 joining bonus code，More than 1500 notes are listed in the book，Not only indicates the arguments and sources of information，And part of it is a supplementary discussion to the main text，Easy for latecomers to learn to read，Enhance understanding。The third is to tell the story of China，Sound the voice of China。Zhou Kunsheng has a deep understanding of the different development processes of bet365 joining bonus code before and after the founding of New China，He not only interspersed the bet365 joining bonus code issues encountered before the founding of New China，And his practical experience and first-hand knowledge of bet365 joining bonus code are reflected in this book，Strong practicality。This book has become the basic teaching plan for the bet365 joining bonus code theory of New China。

Zhou Kunsheng also used Marxist methodology to condense the basic theory of modern bet365 joining bonus code，Analyze its specific problems。The economic analysis method of historical materialism is one of the important analysis methods of Marxism，The core essence is that the nature of the economic system determines the nature of the law。Zhou Kunsheng pointed out，bet365 joining bonus code as the law that regulates relations between countries，Its nature is also determined by the class nature of the country，There is no super-class bet365 joining bonus code。Because although bet365 joining bonus code and domestic law regulate different legal relationships，But it is inseparable from international relations，The essence of international relations depends on the comparison of the development status of productive forces (economic systems) in various countries。At the same time, he also emphasized，Abstract national interests to be realized by bet365 joining bonus code，In fact, it is the interests of specific groups and classes，“The reality of international social stratification, which is the basis for the existence of international legal society, determines the class nature of bet365 joining bonus code，Modern bet365 joining bonus code is dominated by transnational bourgeois interests”。

"Modern European bet365 joining bonus code History" File Photo

"bet365 joining bonus code" file picture

　National sovereignty and bet365 joining bonus code justiceSteadfast defender

Zhou Kunsheng’s era，China continues to slide into the abyss of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society，Imperialist aggression takes the lead，The Chinese people continue to explore the road to national rejuvenation。Chinese bet365 joining bonus code scholars are worried about the future of the country and the destiny of the nation，Attach great importance to the construction of a new order of international relations and bet365 joining bonus code、Safeguard national sovereignty and national interests、Research on foreign policy and other issues。Zhou Kunsheng is an outstanding representative。He actively introduced and spread the basic theories of Western bet365 joining bonus code，And apply it to the practice of China’s foreign relations，Strive to safeguard the interests of the country and nation。

Before 1949，Zhou Kunsheng is committed to unequal treaties between China and foreign countries、Lease、Legal research on the privileges of great powers in China and other issues。Later period of Beiyang Government，With the promotion of progressive forces such as the Kuomintang and the Communist Party，The National Assembly was held across the country，Social movement to abolish unequal treaties。Zhou Kunsheng published papers in newspapers such as "Oriental Magazine", "Pacific", and "National Daily"，Echoing the national movement。for example，In the article "The Problem of Leased Land"，Zhou Kunsheng feels that Chinese public opinion is unfavorable to the leased land，Specially examines the origin of the leased land in China，Emphasis on the harm it causes to China’s sovereignty。"In the methods of aggression against China by the great powers，The most well-behaved and vicious one，It must be regarded as concession land。There are foreign leased lands on Chinese territory，Not only violates national sovereignty，And...caused many disputes in foreign relations”。He then analyzed the nature of the leased land from a legal perspective，Point out that “Leasing is different from ceding，Legally the leased land is still China’s territory，China has the right to take it back”。This has effectively armed the minds of the Chinese people，Promoted the vigorous development of the concession recovery movement at that time。After continuous efforts，The Chinese government finally abolished the extraterritorial system of foreign powers in China in 1943。Another example，In the article "Issues of Consular Jurisdiction"，Zhou Kunsheng pointed out after a detailed analysis of the cases related to consular jurisdiction in ancient and modern times at home and abroad，“The existence of foreign consular jurisdiction within a country is an international unequal relationship，It cannot be allowed to exist”。Given that the foreign powers objected to China on the grounds of "harsh criminal laws", "poor prison conditions" and "individualized judicial administration"，Zhou Kunsheng thinks，The unreasonableness of abolishing consular jurisdiction and improving judicial system，That is, China not only “must have perfect laws”，There is also a need to improve the "improvement and popularization of courts", "the legal selection and appointment system and the improvement of lawyer society" and "improving and improving legal education"，“Work harder to do it”，This objectively promotes the modernization of China’s legal system and judicial system。Zairu，To provide ordinary citizens with some "common sense of foreign relations"，Promoted the development of the struggle to abrogate the treaty at that time，During the Nationalist Government, Zhou Kunsheng continued to lecture the government and people on legal issues and countermeasures related to unequal treaties。The lecture materials were later compiled into "Ten Lectures on Unequal Treaties" and published (Shanghai Pacific Bookstore, 1928)，This book explains the issue of China’s unequal treaties from both legal and historical aspects，Analysis of issues that should be paid attention to in abolition of unequal treaties，And respectively for consular jurisdiction、Tariff、Foreign troops stationed、Concession、A detailed theoretical and empirical explanation of the issues involved in unequal treaties such as leased land。This is a great way to popularize the common sense of bet365 joining bonus code among the people，Raise the national resistance awareness and ideological awareness，Played an important role。

