Jin Jingfang (1902-2001)，Zi Xiaocun，People from Yixian County, Liaoning。My family was poor when I was young，Studying is not easy，Graduated from Liaoning Provincial Fourth Normal School in 1923，Taught in primary school and junior high school。1929，Liaoning Provincial Department of Education implements selection bet365 score reform，Jin Jingfang was appointed as the director of Tongliao County Education Bureau with first place result。Soon，Transferred to the Provincial Department of Education，Won the then director、Appreciation of the famous scholar Jin Yufu。After the September 18th Incident，Many ancient books collected by Northeastern University and other public and private collections are scattered，Jin Jingfang acquired it with limited financial resources and studied hard，Entering the path of academic research through self-study。1936，Jin Jingfang is in exile in the customs，Later studied at Fuxing Academy founded by Ma Yifu in Leshan, Sichuan。Jin Jingfang’s two early academic works, "Yitong" and "Spring and Autumn Commentaries", were both written in this issue。1942，"Yitong" won the third prize of the Ministry of Education's "Writing, Invention and Art Award"，Jin Jingfang was hired as a full-time lecturer in the Chinese Department of Northeastern University，Started to engage in higher education and academic research full-time。After the founding of New China，Jin Jingfang once worked at the Northeast Cultural Relics Management Office and Northeast Library。Transferred to Northeast Renmin University (the predecessor of Jilin University) in 1954，Served as Professor of History，Has published important papers such as "On the Patriarchal bet365 score" and "Several Issues in Chinese Slave Society"。After this，Jin Jingfang’s belief in pursuing the truth has never wavered。1977，He published an article "On Confucianism and Legalism"，Clarify various errors that occurred in the "Criticism of Confucianism and Criticism of Legalism" movement。After reform and opening up，Jin Jingfang’s academic research ushered in new prosperity。"The Social History of Chinese Slaves" (1983) focuses on his views in various fields of pre-Qin history research，has become an academic classic。Jin Jingfang paid great attention to the modernization of traditional thought in his later years，"On the Two Cores of Confucius' Thoughts" and "Does Confucius's Benevolence and Righteousness Have Transcendental Significance" and other articles，Reflects his academic pursuit and cultural awareness of continuing his studies for the saints。

The 20th century is an important historical stage in the transformation of Chinese civilization from tradition to modernity，It is also an important period for the foundation and development of modern Chinese history。China in a Hundred Years，Various academic trends are booming。Only after Marxism was introduced to China，Historical research has truly achieved a comprehensive breakthrough at the theoretical level，And establish a historical research paradigm and discourse bet365 score with Chinese characteristics。As an important contemporary Marxist historian，Jin Jingfang is not only good at using Marxist theories and methods to solve specific problems in ancient Chinese history，And in the process of in-depth research on the actual history of ancient China，Making outstanding contributions to promoting the development of Marxist historical research。

　　Looking for the consistent soul of dialectics for the bet365 score Yixue tradition

"Zhouyi" is the first of the group of scriptures，Occupies an important position in the history of ancient Chinese thought and culture。"Yidao Guangda，All inclusive。”Just as the official Siku said，Fan Tianwen、Geography、melody、Art of War、Rhyme、Arithmetic，To catch the fire outside，Everything can be explained by Yi Yi。At the same time，All kinds of specific knowledge can be used to explain Yi Xue，Thus continuously enriching its academic bet365 score、Continuously expanding。This phenomenon is precisely explained by the Zhouyi as a systematic explanation of the ancient Chinese cosmology、Determined by the text attributes of methodology and values。Predecessors may have said that there was no philosophy in ancient China，That is a theory based on the special form of Western philosophy。"The Book of Changes" is such a philosophical work that can run through various categories of traditional scholarship and establish its basic tone。However，The Book of Changes was originally a book of witchcraft and divination at the beginning，It is difficult to escape the mystery of primitive religion and witchcraft。In a modern society where science and rationality are prosperous，The few who admire it can still be miraculous，Those who disparage it certainly have reasons to denounce it as superstition。Modernization of different subjects in traditional Chinese academics，Easy to learn but most difficult to learn。However，Yixue as a core component of Chinese cultural tradition，Whether and how it can be modernized，It is also the focus that affects the entire modernization process of Chinese culture，It is a difficult problem that must be overcome。

