Xia Yan (1910-1985)，Native of Wenzhou, Zhejiang。Archaeologists，The main instructors and organizers of the archaeological work of New China，One of the founders of modern Chinese archeology，Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。Graduation of History Department of Tsinghua University， In 1939, he was a doctorate degree in archeology at the University of London, the University of London, England。

Xia Yan advocates applying modern natural science methods in archeological research，Timely introduce carbon 14 disconnects into China。Its academic research has knowledge profound、The characteristics of broad vision and rigorous academic。After returning to China in 1941, he served as the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum、Institute of History and Language of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。Xia Ji 1950-1982 served as Deputy Director of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (during the period)、Director。In 1952, he was hired as a professor of archeological professor at the Department of History of Peking University，Discussion of "archeological theory" and "archeological method" course。In 1982, he served as Deputy Dean and Honorary Director of the Institute of Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，He has served as the chairman of the Chinese Archaeological Society，In prehistoric archeology、History of Science and Technology、History of Chinese and Western transportation and other research areas also made outstanding contributions。Xia Yan is a member of the Ministry of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Member of the Degree Committee of the State Council，Chairman of the National Cultural Relics Commission。I have obtained the British Academy、German Archaeological Research Institute、The Academy of Archaeological History and History of Swedish Royal Literature、Honorary titles of institutions and other institutions of the United States。It mainly talks about "The New Discovery of the Tomb of the Qi Family and the Reconstruction of the Age", "Archaeological Paper Collection", "History of Archeology and Science and Technology", "The Origin of Chinese Archaeological Research", "The Origin of Chinese Civilization" wait。The editor -in -chief and participated in the writing "Huixian Excavation Report" and "Changsha Excavation Report"。

　　bet365 best casino games A choice of life attitude and survival

About reading，Xia Yan thinks that "studying has become addicted"。But his reading addiction is to read books by himself，instead of the instructor urged later。As a scholar，Xia Yan is a must -read in the book，I will win when I get the test，Reading is as indispensable as three meals a day。The entire ten volumes of "Xia Yan Diary"，There are records of reading almost every day，What book reads，How many pages, etc.。Here we only quote two diaries to feel:

Sunday, May 2

Still staying in the hospital。After reading Peake and Fleure, The law and the prophets，Read the Riddles of the Gobi Desert (Sven Heping: "The Mystery of the Gobi Desert")。There are still several days in the hospital，I only brought these two books，Quite danger to make trouble。

Monday, May 3

… Swen Heping's book is read (PP.1-376)，Fortunately, Xiao Chen sent books and eggs、Orange，Do not make trouble。

This is just two days when I live in the hospital，Xia Yan read two books，550 pages，And in English，Quick reading speed，surprising。But when you read the whole ten volumes of "Xia Diary"，You will be more surprised to find this reading method and reading speed，Through Bet365 app download the entire life of Xia Yan。Xia Xiu's wife Li Xiujun once described Xia Yan's daily reading: "He reads at home，I got up every morning without washing my face，Just read a book，After get off work at night，The coat is not taken off and read it with a book。Generally when he is reading，I will not interrupt him，Just when it is time to eat，I take rice、The vegetables are ready，End table，Call him to eat，Otherwise, he will forget to eat。"This is really a literally abandoned sleep and forget to eat。

