Yang Kuan (1914-2005)，Baihejiang Town, Qingpu, Jiangsu (now Shanghai Qingpu Baihe Town)，Word wide，Famous Experts of Pre -Qin History。Graduated from Shanghai Private Guanghua University in 1936，Master Cong Lu Si Mian、Jiang Weiqiao、Qianji Bo, etc.。1936，Participate in the preparation of the Shanghai Museum of Shanghai。1946，President of the Shanghai Museum of Shanghai，Professor of History Department of Guanghua University。After 1949，Continue to be the curator of the Shanghai Museum。1953，Professor of History Department of Fudan University。1959，Director of the Deputy Director of the Institute of History of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences。1970，Tune to the History Department of Fudan University。Dist on September 1, 2005。

Yang Kuan as the Secretary of the Director of the Shanghai Cultural Relics Submitting Committee、Director of the Organization Office of the Antiques、Director of the Shanghai Museum、The first to the 3rd vice chairman of the Chinese Society of Pioneers。Yang Kuan is the pioneer of the China Museum's business，Participate in the establishment of Shanghai Museum，And long -term as the curator，Construction for the Shanghai Museum、Development has made great contributions; he has made a significant contribution to the protection of the national treasure Mao Gongding and the prevention of bronze wares from Liyu Village, Shanxi Hunyuan, Shanxi。other，Yang Kuan also participated in the ancient history of the editor -in -chief，Edited "Chinese History Atlas" pre -Qin Dynasty、Personal point "Song History" and other jobs。

Yang Kuan's school involves Mozi、Ancient History Legend、Western Zhou Dynasty、History of the Warring States Period、Scientific and technological history and institutional history，Main works include "Introduction to Ancient Chinese History", "History of the Warring States Period", "History of the Western Zhou Dynasty", "The Editorial Certificate of the History of the Warring States Period", "Research on the History of Ancient Chinese Metropolitan City", "Research on the History of Ancient Chinese Matsters" "Development History", "Ancient History of New Detective", "Ancient History Exploration", "History of History: Yang Kuan's Autobiography", "Yang Kuan Academic Essays", "Yang Kuan History Pickup", "Yang Kuan History Lecture" and "Yang Kuanshu Collection"。Yang Kuan published more than 10 monographs in life，Published more than 360 articles，The writing is quite abundant。

Well -known，The 1920s and 1930s，There are three major debates in the academic community，respectively: Whether there is a Jingtian system、The authenticity of the legend of ancient history、Social nature of ancient China，Corresponding to "The Ancient Pai of Wang Guowei", "Suspects headed by Gu Jiegang", "Social History with Marxism as a guidance"。Yang Kuan obtained revelation through reading these debates: "，Trip long，to enrich and improve your research ability "。