Jin Jingfang was fond of reading "The Book of Changes" when he was young，However, the true knowledge and solution cannot be found in the old annotations and sparse works of predecessors。Until the 1930s when he was in exile in the customs，Read books such as Lenin's "Materialism and Criticism of Experience" and Hu Sheng's "Introduction to Materialist Dialectics"，After coming into contact with Marxist dialectics theory and materialist thought，Beginning to have a new understanding of the ancient classic "Book of Changes"。1939，Jin Jingfang based on his own experience in studying materialist dialectics，Written the book "Yitong"，Later submitted to Fu Xing Academy’s mentor Xie Wuliang for review。Xie Wuliang spoke highly of this book，Think of "healed hole、Preface to the Old Man，Integrate with the changes of contemporary new learning，It can be said that he has obtained the righteousness of the times in "Yi"，And encouraged Jin Jingfang to “continue from here to there”，"Yi" says that it is not difficult for the Ming Dynasty to survive today"。This is a full affirmation of Jin Jingfang’s use of Marxist dialectics to explore the Book of Changes。After the founding of New China，Jin Jingfang joined Northeast Renmin University (now Jilin University) to teach，Start to systematically study Marxism-Leninism theory and Mao Zedong Thought，And consciously use dialectical materialism and historical materialism as guidance in teaching and scientific research activities。1955，His first academic paper written in vernacular，It is the "Lun" based on many years of research on Yi studies。In this paper，Jin Jingfang made a systematic review of the dialectical thought of the unity of opposites contained in the Book of Changes。He pointed out，The so-called "The Book of Changes" in "Zhuangzi: The World" states "Yin and Yang"，It is a high-level summary of the Yi Xue ideological bet365 score。But the predecessors always focused on the concrete representation of yin and yang，The world is infinitely concrete，So the more you talk, the more confused you become。Actually，"Zhouyi" is the Chinese algebra。It analyzes and simplifies thousands of concrete objects into two attributes of yin and yang，Then express the world through different combinations of yin and yang。Yin and Yang have different attributes，This is opposition；Yin and Yang are inseparable，This is unity。The ancients did not have the word "contradiction" in the modern philosophical sense，We use yin and yang to refer to this relationship of opposition and unity。From a conceptual level，Yin and Yang are contradictions。Therefore，The so-called "Yi" is based on Yin and Yang，That is to say, contradiction is the theme throughout the book of "Book of Changes"。Specifically，Whether it is the eight hexagrams or the sixty-four hexagrams，It’s all caused by Yin、Composed of two Yang hexagram paintings，What runs through this is the dialectical relationship of mutual opposition and mutual unity。Looking at the entire "Book of Changes"，Sixty-four hexagrams from beginning to end，They are all combinations of two，Either opposition or opposition，Constitute a unity of thirty-two contradictions。Jin Jingfang also pointed out，The two hexagrams of Qian and Kun are the first in the Book of Changes，In fact, they are regarded as a special pair of contradictory unity。The combination of yin and yang and the mutual friction between hardness and softness in the two hexagrams of Qian and Kun，Created the other hexagrams，And promoted the development and changes of the entire hexagram bet365 score。The relationship between the two hexagrams of Qian and Kun and the other hexagrams，As dialectics says, the relationship between primary contradictions and secondary contradictions。In addition，"The Book of Changes" also uses the two hexagrams of both relief and failure as the end of the sixty-four hexagrams，From the six Yao lines of yin and yang, each of which is in its place, to the six Yao lines of yin and yang, which are not in place，To indicate that new contradictions are generated again，The world has once again entered a new movement process of both opposition and unity。This simple concept of "nothing is infinite"，It is also an important embodiment of the "exquisite and charming" dialectical thinking。Jin Jingfang pointed out，Discuss the dialectical thought contained in "The Book of Changes"，It does not mean that our ancients have constructed a complete dialectical theoretical bet365 score，But about the many concepts of dialectics in modern philosophy，In fact, the ancients had known or experienced it for a long time。There is such a wonderful connection between the ancient Eastern Yi Studies and the dialectical thinking in modern Western philosophy，This is not difficult to understand。Humanity as a unified cognitive subject，His cognition of the objective world must have an identity aspect，There is no need to ask Xidong here、Strongly divide the west and the east。Dialectics is a scientific description of the universal connections in the world，Is an important part of the scientific worldview。Chinese ancestors in their long-term production and life practices，It is impossible to be ignorant of the existence of this universal phenomenon of all things in the world。They extract some abstract understandings from the concrete phenomena that commonly occur in daily practice，In line with the general laws of epistemology。