Xia Yan Reading，The range involved is very wide，Archaeological、astronomy、Literature、Art、Mathematics、astronomy、Geography, etc.，and not disturbed by the external environment，On the car、Ward、Construction site、Street Park、The store is where he reads。Yan Zhenqing Yun: Three more lights, five more chickens，It is when the man is reading。This is persuasion and inspirational poem，But for Xia Yan，Reading is more like what Yu Qian said in "Observation": book rolls are passionate and old，Morning Dunshare every blind date。Xia Yan himself said "studying is addicted"，It is the legendary book of book addiction: "My study became addicted，The word work has nothing to do with me，It is necessary to restrain the desire and read it with reading，Addicted people are not worthy of work。"Reading when proud、Reading when sadness、Reading during the pain、Reading when marriage、Reading when boring、Reading when lonely、Read when drunk、Reading when marriage、Reading when I escape、Read when the mountains and rivers are broken、Reading in Haiyan, Heqing Haiyan ...，You can read it in the world for leisure，The so -called scholar! Reading is already a kind of life choice and survival attitude。I will win when I get the test，It is a kind of life realm。It is because of "must read"，can "win"，One cause of one fruit。From this we can see a fact: Xia Yan reads not only mixed，Not only more，Not only fast，Not only is it constantly persistent，Read it carefully、Reading it、Remember。It is the choice of life and the realm of life such as "must read" and "must win"，Only later Xiaoyu Encyclopedia's full -book knowledge and full -covered archeological research direction。We often use the rhetoric of "Tong this Bogu" and "Learning Chinese and Western" to describe someone’s knowledge of knowledge，But these words are used on Xia Yan，But it is an objective description，No rhetoric ingredients。

"Xia Yan Diary" ten volumes，Simplicity，Voice of the ground，But its style is a micro -words，Simplicity。Xia Yan records his reading situation every day，Including the title、Author、My reading process，Some even comment，Forms a unique bibliographic summary，At the same time, the characteristics of the book "Xia Yan Diary" also formed，Trial example:

Thursday, September 3

Letter of Professor Granville，Decided to return to London the day after tomorrow。Today heavy rain，Stop in the afternoon，Read the library。Reading Picmar Hardy's "Return to Hometown"。This book describes landscape，It seems that it is better than "Mayor of Cast Bridge"，The plot is also good，It makes people "love from ancient times of her legacy，The feeling of good dreams is the most sober ""。Only ending the novelist old set。It's like reading "The West Chamber" after "Caoqiao Dream"，Don't want to read the following 4 % off，Book Book IV (Volume 4) Chapter 4，can also be deleted。

Xia Xun's reading process and bibliography to form a pens bottom of fireworks，"Xia Diary", which makes Wen style thin and firewood, becomes rich and colorful，Sitting Library General。Must -read in Fengshu，This is a noble and more exciting，The fragile scholar Bet365 lotto review qi，A choice of life attitude and survival。

　Seeking truth from facts:Marxist archaeological research method

Xia Yan before 1949 did not pay special attention to Marxism，His earliest research on Yin Da's "Primitive Society of China" used Marxism for Longshan culture，At first, I also felt that "I can't help falling into naive"。But after the founding of New China，Marxism becomes "the theoretical basis for guiding our thoughts"，Xia Yan began to study and pursue Marxism carefully。The first volume of "Xia Yingwen Collection" selected 26 theoretical articles since the 1950s，Except the first article was written in 1941, I did not talk about Marxism，The rest mentioned Marxism in each article。From it, you can see how Xia Yan changed from a Qianjia school to a Marxist。"Looking at the side of the mountain side into the peak"，Marxism in the eyes of different scholars，Have a different understanding。In the eyes of Xiayu，The core of Marxism is to seek truth from facts，Talking and looking back and looking forward to Chinese archeology，The principles of Marxism and the style of the Marxism that must be referred to as truthful or respecting objective facts。In fact，Marxism is more in the eyes of Xia Xun's eyes. The principle of materialism of the realistic training background that is "unbelievable" or the new history school with the facts of the new history school is referred to: "Real true Marxism respects objective facts，Seeking truth from facts。”

What is "seeking truth from facts"? This contains a hypothesis -verified scientific cognition and research mode，So Xia Xun believes，"We believe in Marxism theory，Not just because of these theories out of Marx，but because it is in line with objective truth，Objective facts confirmed in archeological practice "。The scientific spirit and study style of practical seeking in archeology，It is our research that includes work "Objective facts confirmed in archeological practice"，This is not only "studying ancient，The original meaning of seeking truth from facts，At the same time, it also emphasizes and highlights the theoretical characteristics of the Marxism of Practice。