Yang Kuan believes that social historical theory has a positive significance，The main impact of this argument is to drive the research work in China's social and economic history in the future，It has caused the atmosphere of the study of social and economic history in the future of history，Corrected the bias of the past historical workers' deviation of political history and cultural history，Start seeing social and economic history as the basis of political and cultural history and attach importance to "。For example, the achievements of economic history such as "Research on Ancient Field Systems" and "Chinese Economic History" published by Kato in the Japanese academic community，The Chinese academic community has a semi -monthly magazine that specializes in the results of economic history research。Affirming the positive impact of the social history view，Yang Kuan also affirmed the representative of the social history.、The contribution of the Oracle and the golden text of the Zhou Dynasty，Its "Book of Ci Tong" and "Two Week Golden Cultural List List Examination Examination Explanation" first systematically studied the Oracle and Jinwen。Wish to know，Yang Kuan is the main force of the later period of bet365 Play online games ancient history.，In the early period of ancient history,，I rarely quote the insights of the Material History Fang，while Yang Kuan is not restricted by faction，A large number of quoted Guo Moruo's opinion in the "Introduction to the Ancient History of China" published in 1940，Give high evaluation。For example，Gu Jiegang believes that all nationalities have their ancestors and worship different gods，To the Warring States Period，Many small nations are annexed by several big powers，So someone changed the ancestors of various countries and the gods of the gods into vertical systems。Yang Kuan does not agree with this view，The system he thinks the legend of ancient history，It is due to the differentiation and reorganization of the two major mythology systems of Yin people -Dongyi and Zhou people。So，Yang Kuan praised Guo Moruo's "Ancient Chinese Social Research" and "Ci Tong Cong".，Think that Shun is Emperor、The point of view of Gao Zuyi。Another example，The language of the language is rumored to write an error due to changes in ancient and modern fonts，Leading the later scholars Wang Wensheng，Put the clutch attached。Yin Zhou bronze inscriptions are both multiple names，The inscription of the soup cited by the "University" said "Gou Ri Xin，another new "is an exception。Guo Moruo in "Tangpan Confucius" is based on the discussion of the Du Du Dao Ming, who suspects that Tang Zhi Ming should be "brother and Xin，Ancestor and Xin，Father and Xin "。The reason why there are misunderstandings，It is due to damage at the top of the inscription，Therefore, "Brother" is "Gou"，Mistake "and" is "Japan"，Mistake "Father" is "again"。Can't explain it，So it is attached to its meaning，Read "Xin" as "New"，Therefore, it becomes "Gou Ri Xin，New，New Day "。Because the word "father" is lacking，Near "again" and "again"，"And" the word "and lack of，Near "Day" shape，"Brother" mistake "Gou"。Interpretation of this，Yang Kuan believes that this is Guo Moruo's "giant eyes"! 1946，Yang Kuande and Guo Moruo formally met。According to Yang Kuan's memory: "Guo Moruo lived in Hongkou at that time，There is a small wooden house number hanging at the door of his house，Write a word ‘Guo’ as a mark，It is very close to the museum there，He has come to the museum many times to talk or borrow books。At that time, he was editing "The Complete Works of Wen Yiduo"，See Young Yizhi Discussing Fuxi's Myth's article quoted to my "Introduction to Ancient Chinese History"，He made a special trip to，Read the seventh volume of "Ancient History"。Tong Shuye and I have also visited his home many times，Talk about archeological and cultural issues。Once he took out the draft of the "Qin Cursing Chu Wen Tao" he just wrote to solicit opinions。What we are talking about is academic questions，He is very talkative，But the hearing is very poor。"Yang Kuan was the director of the Shanghai Museum of the Museum of Museum。But because of the debate in the 1920s and 1930s，Yang Kuan can be more rational to look at the advantages and disadvantages of social history theory wars。He believes that there are some disadvantages in articles he believes in social history theory，For example, the materials used in use are inaccurate，The method of demonstration is far -fetched，No in -depth analysis of the development of socio -economic history，Social development formulas on materials，Even if you pay attention to the reference material Guo Moruo，Sometimes some small problems are inevitable。

In the academic research of Yang Kuan's life，The obvious academic steering before 1949 has two times，Starting from Mozi Study in 1926，1933 Slowly turned to the study of ancient history，In 1939, I turned to the history of the Warring States Period，The "History of the Warring States Period" later became its masterpiece，Visible，This turn is very important for Yang Kuan。So what caused him to turn to the history of the Warring States Period? Yang Kuan said in his later years and said: "Through the comprehensive investigation of this theory (social historical theory -author note)，Let me realize the importance of studying the history of socio -economic development，It is indeed the key to solving the historical evolution process，But I want to solve the key issues of the history of China's socio -economic development with personal strength，Is impossible，Only choose the key issues bet365 best casino games of them，Perform solidity、Deep exploration，Cooperation with each other，Together in Qi Head，It is possible to gradually solve a series of key problems。""，Social History and War made Yang Kuan realize the important history of socio -economic development，But if you want to study the history of China's socio -economic development for thousands of years, it is impossible，Only scholars each choose an important field to explore in -depth exploration，Only a series of key issues in the history of China's socio -economic development can be solved one by one。

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After the founding of New China，A large -scale learning and promotion of Marxism have been set off nationwide。Yang Kuan, then the curator of the Shanghai Museum，Enter the state soon，Combining learning and work。