Since "Yi Lun"，Jin Jingfang has written many more research works on Yixue，Become an iconic contemporary scholar who uses Marxist theory to explore Yi Studies，Made outstanding contributions to the modern development of Yi Xue, a core component of traditional Chinese culture。Contemporary，Chinese studies are increasingly prosperous，Tradition is continuing to write a new chapter。How to get rid bet365 score dross in the old culture，Light up its essence，Create a development path for tradition that meets the cultural needs bet365 score new era，This is a theoretical issue that every researcher must seriously consider。Jin Jingfang’s Yi-Xue research methods and achievements，It undoubtedly has important guiding significance for this。

　　Use Marxist theory to promote in-depth research on the history of China’s early social bet365 score

Research on patriarchal bet365 score and well-field bet365 score，These are the two cornerstones that established Jin Jingfang’s academic status in the study of pre-Qin history。The reason why he was able to innovate on these two old issues in the history of Confucian classics、Achievements，All are closely related to his conscious use of Marxist theory to guide his academic research。

Is Juntong and Zongtong combined into one or divided into two，Is the main point of disagreement in the study of patriarchal bet365 score。This disagreement can be traced back to the disagreement between Mao Chuan and Zheng Jian in "The King's Zongzhi" in "Poetry·Daya·Gongliu"。Mao Chuan believed that the king was the most powerful person in the world，"The King's Zongzhi"，He is the king he is now，Another sect。This is Juntong、The origin of the theory of the unity of clans。Zheng Jian respects Shi Zong，Zhuangjun、Division of clans，Zongtong shall not interfere with monarchy。This is Juntong、The origin of the dualism of lineage and lineage。According to Mao Chuan，Since the Emperor，All levels of society practice patriarchal traditions。According to Zheng Jian’s point of view，Then the emperor and the princes should not practice the patriarchal law，Only ministers can practice the clan bet365 score。Research on contemporary patriarchal bet365 score，To rule by king、The theory of unity of clans is the mainstream。Contemporary researcher of the legend of holding Mao，He also designed a quite strict patriarchal chart bet365 score，Mechanically describe the relationship between the monarchy and the clan，That is, the emperor is the king of the world，Also the largest sect in the world。relative to the emperor，The princes are their ministers in political relations，At the same time, it is a small clan in terms of clan relationship。Follow this "formula" and so on，In one country，It evolved into a prince and the king of a country，Another big one in his country。What a minister is to the king，Just like the princes are to the emperor，As a subject of the king，Another domestic small sect。Same，At Doctor Qing’s home，Doctor Qing is the head of the family，Also the leader of the clan。The relationship between Ershi and Qing Dafu，It is like a high official to a king，Princes to the Emperor，As a political subject，Another small clan clan。Follow this "formula" to deduce it，Any vampire group of a certain size，Even among the common people，There will be this unification of political relations and clan relations。In other words，Everyone must follow the patriarchal tradition。Actually，This is to confuse the clan bet365 score with special political significance implemented in the Zhou Dynasty with our common clan bet365 score in the general sense。The early stages of primitive society and civilized society，Vampire groups are often committed to building a clan bet365 score that can effectively organize their members，To generate stronger group power。The patriarchal bet365 score is a clan bet365 score driven by this purpose。But this is not the key to the problem。The key is，The patriarchal bet365 score is just one of the various clan systems invented by human society，Not the entire clan bet365 score。This is just like what famous experts in the Warring States Period said: a white horse is not a horse，The denotation and connotation of the two concepts are not consistent。The patriarchal bet365 score contains richer specific content，Therefore its extension is smaller compared to the clan bet365 score。Patriarchal bet365 score is the next level concept subordinate to clan bet365 score。Obviously，Understand the patriarchal bet365 score only from the general attributes of the clan bet365 score，Thinking that wherever there is blood connection, everyone must practice the patriarchal law，It will inevitably lead to a misunderstanding of the patriarchal bet365 score。Only if you understand the special content of patriarchal bet365 score as a kind of clan bet365 score，This is when we truly understand the patriarchal bet365 score。Actually，The ancient ritual books have clearly described the specific and special contents of the patriarchal bet365 score。This is what the "Book of Rites: Notes on Mourning Clothes" says in "Book of Rites: Notes on Mourning Clothes" that "the other son is the ancestor"，Succession to the clan，The person who succeeds you will be the Xiaozong" and what is said in "The Great Biography" that "there is a sect that will never change for a hundred generations，If there are five generations, the sect will move。The one who never changes for generations，After Biezi。The one who succeeded his son，The one who never changes for the rest of his life。The one who succeeded the great ancestor，Those who moved in the fifth generation are also "etc.。A bastard is a bastard who cannot inherit the throne。The records in these ritual books are very clear，A special clan group formed according to the patriarchal bet365 score，It started from the monarch’s farewell son，There is no patriarchal relationship between the legitimate son and the concubine who inherit the throne。This is conclusive evidence that the patriarchal bet365 score distinguishes between monarchy and clan。Otherwise, why not directly acknowledge the emperor or king who is actually related by blood，And take a certain emperor or king as their ancestor?？From the records in "Book of Rites"，There is indeed something strange about the patriarchal bet365 score，Because this racial arrangement isolates the monarch from the blood kinship that humans naturally develop，Making the monarch (including the prince) a "unparalleled person"。Juntong、The reason why the dual lineage theory is relatively “minor” in contemporary times，It is precisely because its institutional construction is far from our common sense。Obviously，Why did the Zhou Dynasty construct such a special clan bet365 score？Adhere to "Book of Rites" and Zheng Jianjun、Scholars who believe in two points of view，This question must be answered in depth，In order to be truly convincing。However，The handed down Confucian classics and commentaries of the past dynasties are often self-talking circular discussions，It does not profoundly reveal the political nature of such an institutional design，So much so that this problem has remained unsolved for thousands of years。