Actually，Each discovery and progress of archeology，Most of them are achieved through field excavations，That is, the practice of "seeking truth from facts"。The most typical is the problem of the times of Qijia culture，Xia Yan based on reliable excavation information，Reconstruction of the new stone culture editor system of the upper reaches of the Yellow River，Standardize archeological cultural naming，Put forward the multiple theory of the development of China's Neolithic Culture。In 1924，Fleasing Qijia culture before Majiayao culture。Actually before Xia Yan，Some people have begun to question the sorting of Anderson，Ru Yin Da、Bi Lin-Alti believes that Yangshao culture is earlier than Qijia culture; Balmgaren also believes that the production technology and decoration of Malijiayao culture are far inferior to Qijia pottery，But he still follows Anton's cultural sequence，Just attribute the phenomenon of the rough technology of this vegetarian pottery to "degenerate"; Baihakov also places Qijia culture behind the Majia kiln culture，thought it was related to Xindian culture; Anton also believed that the family animal industry in Qijia culture was quite developed。Although many scholars have objections to Anton's ranking，But it cannot confirm your point of view and correct it。In 1945, Xia Yan discovered two tombs of Qi Jia culture in Yangwan, Gansu。In the filling of the tomb，Lottery of the Majiayao culture unearthed，This proves that Majiayao culture is earlier than Qijia culture。

Xia Yan when talking about Shen Kuo's contribution to archeology，One of them is seeking truth from bet365 Play online games facts。He believes that Shen Kuo starts from materialism，Seeking truth from facts，Observe the unearthed ancient utensils，Get the correct conclusion，For some "Ritual" at the time，Think "unable to be based"，Pointing "this is not the same", etc.: "Such as Pugu Wall，"Ritual" is a phenomenon of grasshoppers。In this world, the ancients of the world are gained in the ancient mound，When the engraving is like a pimple flower, the wall of the wall is like millet ears。then "Ritual" is not based on。”

It is the consideration based on the practical characteristics of archeological disciplines，Xia Yan will "seeking truth from facts" as the core of Marxism，It is also the guiding ideology needed by Chinese archeology。

　　Seeking rules: Marxist archaeological research paradigm

In the article "Reform Our Learning"，Mao Zedong made a new definition for these four words for truth: "practical" is everything that exists objectively，"Yes" is the internal connection of objective things，That is regular，"Seeking" is what we study。Starting from all things that exist objectively (realistic) to study (see) their internal connection (yes)。

This new definition is completely materialist words。As a Marxist, Xia Yan takes it deeply，He believes，Its purpose and purpose are to find objective truth and laws，Used to restore ancient social situation and social development。Marxist materialism in history and archeology except for the external form of material culture，More importantly, its connotation: rule。Study objective existence and laws in history and social development，This is the internal ideological requirements of Marxist archeological materialism。As early，He proposed，The so -called materialism (there is a decision consciousness，Knowing started at experience，Seeking objective laws，Principles of Social Development) is the theory of understanding and explaining various phenomena，In terms of archeology，The first point is to recognize the material life of society as the first phenomenon，It exists without relying on people's will; the second point is to recognize the existence of objective truth，and can recognize her law from science。When talking about the theoretical methods of archeology, he repeatedly declared: "The purpose of archeology is to study the ancient situation of human beings，Different research tasks ... clarify the laws of these historical processes。... History science should be the law of clarification of historical processes (processes)。Of course，historian of bourgeoisie，Including archeologists，Some people do not recognize the historical process there are objective laws。cause，They think outside of historical facts，Only historical identification and history compilation，History that does not clarify the laws of historical processes。”