Before liberation of Shanghai，Yang Kuan as the curator of the Shanghai Museum of Shanghai。May 27, 1949，Shanghai Jiefang。June 22，Hu Zhiming, the Municipal Education Department of the Shanghai Cultural Management Association, officially took over the museum。At the reception meeting，Yang Kuan gave a welcome word first，Then Hu Zhiming reads the takeover command，Announced the takeover policy，Require all employees to serve as usual。and emphasize that there should be a new style of work in the future，If the laborer came to visit if you launch and guide the labor public，Edit "Chinese People's Culture History Book", etc.。The so -called new style，That is to promote and learn Marxism，This is very clear in the letter from Yang Kuan to the letter of the Shanghai Military Control Committee on August 25，"The research department of this museum plans to compile popular readings，Name is ‘Little Book of the History of the Chinese People's Culture’，Its purpose is seeking to popularize the correct historical knowledge，Increase national self -confidence，Improve the level of popular culture，The development of dialectics of the public to understand history，Break superstition，Refers to all decaying things of the feudal ruling class，Commendation of ancient outstanding people's culture，Call the public to actively promote the clear policy of the people's government "。

1950，"How to create people" written by Yang Kuan was published in the 7th issue of "Science Population" (middle school version)，Learning taste。Write the opening article，"Everyone learns the history of social development，Pay attention to a paragraph from ‘from ape to man’。Beijing once held an exhibition，Very big harvest，Now I heard that according to the content of this exhibition, it is taken into a slide。Recently, the Shanghai History Museum and the Shanghai Science and Technology Fire Lantern Work Club has also drawn a set of pictures of ‘from apes to man’，Shooting a slide，The Ministry of Culture of the East China Culture also preparations for a large -scale preparation to hold the 'from ape to people' exhibition。This all shows that the masses attach great importance to the topic of this significant educational significance "。After the opening white，Yang Kuan believes that there are four differences between people and animals: (1) People can make tools，Continuous use of tools，Conquer nature，Reform nature; and animals can only adapt to nature by themselves。(2) Humans have hands and feet，foot can walk upright，Hand can make tools，Use the tools to do a variety of work，Working for labor，Become a "tool for tools"; and animals can only use special organs，Do a special job。(3) Humans can speak，Putting experience and ideas to your companion，At the same time，You can also educate the post -generation generation，Animals cannot。(4) Human thought，Consciousness、Abstract power and inference，Create various social and cultural，Animals cannot。In these four points of human characteristics，The most fundamental difference between people and animals is to make tools。How does human beings different from animals? "We can say for sure，It is entirely due to collective labor。"collective labor has gestures，Created language。Complex labor，You need to use your brain to command，Complex gesture and language，Need the head to command and accept，So，The brain is getting more and more developed。So，Ape Monkey has slowly possessed human characteristics。So，"Engels said 'Labor created people'，Is it true "。"Although bet365 live casino games there are all kinds of people and apes，Basically the difference is only one point，Is ape or animal，People have exceeded the limitations of the animal world，What causes this difference，Still labor。"In short，This article，Yang Kuan is answering a question，How to create people。

In the afternoon of November 19, 1950，Yang Kuan participated in the Symposium on Anti -US Aid and Aid in the Shanghai Branch of the China New History Research Association。According to Gu Jiegang Diary，Also participating in the meeting is Zhougu City、Zhou Yu Tong、Lu Si Mian、Chen Xulu、Jiang Tianshu、Hu Houxuan、Tan Qizheng and others。After the meeting，"The United States has always been a cunning insidious and poisonous aggressor" written by Yang Kuan was published on December 13，The first saying of the article "U.S. imperialist aggression we，Not just started today，It has always been a cunning insidious aggressor，It has always been the enemy of our Chinese people "。Then count how the US emperor invades China in history，Finally, we have to say: "We have an indispensable bloody hatred for the United States。To this day，Our people are liberated，The face of the US Emperor's aggression is even more embarrassing，Trummen、MacArthur、Etison、Dolles and other war traffickers are also more arrogant，Moved the war invading North Korea，occupied Taiwan my country，Always bombing my northeast with planes，More armed Japanese aggression forces，Walking is exactly the old road that Japanese robber agrees with that year，Can we ignore it? "These texts have a strong era and time theory。