In foreign relations，As an important think tank of the Chinese government in the fields of international relations and bet365 joining bonus code at that time，He actively uses his theoretical expertise，In-depth participation in the Chinese government’s diplomatic decision-making on the war against Japan。As early as the September 18th Incident，Proposed by Zhou Kunsheng，“We cannot make preparations for one country to send troops alone to aid China，Be careful to avoid becoming a victim of compromise diplomacy，Should be in the context of a protracted war of resistance，Instigating an international or joint intervention based on British and American cooperation”。At the beginning of the all-out war，Zhou Kunsheng serves as the counselor of the Military Commission's Counselor's Office，“Prejudgment based on his observation of the current international situation，Draft a ‘diplomatic strategy’，Point out the priorities of China’s diplomacy during wartime、Goals and implementation steps，For central decision-making”。for example，In the early stages of the all-out war，Zhou Kunsheng believed in the diplomatic report submitted to the Military Commission，Soviet Russia will not send troops alone，Britain will conduct compromise diplomacy in the Far East，The United States will not interfere in Far East issues alone，The League of Nations is unable to interfere，Therefore the diplomatic strategy should be to deal with Britain’s compromising activities in the Far East，Obtaining foreign material assistance，Promote cooperation between Britain and the United States，Urge the League of Nations to impose sanctions，"The above four steps may be carried out at the same time"。After the all-out war of resistance enters the stalemate stage，Zhou Kunsheng was ordered to go to the United States to launch a "people-to-people diplomacy" offensive，Promote China’s Anti-Japanese War，Strive for assistance from the US government and opposition parties to China、Embargo against Japan，And feed its insights directly to the decision-making level through the Military Commission Staff Office。

At the time when the world anti-fascist war is about to win，China was one of the four sponsors of the “United Nations Conference on International Organizations” in San Francisco in 1945。After two full months of meetings，All representatives unanimously adopted the Charter of the United Nations。Zhou Kunsheng serves as the consultant of the Chinese delegation，With Dong Biwu, a representative of the Communist Party of China and the liberated areas，As a member of the ten-member Chinese delegation，Participated in the founding conference of the United Nations，And signed the United Nations Charter。This is Zhou Kunsheng’s first association with the Communist Party of China，And his "dealings" with the United Nations, the world's largest international organization, are not over yet，But it continued until the founding of New China。To be formally established by the United Nations，Zhou Kunsheng returns to China to serve as president of Wuhan University，Opening bet365 joining bonus code courses at Wuhan University，The first to teach the Charter of the United Nations in China，Liang Xi, who later became a famous international jurist in New China、Han Depei and others are his colleagues or disciples。

In short，Zhou Kunsheng takes national interests as the starting point of foreign policy，Advocating multilateralism and collective security；Advocates a firm but flexible foreign policy，Backed by the people，In the poor and weak old China，Use the weapons of bet365 joining bonus code to resolve disputes between countries、Safeguard national sovereignty and national interests，Speak loudly to escape the semi-colonial fate，Thinking hard。

　　Resolute proletarian bet365 joining bonus code warrior

Zhou Kunsheng’s life spanned two eras, old bet365 joining bonus code and new bet365 joining bonus code，His historical relationship with the Communist Party of bet365 joining bonus code also extends from old bet365 joining bonus code to new bet365 joining bonus code，From a loyal and close friend of the Chinese Communist Party to a staunch proletarian diplomacy and legal warrior。

