"On the occasion of heaven and man" is an important issue for the pre -Qin sons，Its results are a big view。Guo store Chu Jian was buried from the middle of the 4th century BC to early 3rd century BC，Its ideological form is between Confucius and Mencius，Most scholars think that the Confucian bamboo slips are related to the Simon School。Among the 804 bamboo slips unearthed from Guo store，"Lao Tzu", "Tai Life Water", "Saying Way" is a more obvious Taoist material，The other thirteen articles are regarded as Confucian works。In the latter's "Poor Da Shi Time", "Five Elements", "The Way of Faithfulness", "The Time of Nature", "Sexual Fate", "Congs Cluster", "Language Three", "Zun Deyi", "Tang Yu", "Tang Yu", "Tang Yu" The problem of heaven and man involved in the way of heaven and man，and the handed down literature "The Analects of Confucius", "Mencius", "Xunzi"，and Ma Wangdui Book、Shangbo Jian、Tsinghua Jian and other related content see，Show the unique view of heavenly human view, especially the destiny theory，It constitutes an important part of the pre -Qin Confucianist view。

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Feng Youlan once interpreted the ancient Chinese's understanding of "sky" as five types，is the sky of the vast material that is relative to the ground、Fortunate natural nature、The dominance of the person in the sense of personality、Determine the inseparable destiny of life、The morality of the humanity of the humanity。It should be said that Feng Youlan's classification is relatively comprehensive。but but，In ancient Chinese literature，The various meanings of "Sky" are not developing along the linear logic along with irrational to rational.，but different meanings intertwined in various periods，Related understanding needs to be combined with the times and text analysis。"Shang Shu" "but the parents of all things in the world，Only the Spirit of Tombs "，It laid the uniqueness and limited nature of "people" in the "three talents" of heaven and earth。Uniqueness is the people in the heavens and the earth are expensive，Limited is that the shape of a man exists in the heavens and the earth but cannot be surpassed，The tension between the two constitutes the basis for understanding the bet365 best casino games relationship between heaven and human relations。The records of "Folk God are not mixed" and "Jedi Tiantong" implied the period when the ancient heavenly people are indiscriminate。This kind of mixed thinking is still endless in Shang and Zhou dynasties，If the King of Shang "I am born in the sky" ("Shang Shu") and King Zhou Wu "Ting Yu Tian" ("He Zun")，Not only explains that the dominance of the person in the sense of personality always exists，It also reflects the entanglement of the two points of the heaven and the heavens.，Continued in ancient Chinese thinking。

As the same period、Confucian literature unearthed from the same tomb，Discussion on the relationship between the bet365 best casino games relationship between heaven and man is in common。"Poor Dada Time" begins the article "Some people，Heavenly people have points。The division of the heavenly people，Knowing what I do "。Different heaven and man，each has its own position、Function。Manpower cannot determine destiny，Naturally, you cannot violate the destiny; destiny cannot determine human resources，Naturally, it cannot deny human resources。I am rather，Destiny and manpower are the relationship between binary and parallel。Destiny is manifested as "time", "world", "encounter"，That is the whole world where a person survives，Personnel encounters reflected in the space -time environment of where they are。It is inevitable、At first，Living in my life，Affected by it。"The Way of Faithfulness" said: "Unexpected and metable people，Life also "，Destiny cannot be set in advance，The result of human behavior is accidental，That is the reality of life and the ideal destiny，It is not necessarily consistent with causal connection。

"Cluster 1" said, "There is a life and life，There is something famous "，That is, after one day, the quality of all things，Then there is an image of everything，To name it。People are also one of all things，Its concept of human luns is human -itative as Renyi Zhongxin。Destiny source from heaven，"Sexual Fate" said, "Sexuality，Life from the heavens "，The quality of the human is derived from the destiny，That is, "The Mean" is "the predicate of destiny"，The fate of a person is also under the shadow of heaven。but but，People are not completely incompetent，but you can have a noble mind，Due to the transcendence of its spirit and opposition。"Xunzi" cloud: "The division Bet365 app download of the heavens and people，Then it can be described as people。"Dynasties to distinguish between heaven and man is a prerequisite for practical life meaning。