January 20 to April 8, 1951，The Cultural Relics Department of the Cultural Ministry of Culture of the East China Military and Political Committee、Shanghai History Museum and Nanjing Literary Education Organs held the 100th Anniversary Exhibition of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising in Shanghai。The content includes amplify the image of the important leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom，Copy the flags and clothing of various Taiping Army，Copy important documents，Drawing important events from previous days into a large picture，Important events are presented by wax figures，Make the 14 -year history of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom，From pioneering to failure，Similarly listed in front of the audience。This exhibition has great influence，According to Yang Kuan's memories: "(Exhibition) caused the entire Shanghai，Every day, the audience is mountains，Culprit，Originally scheduled for one month，Later, it was extended for another month，The audience is still very enthusiastic。Later, this exhibition was transferred to Nanjing、Suzhou and other places continue to display，It is still warmly welcomed by the people。"Gu Jiegang went to the exhibition twice，One of them is to go before the rain。"Gu Jiegang Diary" January 26th: "Go to the horse running hall，Seeing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising Centennial Memorial Exhibition。"March 27th:" Rain with Jingqiu，Go to the Horse Hall to see the Taiping Heavenly State Centennial Memorial Exhibition。”

1959，Yang Kuan filled in a "Overview Form for Faculty"，In the column of work performance: "Gradually facing the masses from the museum business，Gradually master the masses and labor perspectives，Class view and historical perspective，Specific work of the masses，Preparation of ‘from ape to man’、‘Centennial Blood Debt’、‘Taiping Heavenly Kingdom’ and other slides，Host the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising Centennial Memorial Exhibition，and gradually transform the display room。"" In the column of the learning attitude: "Learning，Theoretical learning is deeper，Learn the history of social development，I wrote the learning income as "How to create a person"，Published in the "Science Mass" magazine。Starting from the United States and Aid North Korea，I wrote "The Emperor has always been a cunning insidious and poisonous aggressor" published in the "Wen Wei Po"，Education Education Workers' Union's book "Look at the United States from all aspects"。"So，We can say，In the few years after 1949，Yang Kuan combined with the work of the Shanghai Museum，Earnestly studied Marxism related theory，and think that "theoretical learning is relatively deeper"。It is because of the initial system、Study carefully，Yang Kuan's theoretical of later works was strengthened。

　　Use Marxist history view to study the history of the Warring States Period

Bet365 app download Yang Kuan study the history of the Warring States Period，Beginning with Gu Jiegang's in charge of Qilu University Institute of Studies。The firm was established in 1929，Interrupted due to war。September 1939，Gu Jiegang served as the director of the Institute of Chinese Studies, the Studies Research Institute of Qilu University, which was moved to Chengdu at that time，Invited Lu Siman on the island of Shanghai、Yang Kuan、Tong Shuye and others undertake the research work in the manner of an honorary researcher，Among them, Lu Si Mian wrote the history of Chinese disconnection，Tong Shuye wrote "History of Spring and Autumn"，Yang Kuan edited the history of the Warring States Period。1941 The Pacific War broke out，Japanese army occupying Shanghai Concession，Lu Si Mian、Yang Kuan、After the business of children's business, it is agreed that Shanghai is no longer suitable for residence，So leave Shanghai，Yang Kuan has been living in his hometown of Baihe Town, Qingpu。In the two years and nine months of the seclusion，Yang Kuan focused on editing the history of the Warring States for 240 years，Test the annual historical events and related character activities。After the victory of the Anti -Japanese War，Yang Kuan served as the curator of the Shanghai Museum of Museum。At the same time，1946-1949，According to the materials accumulated during the seclusion，He has published more than 20 articles about the history of Warring States Periods and characters in the "Yishi Daily · Shiyuan" and "Republic of China Daily · Literature and History" edited by Gu Jiegang and the "Southeast Daily · Literature and History Weekly" edited by Wei Jianzheng。