1956，Jin Jingfang wrote the article "On the Patriarchal bet365 score"，Use Marxism’s two production theories about human society，Greatly promoted the research on this issue。Engels pointed out，Various systems of human society，Constrained by the development stage of labor，Also restricted by the development stage of the family。The less labor develops，The social bet365 score is increasingly restricted by blood relations。It is from Engels’s discussion，Jin Jingfang found the key to solving the problem of patriarchal bet365 score。The patriarchal bet365 score is a new bet365 score established by the Zhou people，At this time, China has already entered a civilized society，The development of labor has provided favorable conditions for people to reduce the constraints of blood relations。At the same time，Political relations、Class relations have developed greatly。Although blood relations and political relations still coexisted in the society at that time，However, there is a trade-off between the development of these two relationships。The Zhou people created and implemented the patriarchal bet365 score during this historical stage，The purpose is not to perfect the blood clan bet365 score that already existed in the primitive clan stage，But it is necessary to use the original blood relationship to serve real politics，At the same time, we must not let the naturally developed blood relationship infringe on the political relationship between the monarch and his ministers that has been formed and is constantly strengthening。Therefore，For the political purpose of maintaining the monarchy，We must exclude those harmful to political relations in blood relations。So，Although the patriarchal bet365 score still retains the shell of the clan bet365 score in form，Also taking advantage of the kinship organizational relationships within clan groups，But its essence is a political bet365 score that serves the rule of the monarch。Since humans entered civilized society，Political relations have become the core of all organizational relations in human society，Profoundly affects various organizational relationships formed in people's production and life practices。Standing on the theoretical high point of Marxism，Zhou people regard Biezi as their ancestor，Take succession as the sect，This special design that dismisses the monarch as a "unparalleled person"，It can’t be the imagination of Confucian scholars，It can only be an institutional arrangement that will inevitably appear when the primitive blood relationship develops into the Zhou Dynasty。Because there is only the emperor、The highest rulers, the princes, seize or eliminate the clan，Only in this way can we effectively prevent the natural blood relationship from infringing on the real hierarchical relationship between monarch and ministers。