Do not recognize the laws in the process of historical development，Is a dividing line for materialism and idealism。Such a expression and height，Guiding Chinese archaeologists after the 1960s，Inquiry about the relationship between the development of utensils and logic。"Law" and even eventually become the most important identification of Chinese Marxist materialist historical view，To a certain extent，We can even think that "law" is the understanding and development of Marxism in socialist countries。Especially in the construction process of the Marxist discourse system after 1949 in my country，"Law", "Historical Logic", "The inevitable existence of history" and other，Before the bin。Development to today，Marxism has merged in the blood of archeologists，Our way of thinking、discourse system、narrative mode、Value judgment、Observe the angle of the question, bet365 best casino games etc.，All Marxist marks with distinctive Marxist。In our knowledge and knowledge structure，"Law" has been equal to objective existence and material world。The system of Marxist archeology in China is in this kind of continuous and replenishment，Gradually formed、Establish and perfect。

Marxist archeology believes that the laws of historical development exist in the formation process of various relics，This is a common phenomenon。Mention the law that phenomenon can not only be understood，At the same time, you can be recognized at the level of perception，In fact, this is a denial of negation of the law，At the same time, it is also a emphasis and popularization of the law。Such an archaeological system under the guidance of Marxist theory，Different from classic Marxism，At the same time, it is also different from the Soviet Union's Marxist archeology，More differences in Band's Marxist archeology。Where，Especially the emphasis on the laws of various sports and things，Become one of the most important features of Chinese Marxist archeology。Xia Yan thinks，Different disciplines，Even different schools should be different，It is just because of exploring different laws: "Of course, the research of archeology can also be beyond the general law of historical development in history，Exploring some new laws or unique rules unique to archeology。But the "New Archeology" faction in the United States in the 1960s，It seems to have reached another extreme。They think that archeology is a scientific purpose of studying the "Cultural Process" to obtain the law of "Cultural Dynamics" (Cultural Dynamics)。”

Although the "law" is not the writing terms of Marx and Engels themselves，But in the process of spreading and development，It has become the most representative term for Soviet Marxism and Chinese Marxism。Talking ways and discourse systems including "laws"，It is also the external form and appearance of Chinese Marxist archaeological research paradigm。In "Xia Yingwen Collection"，"Law" becomes a word for high -frequency use，At the same time, it has also become the most important term in the Chinese Marxist archeological discourse system。Comparison of articles published in the 1950s and 1970s，We can see the Marxist discourse system (or narrative mode) from startup to perfect process。In the "Archaeological Lecture Lecture" in 1953，Xia Yan directly uses "dialectical", "material" and "practical" three Marx's original language stickers and label it directly in his archaeological theory，I was afraid that people did not know or ignore Marxism。In an article in the late 1970s and early 1980s，The situation is completely different: "We are not only studying relics，Also study the natural environment of ancient society，It is necessary to study ancient social organizations through physical objects、Economic state and cultural appearance，The law of seeking human society development。We also use modern natural science and technology methods to help our archeological research。"No word，Make romantic。The same keynote content，Xia Yan did not use any of the original terms of Marx here，Nothing Marx，But the essence of Marxist thought is in it -the discourse system and narrative mode of Marxist archeology in China。

　　Seeing people: Marxist archeology research purpose

As early as 1961，Xia Yan clearly stated that the archeological purpose and theoretical direction of "seeing people see people": "We collect information，Set up information，There should be a theoretical guidance，strive to use the data to be used in a syringe，Scientific，can be used as the basis for establishing theory。We must never ignore the information。Study on Pottery，Not seeing things，Instead Bet365 app download of seeing humans from things，Can't have prejudice first，Depart from dogma，Put the information on it。"The research object of" archeology is object，But the purpose of the research is not object，but people，Is an ancient society，Therefore, "seeing people see people" is actually a watershed by archaeologists and antiques collection enthusiasts: "The main object of archeological research is these social physical objects，The entire type of utensils (Type)，Not lonely a physical object。The latter is antiques ... The purpose of archeology is to study the ancient situation of human beings。”