On the basis of the above research，1955 "History of the Warring States Period" was published in the preliminary edition。This book is the first monograph on studying the history of the Warring States Period with the history of Marxist history，Also Yang Kuan's first book to study with Marxist history。Cheng Ruchu said: "The History of the Warring States Period is a historical material and research.、Correct and use Marx Leninist views to study the history of the history of the Warring States Period。"This book has three editions before and after，In the early 1955, only 240,000 words，The revised version of 1980 expanded to 420,000 words，By 1998, the booking was expanded to 560,000 words。The structure framework of the front and rear three editions has not changed much，Basically according to socio -economic changes、Combat and Heng and Intrandment War、Three sections of the development of ideas，The content of the system changes and creation is expanded on the content，The process analysis of the process of coexistence and the war of mergers is more comprehensive、Specific、Deep，A large increase in ideological and cultural content。

The most important change in the History of the Warring States Period is historical theory，The initial edition adopted the social staging view of the Lord of the Western Zhou Dynasty，The revised version is transformed into the feudal theory of the Warring States Period，Added all abandonment of social staging propositions，I believe that Chinese history has unique historical development laws，No Greece、Typical slavery in Rome，and did not experience the feudal system of lords in the European century。Based on this，In the additional book，Yang Kuan opposite the directory、Words、The content has been greatly adjusted。On the directory，Chapter 4 "The change of social system changes between the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period"，The revised version is divided into four sections，The title is "Gradually growing and mature in the mother's fetus in the slave society", "the resistance of the majority of slaves and civilians", "the emerging landlord class of various countries to obtain power", "the main class structure of the Warring States Period"，Zable Book is reduced to three quarters，Title is "Reform of the Farmland System", "Reform and Reform of the Pilotions of Countries", "Changes in Social Structures"，completely deleted the revised version of the second section "The resistance of the majority of slaves and civilians";，Delete or modify words that obviously have Marxist history，such as "slave owner noble" delete "slave master"，"Feudal Political (Economic Reform)" deletes "feudal"，"Tian's Tian's Tian" deletes "emerging landlords";，As the first two editions, there are "Research on the History of the Warring States Period" a section，The content of this section quotes Mao Zedong，Think bet365 live casino games of the position of Marxism、Viewpoint and Method Study History。

Adders in the History of the Warring States Period，Yang Kuan deepened the combination of the classic view of Marxist materialist history and the history of the Warring States Period。If Qin can unify China through mergers and war，In the first edition，Yang Kuan believes that there are three reasons: 1. The peasant uprising destroys or weakened the decaying power of some countries，facilitated Qin's unity; 2. The people in the feudal war played a decisive role，Qin to complete the unification of Qin, which is convenient for politics; 3. Due to the unity of farmers and industrial and commercial industrial and commercial people, and the emerging landlord class，Qin, which is convenient for politics, completes unification。In the revised version，Qin's reasons for the unity of China are four，Apart from a little change in the words，Basically continued the three reasons in the initial edition。One of the reasons for the newly added is: the development of socio -economic，You need to build a unified country。In the middle of the binding book，Yang Kuan believes that the reason for Qin to complete the unification is still four，That is, the people play a decisive role、Qin's merger policy meets the people's wishes、Social and economic development needs、The people are urgently requested to unify。Before and after three editions，All insist on the interpretation of Marxism，That is "the people of the people are the creators of human history"。other，Zeng Dingzhong's cast iron technology in the Warring States Period、In -depth research on the use of iron wares，Open the land、Transformation of land ownership、The composition of the social class、The contradictions and struggles of the upper levels of society and society、Pay attention to issues such as ideological culture，Both of the historical view of the historical materialism and the relationship between productivity and production、Reflects of the classic views of economic foundation and upper -level architecture。