Same as patriarchal bet365 score，The well field bet365 score is also one of the ancient systems that traditional scholars focus on，But it is generally questioned by scholars in contemporary times。This is because of the Confucian design of this land ownership and farming bet365 score，Beyond our “common sense” understanding or imagination of ancient societies, especially ancient societies。Hu Shi based on the morphological characteristics of the "dried tofu style" that is too neat in the Jingtian bet365 score，Think it can only be an ideal design of Confucianism，It cannot be a historical fact。Guo Moruo、Although Fan Wenlan and other older generation scholars acknowledge the existence of the well-field bet365 score，But I also think that Mencius’ specific description can only be a “utopian ideal”。Unfortunately，Study ancient history based on the “common sense” of modern people’s lives，Perhaps it goes against the scientific "common sense" of historical research - that is, the scientific "historicist" stance and attitude of grasping historical facts from the historical connections and processes of change。Admittedly，The specific content of the well field bet365 score comes from the later documents handed down from ancient times such as "The Rites of Zhou" and "Mencius"，And the relevant institutional arrangements may include the subjective design of Confucianism at that time。But why did Confucianism in the Warring States Period design such a well-organized well field bet365 score that seemed difficult to implement？Social existence determines social consciousness，Only the "pedantic" characteristics of Confucianism are used to explain this bet365 score design，It’s not convincing enough。After all，Everyone in the world competes for strength and annexes、The Warring States Period when unified as a common political goal，Design a bet365 score that is completely beyond or even contrary to the common sense of the supreme ruler，It is nothing less than an act of academic “suicide”，How can Confucianism take the lead in the academic environment where a hundred schools of thought contend，Get a place to survive？What deserves more attention is，Although the Confucianism of the Warring States Period represented by Mencius was regarded by the people of the time as "far-fetched and broad-minded"，Also rated as "well-informed but few important" by the Han people，Too much effort but little result”，But none of these criticisms mean that their doctrines are fabricated or forged，It means that their ideas did not meet the social and political needs of the time，The so-called "wider than things"。Confucianism since Confucius，The official theory is "Ancestors of Yao and Shun"，Characteristics of "Charter Civil and Military"，The five emperors and three kings have become the discourse style of Confucianism，This is also the original meaning of "distance" as people said at the time。Although it cannot directly meet the political needs of the time，But this academic feature of Confucianism can exactly explain the ancient bet365 score they described，They should all have their own origins，Believable。Obviously，Regarding the description of the well field bet365 score in Confucian works，Give an understanding consistent with historical conditions，Instead of simply dismissing it，This is the scientific attitude and academic responsibility that historians should have。

As early as the early 1960s，Jin Jingfang has written several papers and lecture reports on the well field bet365 score。1981，He published another long academic article "On the Minefield bet365 score"，Serialized in 4 issues of "Journal of Social Sciences of Jilin University"，Concentrated expression of his thinking on this fundamental bet365 score in the socio-economic field of the Pre-Qin Dynasty for more than 20 years。He pointed out，Hu used “dried tofu cubes” to describe the well field，Although not Zhuangyu，But it just touched the real characteristics of the well field form，Not only cannot it be used as a reason to deny the well field bet365 score，On the contrary, it is a strong basis to prove the historical existence of the well field bet365 score。Classic writers have described in various discussions this kind of cultivated land form and land bet365 score that existed widely in the early stage of civilized society, that is, during the period of rural communes - the Mark commune bet365 score。Marx once vividly described it as "checkerboard-shaped cultivated land"，This is almost the same as Hu Shi’s description of the shape of “dried tofu cubes” in Jingtian。It’s just that Marx made an objective description based on the actual phenomenon，Hu Shi simply denied this historical fact based on his general so-called "common sense" or "experience"。The reason why there is such a land form and institutional arrangement that is beyond people’s “common sense”，It is determined by the historical conditions of the early civilization stage that just developed from primitive society。This historical stage，Although society has experienced serious social stratification，State power can no longer directly reflect the demands of its ordinary residents，But the principle of equality of the ancient clan still occupies an important position in various social behaviors。Under this specific historical condition，The well field bet365 score that most intuitively embodies the principle of equality and the Mark commune bet365 score in Europe exist widely。Relevant discussions about rural communes with the help of Marxism，Jin Jingfang truly solved this major issue in the field of early Chinese land bet365 score research。