But the problem is not that simple，Different genres have different explanations and definitions。"Seeing people"，Who is this person? What kind of person to see?。The Communication School sees the movement of the crowd、Migration of the ethnic group and the spread of culture，For Marxist archaeologists，More attention is human capacity、The composition of the class、Social organization method、Productivity level、Production relationship、Allocation of power、Sports rules, etc.。Once an archaeologist used a famous example，It is used to explain the difference between different genre archeology。As far as a stone ax unearthed，Processor may ask what the adaptation function is，Post -processism believes that it may also mean that men's second sexual characteristics，And Marxist archaeologists will want to know who will benefit from the use of this stone ax，It is what everyone in society can get，Or is it only a few people monopolized this tool? Is the stones used for manufacturing items imported by a few people?。Processist and Marxist archaeologists are materialist，But their understanding of materialism and archeology in identification and solving social problems is very different。So，"Through the Thin" is obviously a question that Chinese Marxist archeology should be considered，It is the basic content of the construction of the school system。or more specific，The purpose and theme of the research of Chinese Marxist archaeological types: "The last goal of archeology，It is to restore the history of ancient social situation and social development。Comprehensive archeological materials based on historical materialism，To find the conclusions of the following parties: the genus of culture and race; production tool、Economic Organization and Social System; upper -level buildings，Ru art、religion, etc.。We need to know the development of the regularity of each society is the main phenomenon，Conquer、Immigration、Borrowing and other phenomena are just secondary。Individual antiquities or monuments，Only combined to restore the ancient social situation and social development，Only its meaning。But this is just the last goal of archeology。We can’t want to reach this goal every time we excavate。”

From a certain perspective，"Through the matter" is the archaeological cognition of the economic foundation that determines the upper -level building.，The earliest answer to this question should also be Guo Moruo，But until summer，This question is clearly and clearly answered and defined。

We think，With the effort of several generations of archeologists represented by Xia Yan，Chinese Marxist archeology system has basically established，Although many aspects need to be improved，For example, "seeing people see people" is just a theoretical framework and direction，How to see people? Is it yet to intervene in the theory?，How will we adhere to Marxism in the new era? How does Marxism develop?。Establishing a Chinese Marxist archaeological system is far more than not only in scientific research work to consciously adhere to the guiding position of Marxism，Basic bet365 Play online games principles of Marxism、Perspective and method is used in various types of topics involved in the Archaeological Institute，Instead, there must be a set of theories under the guidance of Marxist thought、Methodology and its research paradigm and research system。Xia Yan thinks，The practical characteristics of Marxism indicate that Marxism is not a theoretical conclusion that provides ready -made plans、Project Guide and research direction，More the practical theory of dynamic care of social development and human destiny，Its vitality and durability are except for the classic Marxist narrative and thought，It is still in the interactive collision with the times，This is what we insist on Marxism，The meaning of the era of improving the archeological system of Marxism。

"Through the Thin Seeing People" that Xia Ji called for，It has become part of the archeological theoretical system with Chinese characteristics，It is also a basic content of the Marxist archeology system，It also echoed the foundation of Marxist economic foundation to determine the Maxist material dialectics of the upper -level building，or it can be understood as the theoretical guidance of Chinese archeological practice; it is also an expression of traditional Chinese academic characteristics，Because it is also the characteristics of Marxism's practicality，Condens that the tradition of advocating pragmatism in ancient Chinese philosophy and oriental thinking。

New Marxist thoughts that appeared in the 1970s，All shows that after a century，The light of Marx thought is still dazzling。Under such a global Marxist context，Let's look back at Xia Yan's Marxist view and Marxist archeology understanding，Naturally, it also has its profound practical significance，At the same time, there is also an oriental color with a personality。Because the most important feature of Oriental Philosophy, especially in the Far East Philosophy, is the pragmatism，So choosing Marxism characterized by practicality is actually an expression of oriental tradition and Chinese thinking。Marxism is not only a sign of Chinese archeology in the international academic world，At the same time, it is also our self -identity logo。Memorial Xia，Looking back at Xia Yan's Marxist archeology system，It is to carry forward a rigorous test letter and empirical spirit like an old official、A scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts，and an academic horizons like a complete encyclopedia。

　(The author is a professor at the Department of Archeology, History and Culture, Hebei Normal University、Director of the International Rock Painting Reconstruction Center)