Germany is the earliest high -welfare country that has the earliest policy legislation related to housing security，Under a stable and sound housing market regulation mechanism，The supply of affordable housing was realized in various ways，Meet the basic demand of low -income residents for housing。

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Housing security is an important means to improve the level of citizens。Before World War II，Germany mainly uses unit housing and housing cooperatives as the main form of security housing。After World War II， The rent once occupied more than 1/3 of the monthly income of German residents，It is difficult for many low -income people to rent a satisfactory house in the housing market，Therefore, the German government officially began to promote the construction of the housing security system。The main measure is to build welfare housing，The government funded by the government to multi -children's family、Low -income people and other groups sell or rent，Enhance the regulation of affordable housing，It aims to improve the housing problem of no income residents and low -income residents。After the unification of the two virtues at the end of the 20th century，A series of new bills and reform measures related bet365 best casino games to housing security have been introduced one after another，Local government、Social institutions and third -party housing associations and tenants associations，Began to participate in the construction of affordable housing。2018 federal government requirements，Construction of 1.5 million sets of affordable housing with housing supply subsidies within five years，After the policy is implemented, Germany's own housing rate will reach 46.5%。

The German government proposes a private housing subsidy policy at the same time，That is, the government encourages private investment to build affordable housing，Provide self -owned housing to low -income households with the support of the government to solve the problem of a large increase in the demand for residents' affordable housing。The government is to encourage residents to build or purchase housing，It also provides them with tax reduction and other measures to reduce the burden of residents。At the end of 2020，German population nearly 83 million，About 42.8 million sets of residential stocks，The ratio of its own housing is stable at about 45%。Evaluation of the housing burden capacity of the OECD country (ie, the nominal house prices except for disposable income in the name per capita)，Germany ranked sixth with a housing price income ratio of 122.8 in 2020。

　　Stable House Leasing Market

After World War II，The German government promotes Bet365 lotto review the "Restricted Rental Policy"，Stable housing leasing markets stipulated by the federal government's stipulated rents。Current，The German government stipulates，Rental growth limit shall not exceed 15%within four years，If it exceeds, it will be regarded as illegal act。Restricted rental policy as a basic means of stabilizing the housing rental market，Fundamentally controlled the problem of the growth of German housing rents，The housing rental market is gradually stable and the leased housing ratio reaches about 55%，The government has played an important role in the intervention of housing security。

In the early 21st century，Affected by the global financial crisis，With the occurrence of European refugee tide，German housing security fiscal expenditure is increasingly tightening，Affordable housing accounts for below 5%of the proportion of housing markets，The phenomenon of housing supplies has soared significantly。For this，The German government adjusts the housing leasing policy again。The average rent of each state based on the housing rent market、The highest rent、minimum rent 3 dimensions，Divide the rent market into two types: First, the rent growth is slow and the housing type、Small town that can match the rent -control table with the "simple rental mirror"; the second is the "qualified rental mirror" for cities that can be scientifically calculated by various types of housing data Bet365 lotto review for various types of housing data。other，The federal government has also begun to implement the "rental brake" policy。Each state determines the average rent of the area according to the area of ​​the house，The homeowner can raise it after 15 months of staying for tenants，But it cannot exceed the average rent of the area in the area; the interval between the two ups and downs is more than 12 months and the rent increase within three years cannot exceed 20%。"Rental Shatin" gradually becomes the main means to control rents throughout Germany，Mapses to stabilize the housing rental market，The federal government stipulates that the "rental brakes" plan will be extended to 2025。

"Rental Has" effective implementation，The federal government has promulgated the "frozen rental" policy，Stipulate that affordable leased housing cannot rise in five years。The federal government formulated the minimum requirements applicable to the qualified rental survey in December 2020，and introduce disclosure obligations for tenants and landlords，Standard for rental survey is updated every three years，Qualified rental survey is updated every five years。After implementing this policy，Housing rental growth slowly slowly，Rising rental levels are basically maintained at 3%-5%。

　　Set up housing currency subsidies

German Rental Housing Monetary Subsidy Policy，such as housing subsidy，It is also an important Bet365 app download part of the housing security market。Monetary subsidies to rent housing by the federal and state government，Residents who cannot independent housing solve residential problems，Citizens who are not income enough to rent an appropriate area of ​​housing can enjoy housing subsidies provided by the state。"Appropriate area" standard is 12 square meters per person per person、Children 4 square meters per person。The currency subsidy of the federal government affordable housing is the most basic guarantee form，Divided into housing full subsidies and partial subsidies for housing。Where，Full subsidies for housing are all living subsidies to maintain basic life for residents without income，Partial subsidies for housing are providing some housing rents to low -income residents to maintain a suitable life。German "The Reform of Housing Monetary Subsidies" divides housing subsidies into seven categories according to family size，The number of families that can enjoy housing currency subsidies increased，and ensure that the rent expenditure of each family does not exceed 25%of the income。Since January 1, 2020，A total of about 660,000 low -income families benefit。

To help families with children to buy and build houses，The German federal government stipulates，Provide children with children from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020，After the influence of the new crown pneumonia, the impact of the new bet365 Play online games crown pneumonia continued until March 31, 2021。This plan budget reached 9.9 billion euros，Children in each family can get up to 12,000 euros。This special subsidy policy not only helps many children's low -income families solve housing problems，It has also become an important tool for promoting housing construction。

Various subsidy policies for affordable housing played a role in balanced and stable housing markets in renting housing and purchasing private housing。German residents who have applied for rental housing subsidies in recent years，The cost of the monthly burden on rental housing accounts for 24%of the disposable income，And when applying for private housing subsidies to 20%。Although the economic pressure of the residents who purchase a house is relatively small，But the German government uses 90%of subsidies for leased housing，Therefore, it is easier for families to choose rental housing to get currency subsidies。

　(This article is the National Social Science Fund key project "Fiscal Social security revenue and expenditure policy for international experience in income distribution regulation" (17ajy025) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Finance and Taxation of Northeast University of Finance and Economics)