　　Go deeper into the actual practice of bet365 score to enrich Marxist historical research　　

Marxism is the core driving force for the development of contemporary Chinese history。It is undeniable，In the process of applying Marxist theory to study ancient Chinese history，Some researchers simply apply Marxist historical theories and even some specific conclusions to China，Created chaos in the study of ancient Chinese history。For example，About the origin of Chinese civilization、Research on issues related to the development of early civilization and early social structure，Some scholars divide the five social forms according to Marxism，Simply regard slave society as the first historical stage of entering civilized society，And mistakenly believe that class antagonism between slaves and slave owners is the main social contradiction in slave society。What’s especially outrageous is，They also believe that only ancient Greek-style slaves whose masters tied them with ropes are standard slaves，Thus in the study bet365 score origin of Chinese civilization and the history of early civilization development，Find this "standard slave" with all your strength，And simplify the class struggle in slave society to the struggle between the two major classes of slaves and slave owners。Actually，The dogmatism of this theoretical application，Not only does it ignore the historical reality of ancient China，I don’t really understand Marxism either。Classic writers have long pointed out，Slaves did stage uprisings or riots，But they have never been able to create a "conscious majority"，Thus in the process of historical development，Tend to become “a pawn bet365 score ruling class”。Society is divided into two major classes that are directly opposed to each other - the proletariat and the bourgeoisie，Only in the stage of capitalist development did it finally appear。Jin Jingfang’s relevant discussion based on Marxism，Believe that class antagonism and struggle certainly existed in China’s early civilized society，But this confrontation and struggle is manifested as confrontation and struggle between different social classes，It is not a direct confrontation and struggle between slaves and slave owners。Jin Jingfang’s research on classes and class struggle in the Western Zhou Dynasty，On the premise of thoroughly understanding the essence of Marxist theory，Deep into the reality of ancient Chinese history，The final result is the organic combination bet365 score two。He divided the ruling class in the Western Zhou Dynasty into the royal family、Office、There are four levels of officials, officials and scholars，The ruled class will be classified as common people、Business and Industry、Zao Li、Mu Yu and others。Although they are all the ruled class，But there are class differences in social status。There are freedmen among them，There are also slaves who have lost their personal freedom。Therefore，Class struggle in the Western Zhou Dynasty，Including both the struggle between the ruling class and the ruled class，Also includes struggles between different classes within the ruling class。Like the Chinese riots in the late Western Zhou Dynasty，It is a fierce class struggle held by the free people and low-level nobles within the ruling group to resist the royal tyranny。And in this fight，No slaves involved。Such a conclusion is undoubtedly closer to the reality of ancient Chinese history，And it truly enriches the historical research of Marxism。

The above is just a brief introduction to Jin Jingfang’s main achievements in using Marxist theory to study ancient Chinese history。In fact，In the history of pre-Qin thought that he was involved in、The periodization of ancient history and the modernization of traditional culture and many other academic fields，Everyone can see the profound influence of Marxist theory on their research。Jin Jingfang uses Marxist theory，On the one hand, it promotes the in-depth study of ancient Chinese history，And pointed out a correct direction for the modernization process of China’s excellent traditional culture；On the other hand, through specific discussions on ancient Chinese history，Enriching the historical research of Marxism。bet365 score precious academic legacy he left behind，It is worthy of serious consideration by future historical researchers、Actively inherit and carry forward。

　　(Mr. Xie Wuliang's evaluation of bet365 score's "Yitong"，The first time I saw the book "Chronicles of Mr. bet365 score" written by Lu Wenyu，Thank you！）

(Author’s unit: Department of bet365 score History, College of Liberal Arts, Jilin University)