　　The research on the history of China iron smelting has attracted much attention

In "Historical Questions: Yang Kuan's Autobiography"，Yang Kuan's memories study the history of iron smelting，It is to answer the people who visit the museum.，How did the ancient working people in my country create this technology outstandingly? What excellent technology has been mastered to make a sword?。October 1956，"Invention and Development of Ancient Chinese Railway Swallowing Technology"，Yang Kuan pointed out in the preface that there are two purpose of writing this book。First，Clarify the brilliant achievements of the Chinese people in iron smelting technology for more than 2,000 years。Second，Clarify the development process of iron smelting technology in Chinese history。The book summarizes 8 points: 1. China is the earliest country in the world to invent and cast iron technology，Far in the Spring and Autumn Period，The Chinese people have created a large -scale iron smelting drum furnace，Invented the smelting casting iron technology，This invention was 1700 years earlier than Europe。2. The Warring States Period，Can be refined very tough and sharp steel，Used to make a sword。3. The Western Han Dynasty，It has improved due to the technology of raw iron frying cooked iron，Many handicraft tools and weapons have been mostly used with cooked iron forging。At the same time, it also created the smelting method of "Bai Steel"，Further development of steelmaking technology。4. Eastern Han Dynasty，Nanyang area has created hydraulic calligators，Invented the hydraulic turmoil wind furnace，This is 1200 years earlier than Europe。5. The era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties，The structure and equipment of the hydraulic wind furnace have been further improved，Iron smelting fuel began to use charcoal，This is 1000 years earlier than Europe。6. The era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties，"Irrigation Steel" smelting method was invented，Before the modern refining method，It is a prominent invention and creation in the history of the world steelmaking technology。7. The Northern Song Dynasty，Drum wind turbine is changed from the skin to a simple wooden box，This is five or six hundred years earlier than Europe。8. Ming Dynasty，Drum wind turbine has been changed by simple wooden boxes and wooden boxes of the piston and living door device，This is more than 100 years earlier than Europe。great achievements achieved Bet365 app download by showing the people's working people in my country，This shows that the working people have created history，Is the master of history。

It is worth mentioning is，The study of Yang Kuanye's iron history has attracted attention from domestic and foreign scholars。1958，British scholar Lee Joseph Due to seeing "Invention and Development of Ancient Chinese Railway Technology"，When visiting China，See Yang Kuan in Shanghai, dedicated to Shanghai，Discussion with him。According to Yang Kuan's memory: "I published in the book" Invention and Development of Ancient Chinese Iron Swallowing Technology "，The attention of scholars at home and abroad, especially scientific and technological history scholars at home and abroad，British Lee Joseph saw this little book，When he visited China, he asked me to meet at the Jinjiang Hotel，Talking about it for a long time。He agrees with the view of this book，In particular, it focuses on the mother -in -law of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Huaiwen's ‘Cuishang” smelting method and irrigation steel smelting method。He particularly cherishes the results of this research，And to understand the situation of the Chinese academic world's research on the research of scientific and technological history at that time。”

After the first version is published，Yang Kuan did not stop here，Instead of continuing to study in -depth research。1960，Based on the previous research，Published "A Brief History of the Development of the Development of China Turkey Iron Steel and Steel Powerment。This rewriting，It has made great supplements and modifications on the development of iron refining technology and various soil steelmaking technology; and it is discussed.，initially constitutes the outline of the development of iron smelting technology in China。After reform and opening up，Yang Kuan's academic research Ruwan youth，further research on the history of iron smelting，Published "History of the Development of Ancient Railway Swallowing Technology" in 1983。The book in the book discusses the origin of ancient Chinese iron smelting technology and the development trajectory of the feudal society iron smelting technology，The following editor explains the role of ancient Chinese iron smelting technology on the development of social productivity and social change，To show。This book has received a lot of honors after the publication，Won the Outstanding Achievement Award of Shanghai Philosophy and Social Sciences Science (1979-1985)、"The First National History of Science and Technology History Outstanding Book Honor Award"。

The Chinese history of the 20th century is colorful，Marxist history has a special status。Under the guidance of the historical view of materialism，Chinese historical research has achieved great achievements，At the same time，Many excellent historians have emerged，Yang Kuan is one of them with distinctive characteristics。

　(This article is the National Social Science Fund general project "Yang Kuan and the 20th Century Chinese History Research" (20BZS006) staged results)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Yan'an University)