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference，The powerful countries ignored the legitimate demands of the victorious China to take back all the privileges of the defeated Germany in Shandong, China，Forcing China to accept Japan’s 21 measures of losing power and humiliating the country，Transfer all German privileges in Shandong to Japan。This aroused strong resistance from all walks of life and groups in China and from overseas Chinese，The vigorous anti-imperialist and anti-feudal May Fourth Patriotic Movement broke out。Zhou Kunsheng, who was studying at the University of Edinburgh at this time, crossed the sea from England to Paris，With bet365 joining bonus code students、Chinese laborers and others surrounded the residence of Lu Zhengxiang, China’s chief representative at the Paris Peace Conference，Make it impossible to attend the meeting，Chinese representative Gu Weijun also argued vigorously，In the end, China did not sign the peace treaty。While studying in the UK，Zhou Kunsheng also thought about the ideological context of using the British social and political model to transform China，Founded "Pacific" magazine in 1917，Discuss the intellectual groups studying in the UK and their cultural thoughts and educational ideas。Its influence on the political movement before and after the May 4th Movement cannot be ignored。The fourth volume of "Pacific" will be hosted by Zhou Kunsheng and his colleagues from Peking University，As an intellectual force in the academic community in the UK，It has a positive role in promoting and guiding the May 4th New Culture Movement，This is the same as Chen Duxiu、The "New Youth" founded by Li Dazhao and others is no different as the guiding force of the movement。The May 4th Movement is the beginning of China’s new democratic revolution，Promoted the spread of Marxism in China and its integration with the Chinese workers’ movement，Prepare good ideological conditions for the establishment of the Communist Party of China。It can be said，Zhou Kunsheng was a member of the progressive new youth at that time，Anti-imperialism and feudalism，The pursuit of national prosperity and national independence is highly consistent with the fundamental purpose and value pursuit of the Communist Party of China。Before the founding of New China，As a non-party person and a socialite，Zhou Kunsheng has always understood the political ideas and revolutionary activities of the Communist Party of China、An attitude of sympathy or even partial recognition。This can be seen from the debate on the bet365 joining bonus code situation between him and his friend Hu Shi in 1948，Zhou Kunsheng insists，The British and American policies towards Germany and Japan after World War II will resurrect the latter's militarism，After World War II, the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union has become an emerging force in the bet365 joining bonus code community、A force of justice that cannot be ignored。Early days of the founding of New China，The primary task of our country’s diplomacy is to completely get rid of imperialist control of China，Restore the country’s independence and sovereignty。For this，Mao Zedong put forward the three diplomatic policies of "starting from scratch", "cleaning the house before treating guests" and "leaning to one side" on the eve of the founding of New China。These are consistent with Zhou Kunsheng’s above-mentioned propositions and discussion。

After 1949，Zhou Kunsheng is mainly engaged in guiding the diplomatic practice of New China and research on the Sinicization theory of Marxist bet365 joining bonus code。While he was an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs，According to bet365 joining bonus code and China’s foreign policy stance on important diplomatic issues，Provide handling opinions。He personally approved the English name of the People's Republic of China as the People's Republic of China，It is recommended to use the name "Chinese People's Volunteers" to fight in North Korea，Won a larger space for our country’s diplomatic struggle。He served as a consultant in the drafting of the 1954 Constitution，And conducted a series of struggles to restore the People’s Republic of China’s legitimate seat in the United Nations。

　　Advocate of 12 nautical miles bet365 joining bonus code sea width

The early days of the founding of New China，The primary issue faced in diplomacy is the recognition and succession of the country。Zhou Kunsheng thinks，The Cairo Declaration of 1943 and the historical fact that Taiwan returned to China’s sovereign jurisdiction in 1945，Both sides have permanently established the principle that both sides of the Taiwan Strait belong to one China。The People’s Republic of China as a subject of bet365 joining bonus code，It is the continuation of old China，For China’s representation in the United Nations and its status in the Security Council and other United Nations agencies，The People’s Republic of China is the legitimate successor。The 1971 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 formally established the People's Republic of China as the sole legal representative of China from the perspective of bet365 joining bonus code、The historical fact and legal status that Taiwan is an integral part of China’s territory。The issue of the representation of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations，Not a matter of joining the United Nations as a new member state，It is about restoring China’s inherent legal rights and status as a founding member state。Although the People's Republic of China has built a new historical type of country based on the class nature of the country，But as a subject of bet365 joining bonus code，The People’s Republic of China is China，It is fundamentally different from the emergence of a new country in the usual sense，There is no question of the United Nations admitting a new member state。For the treaties signed before New China，To be reviewed and processed，New China has become a new historical type in class nature、Socialist country，Contents of the treaty that are incompatible with the new regime or social system are unacceptable。The above discussion provides theoretical support for New China to obtain legal status under bet365 joining bonus code。