"Five Elements" has a cloud: "Good，Humanitarian; De，Tiandao also。"Humanity is righteousness and wisdom.，It can also be implemented with good virtues outside，Tiandao contains five virtues of benevolence, wisdom and wisdom，Especially emphasizing the inherentness and transcendence of "holy"、in the upper sex。The division of heaven and man has evolved into a metaphysical difference between the two。Next，"Five Elements" also said "Sheng Shi Tian，Knowing "" ""，，Tiandao also "" Sua An，，Respect，Humanity also "" also born of them，Tianye。The people are applied，狎。Ruwen King is a natural sage，Born and internal virtue、Five Elements of Five Elements of Foreign Line，or even within it，The presentation of virtue does not affect the fullness of virtue; while 闳、San Yisheng and other auxiliary ministers are applied to the world with their virtues of the five elements，The function of virtue is presented as heavy。So，The division of heaven and man is not only realistic，It is also the theory of realm。

　　Back to myself

Understanding of the world If you only stay in heaven and people，Easy to flow to destiny or fate，The reason for the blessing of the lives of people is out of the external destiny，For example, Zixia said in the "The Analects of Confucius", "Deadly Life and Life，Rich in the sky "。but but，Zixia said after quoting this saying, "Gentleman respects without losing，Gel with others，Within the four seas，All brothers also "，A gentleman to cultivate morality is the fundamental intention of Zixia's theory。Because the current unknown to the future，The so -called "fate" is often an explanation or external reason，Explanation will flow in language games。So，Mencius said, "Mu Fei also，Alo the positive，It is the one who knows that the life is not standing below the rock wall "，Require people to "do everything"。That is to say，It is because we cannot predict the fate and results of the next step，The so -called "knowing life" is not to know the future，Instead of seeing the uncertainty of the future，Follow the control of myself rather than external control。So，Mencius said, "Everyone who wants to be blessed"，The reason why you want Bet365 lotto review to "reflect on yourself"，It is because "seeking what you get，Loss of the house，It is beneficial to gain，Seeking to be in me also。Seeking a way，Destiny，It is not good for gain，Seeking to be a foreigner "。What about the result of "Find Foreign"，It is impossible to meet; the gentleman should chase himself，The result is also the accident of fate，But what people can control is their own cognition and action rather than external results or consequences。

"Cheng Wen Zhi" says that the saint has "Tiande"，It is the result of "be careful of yourself" and then "Shun Tian Chang (Tao)"。"Poor Dada Time" is based on "encounter" as a basis for，List the famous ministers who have only showed up with the heroes of Sun Shuao。But "I don't meet，Tianye "，Non -human can grasp，"Someone，，Although Xianfu Xing。Gou has its own world，Why is it difficult? "On the surface，This expression seems to attribute the reason for the reason，that is external factors。But，"Poor Da Shi Time" also said, "Moving is not to be Da also，So poor but not grieving。Hidden Fei is also the name，Therefore, do not know without hesitation "，Your own behavior does not deliberately pursue a certain purpose，How is the result of nature、Water to the channel。"Poor Dada Time，Dexingyi also "" So gentleman dong in the opposite self "，The focus of this thinking is not outside the time，Instead of returning to myself，Cultivate my own morality。Molying for morality does not necessarily cause good and beautiful consequences，Even the opposite expected，But how does the result not affect the aspirations and actions of self -cultivation。The end of the "Five Elements" said, "Those who smell the way，Good virtue "also"，Its subject is 闳 闳、San Yisheng these non -born saints，They are not satisfied with the four humanity of the righteousness and wisdom，and chasing the inner virtue is enough to achieve the "holy" situation，The realm of the "Five Elements" is realized，Therefore, in fact, I actually grasped my destiny completely，No difference between the sages of the king in the realm。In this sense，The distinction between Tiandao and humanity is not inseparable。

The so -called "poor" and "Da"，Is the sidewalk in the secular sense。Zhuangzi once made "poverty" and "fatigue".，"Zhuangzi · Shanmu" said: "Scholars have morals that cannot do，Abundant also; clothing Bet365 app download for clothing，Poverty also，Non -tired also，This so -called non -time。"The Confucian Taoism does not use economic theory，and whether the value of its own value, especially political ideals, realize the theory of Tongyi。The so -called "time"，Of course refers to the timing、Shi encounter，More importantly, the time change。Yuan Ru Wu Cheng said, "Time is time，Mo Prepare "Yi" "，The center of Yixue is changing at time、Easy to change，That is, the so -called "Tibetan device，To move time "。The external time is changing，The so -called "device"，That is the morality and ability that people can grasp，With this, it should be connected to the outside world that should not be changed。So，Based on the division of heaven and man，The pre -Qin Confucianism first emphasizes people。