Zhou Kunsheng conducted an in-depth analysis of the basic rights and obligations of states in his research on bet365 joining bonus code，Based on Lenin’s thought of “peaceful coexistence”，Newly elaborated on the "Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence"。“From a legal perspective，The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are not only fully consistent with bet365 joining bonus code，And also developed modern bet365 joining bonus code”。“Mutual respect for territorial sovereignty” includes two aspects: “sovereignty” and “territorial integrity”，It is an obligation that a country must bear in the international community，Is an important prerequisite for the existence of a country。“Mutual non-aggression” means not to threaten or use force to infringe on the territorial integrity or political independence of any country，It is a necessary guarantee to comply with and maintain the international order。“Mutual non-interference” is the proper meaning of national sovereign equality，It is also a recognized basic principle in modern bet365 joining bonus code，A country’s interference in matters within the scope of another country’s sovereignty，It means not respecting the sovereignty of other countries，It is an infringement on its right to independence。“Equality and mutual benefit” connects mutual benefit and equality，Explanation that mutual benefit can only be achieved on the basis of equality，Only when mutual benefit is achieved can true equality be considered，This is a development of the principle of equality in bet365 joining bonus code。“Peaceful coexistence” is the basic condition for maintaining and developing modern international relations，It is also the premise for the development of modern bet365 joining bonus code。The "Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" have become the basic principles of modern bet365 joining bonus code，This fully reflects Zhou Kunsheng’s contribution to modern bet365 joining bonus code，It is also a vivid portrayal of the application and development of Marxist bet365 joining bonus code。

At the beginning of the founding of New China，We are facing a dangerous bet365 joining bonus code environment。To enhance the influence of New China，Win the sympathy of the majority of members of the bet365 joining bonus code community for the revolutionary and progressive cause of New China、Understanding and Support，Zhou Kunsheng adheres to the diplomatic practice spirit of seeking truth from facts，Creatively put forward the theory of "Four Types of Diplomatic Relations"，Formal diplomatic relations respectively、Semi-diplomatic relations、Informal diplomatic relations and national diplomacy。For countries that have not yet established formal diplomatic relations with New China，Semi-diplomatic relations can be established between the two countries，Both sides send the lowest-level envoys to each other—charges d’affaires。This move can maximize the support of the bet365 joining bonus code community and non-socialist camp countries，Easing diplomatic isolation。China and the United Kingdom、France、The development of relations between the Netherlands and other Western capitalist countries is an example。And still maintains a hostile attitude towards New China，A country that maintains so-called official relations with the Taiwan authorities，Cannot establish formal diplomatic relations，However, the two countries have established unofficial liaison agencies at a certain level with each other，This not only safeguards the "One China" principle and national dignity，In order to improve relations between countries，It reserves space for contact and policy flexibility to facilitate the establishment of formal diplomatic relations in the future。And in this process，You can always use the method of "national diplomacy"，Make full use of friendly visits by individuals or private delegations，Increase public sentiment，Sometimes through unofficial contact，The people’s delegation reached agreement on the relationship between the two countries，Jointly issue a statement or joint communiqué，Sometimes it is possible to reach an agreement on a specific matter and formally sign a private agreement。

Zhou Kunsheng is one of the earliest bet365 joining bonus code experts with maritime rights awareness in New China，It combines traditional bet365 joining bonus code theory with the domestic and foreign situations faced by New China，Proposed that New China is in territorial waters、New discussions on boundary and other issues，Insightful。Zhou Kunsheng thinks，The width of territorial waters is of great significance to coastal defense, security and economic interests。He abandoned the so-called cannon range theory of Grotius and the 3 nautical mile limit theory that traditional maritime powers such as Britain and the United States once insisted on，Considers that “countries can determine this width at their own discretion”，Finally, based on the national interests of New China，Combined with the opinions of previous international conferences on the law of the sea，Proposed the proposal that the width of New China’s territorial sea should be 12 nautical miles starting from the straight baseline method。1958，The Chinese government announced in the "Declaration of the People's Republic of China on Territorial Seas": "The width of the territorial sea of ​​the People's Republic of China is 12 nautical miles，Applicable to Taiwan and Penghu Islands”。This position was later recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Sea。Also，The scope of a country’s territory is determined based on its borders，includes land、Waters、Multiple aspects such as air and underground。“From the perspective of international reality，The formation of national borders is based on the following two facts: or due to traditional habits，Or due to treaty provisions。”Based on this，He refuted India’s one-sided claims on the Sino-Indian boundary from two aspects: the British Empire’s demarcation of the so-called traditional boundary between China and India has no factual basis and the so-called “peace treaty” signed by the local authorities in Kashmir and Tibet in 1842 has no international agreement.。

From the old society to the new China，Zhou Kunsheng’s lifelong pursuit of truth，Adhere to Marxism，Serve the country，Won widespread respect and love。In old China，He is committed to the study of bet365 joining bonus code and the development of higher education in China，Provide theoretical support for subsequent diplomatic activities。After the founding of New China，He is committed to the study of the Sinicization of Marxist bet365 joining bonus code theory，And actively provide suggestions for the diplomacy of New China。He joined the Communist Party of China in 1956，Completed the magnificent transformation from close comrade-in-arms to Marxist。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of Law, South bet365 joining bonus code University of Technology)