　　Heaven and Man Unity

Liang Tao wrote a article pointed out，"The division of heaven and man and heaven and man always accompanies，The unity of heaven and man who does not talk about heaven and people，Nor does not talk about the division of heaven and man who is united by heaven and man "，The theory of this is。Xunzi criticized Zhuangzi "to cover the sky without knowing people"，The end is that "Zhuangzi · Shanmu" interprets "people and Tianyi" as "someone，Heaven also;，Yi Tianye。People cannot have a sky，Sex also "。Zhuangzi recognizes that heaven and people are divided and then closed，But the meritorious to eliminate people in the natural naturalness，The current situation that the sky is naturally becomes the superior concept of understanding the world，It is a way of artificially irritating; and the expression of "knowing what is impossible and peaceful"，Make people drowns below natural，Easy to move towards passive and passive。

，Returning to himself is not like Mozi "non -life" to break the limit of life; nor is Yang Zhu's everything heaven to defend his own heavenly life。but said，On the one hand, follow a certain moral practice life in Confucian language，On the other hand, limited your behavior with heaven，At the same time through your own moral cultivation，Re reachs the same way of thinking as heaven or the realm of survival。

The opposite of Taoism，The focus of daily saying "do everything to listen to the destiny" or "seeking things in people in the sky" is "people" rather than "heaven"，Manpower is the part that Confucianism is more valued。Confucius does not say "sex and Bet365 app download heaven" and more ethics such as righteousness, righteousness, and loyalty.，This is here。"Congs Cluster I" said, "Know the Heaven"，Knowing the person for，Then know，Know and then know life "，Acknowledge that heaven and people have their own positions，can you know that fate is not controlled by yourself，Then convert thinking and return to yourself，It is possible to break through the restraint of the sky。"Zun Deyi" said, "There is a confidant but not knowing life，Unknown and unknown "，"Knowing" is an active behavior，People cover the restrictions of heaven with their own initiative with their own unique wisdom surpassing all things。Destiny cannot guarantee the perfection of nature，But its tendency is to guide people to good，"Smell the Tao reverse，Tribunal also;，Lower hand -over;，Credit also ...。For ordinary people，Destiny determines the direction of manpower，Human manpower catering to the development of destiny is the restriction of surpassing heaven，to achieve the unity of people's unity and destiny，The so -called heaven and man is unified。So，Confucianism passes through the Confucius -Guojian Confucian Jane -Mencius and other publicity and control of the heavens，Finally moved to "Destiny" for "Destiny" for people。This theory is not a unilateral person who can win the sky、People need to make sky，Instead, the two -way heaven and man interaction used by heaven、People Tianheyi。

Guojian Rujian talks about the bet365 best casino games relationship between heaven and man，The most explained is actually "German"，"Six Germans" and "Respecting Deyi" and other discussions about Germany and how Daide are concerned about people，"Time", "World", "Meet" and other external factors such as fate，Not the center of its concern。The so -called determination，Focus on your own morality instead of the situation、How to meet time，Gentleman's pursuit of good virtue itself，The result is not what you should worry about。In this sense，Guo Dian Rujian presents a pure pursuit of virtue。

Last，The transformation of the future life view is worthy of people reflection。First，utilitarian steering after Qin and Han dynasties。For example, "The Golden Mean" said, "The Great virtue will get the place，Must get its Lu，It will get its name，It will have a longevity ... so the big virtue will be killed "，With status、Economy、Famous、Shouyao is an inevitable bet365 Play online games result of cultivation，Not in line with actual，It is also pursuing the process of self -improvement with Guo Dianru, not the result is different。2，Vulgarization after Qin and Han dynasties。The so -called "position", "Lu", "Name", "Shou" are all the real pursuit of this shore world，Lack of transcendence and inner spiritual appeal。Lost of the original intention of the original Confucianism，It is an important reason why Confucianism reconstructs science and mind under the pressure of Buddhism。third，Ancient Confucianism described the relationship between destiny and heaven and man with moral cultivation such as benevolence and wisdom，It can no longer take virtue as the only demand in contemporary contemporary，and pay more attention to intellectual、Rules、Emotional factors, etc.。Only through contemporary creative transformation and innovative development，Confucian people's view of heaven and human beings can emerge from the vitality of the era。

　　(This article is the Study of the State Social Science Fund project "Research on the Interactive Stream Change of the Nature 'Nature' 'Nature' 'Significant' '‘ Nature ’’ ’’ -of -do ”(21BZX060) phase results)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy and Law and Government of Shanghai Normal University)