Zhang Zhongli (1920-2015)，Ancestral home Jiangsu Wuxi，I studied at Shanghai Yucai Middle School in the early years。1941，Graduated from the Department of Economics of St. John, Shanghai (August 1950 merged with Shanghai Institute of Finance and Economics，That is Shanghai University of Finance and Economics)，A bachelor's degree in economics。1953，Get a PhD in economics from the University of Washington。After the Department of Economics at the University of Washington、Assistant researcher at the Far East Institute、Associate Researcher、Associate Professor and other positions，Mainly study the problem of Chinese gentlemen and the history of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom。Give abandonment of Lifetime Faculty of the University of Washington in 1958，Back to China to participate in the construction of New China。Researcher at the Institute of Economics of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences、Room Director、Deputy Director，Executive Deputy Dean of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences、Dean。President of the Shanghai Branch of the China International Exchange Association、Vice Chairman of the Federation of the Social Sciences of Shanghai，President of the Shanghai Ecological Economics Society、Vice President of the Chinese Society of Economic History、Chairman of Shanghai Social Sciences Senior Title Review Committee and other members。Sixth to the 9th National People's Congress Representative。Main works include "British and American Smoke Company in China", "Samson Group in Old China", "Theoretical and Practice of the Third Industry: And the Third Industry Development Strategy", etc.。In the United States，In English, "Chinese gentleman -research on the role of Chinese society in the 19th century", "Chinese gentleman's income", etc.。where，"Chinese Gentleman" was evaluated by "American History Review" as "a study of a major contribution to the history of modern Chinese systems"，Classic works recognized by domestic and foreign modern history。2008，The Chinese translation of the two books is combined into one book，Taking "Chinese Gentleman Research" as the title，Published by Shanghai People's Publishing House。

Zhang Zhongli is a famous economist、Social activist。He was born in the old China in the 1920s，Although the war was still frequent at the time、Time situation chaos，Zhang Zhongli still insisted on completing the elementary school to university studies in Shanghai，Going to the United States in early 1947。During his studies at Washington University in Seattle, he obtained a master's degree、Doctoral degree，，launched two epoch -making works "Chinese gentleman -research on the role of Chinese society in the 19th century" (hereinafter referred to as "Chinese gentleman")、"Income of Chinese Gentlemen"。On the basis of collecting hundreds of historical materials，Social learning、Meritology and other methods，The system examines the Chinese gentleman class，Clarified many problems，Sighs the academic community in the United States，I won a lifetime faculty in Washington University in the United States。but，At that time, he did not forget his mission，When the horn built by New China sounds，His heart to report to the country with his boxing，Listen to the call of the motherland，Exclude all difficulties，Back to the long -awaited motherland in 1958。Affairs to the homeland，Zhang Zhongli participated in the work of the Institute of Economics, the School of Economics, Shanghai Institute of Social Sciences,。During work，He meditates to sort out the vast corporate historical materials，At the same time, translate a large number of Western documents for the relevant departments，Provided important reference materials。

After reform and opening up，Intellectuals ushered in spring，Zhang Zhongli gloriously joined the long -lasting Chinese Communist Party。He strictly observes the party's discipline，Actively give play to your influence in the academic community at home and abroad，Efforts to build a Chinese and bet365 Play online games foreign academic bridge，Expansion academic exchanges，Active Chinese voice in overseas，Tell Chinese Stories。During this period，Zhang Zhongli opened a new academic research field，The powers focusing on the old China，launched a large number of academic influence，It provides useful reference for the development of contemporary economic research。Zhang Zhongli is the earlier use of team collaboration，Study on the city from point to line and the face，Created a new field of urban history research，His book "Modern Shanghai Urban Research", "Southeast Coastal City and Modernization of China" successively won the second prize of Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award、National Social Science Foundation Project Outstanding Achievement Award III Prize。Looking at Zhang Zhongli's academic career，Can be described as rich results，Practicing the original mission of the patriotic and loving party to serve the people。

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Zhang Zhongli can achieve brilliant academic achievements and their early learning、Life experience is inseparable，This laid a solid academic foundation for him。Zhang Zhongli was born on April 10, 1920，Ancestral home Jiangsu Wuxi，My father is a staff member of the Shanghai Post Bureau。Zhang Zhongli ranks second at home，7 brothers and sisters，Little Girl High School Early Dharma due to illness。​​Although there are many brothers，The overhead is very large，But his parents still insist on letting each child receive higher education。His father's education for Zhang Zhongli is very strict，Under the influence of your father's words and brothers, you are competing for me，Zhang's learning atmosphere is very strong，Zhang Zhongli has been studying hard since he was a child，Delivery to serve the motherland。

Autumn 1925，5 -year -old Zhang Zhongli entered He An Elementary School to study。This school is a private school，Principal Mao Jisheng is loved by teachers and students，After being changed to a municipal school in 1927，The Shanghai Education Bureau sent the new principal。Many teachers and students do not agree to change the principal，Students throw a small stone to the new principal。Although this trend only lasted for a few weeks，But left a deep brand in Zhang Zhongli's heart -resisting the old forces。In 1929, he transferred to High Primary School from Nanyang Model Middle School after graduating from He An Chu Primary School。At that time, "South Model" was located in the South Court of Shanghai Jiaotong University，This provides a very useful condition for his pioneering vision。

After the June 28th Incident 1932，Zhang Zhongli shifted from "South Model" to Yucai Middle School。Yucai Middle School is one of the schools established by the Ministry of Industry Bureau of the Public Concession，The school conditions are very good，Chinese and English teaching level is good，Chinese teachers have late Qing Dynasty，Most teachers of other disciplines graduated from foreign universities。Zhang Zhongli can read the original English book，Watch the original English movie without any Chinese subtitles。His excellent foreign language foundation is made at this time，This will greatly help his subsequent academic career。When graduating from high school in Yucai Middle School，Due to excellent grades，Zhang Zhongli speaks at the graduation ceremony on behalf of the graduation class。Usually，I always thank the teacher、Thanks to the principal and the like，But he pointed out that "the school leaders communicate with parents very little，It should be improved "，Can't get the school leader，The whole class graduation certificate is deducted。Despite the serious consequences，But the opinions he put forward is that there are some targeted，Full discussion with students in advance、After forming a consensus, I will not tell the truth at the conference。This is the first practice of Zhang Zhongli as a representative of the masses，But thus forming his future dare to tell the truth、Personality characteristics for the people for the people。

1937 After the outbreak of the Battle of Songhu in 1937，Zhang Zhongli does not abandon his studies，Instead, I entered the University of St. John in Shanghai in the same bet365 Play online games year。At the beginning，Zhang Zhongli's selection is medical science，Due to the many brothers and sisters，The family's economy is tight，He can only do half -time reading，Class in the morning，Experimental experiments in the afternoon，I have to go to the post office to work at night。But，This has not stopped his way of studying。There are more free domination time due to the Department of Economics，Zhang Zhongli transferred to the Department of Economics in the second year，Since then, he has opened his life with economics。The main subject he cultivates is economics，Deputy Division is sociology，Elective courses cover history、Business Law、Sociology、Mathematics and even religion。It is because of this widely involved in various knowledge，This laid a deep and solid knowledge foundation，Created his broad academic vision。

Although Yucai Middle School I studied and St. John John is a school run by foreigners，But Zhang Zhongli did not forget that he was Chinese at all times，The ambition to report to the country has been set up very early。When graduating from middle school，He has left a classmate to a classmate's encouragement to serve the motherland。In 1941, Zhang Zhongli graduated from St. John University，Get bachelor's degree in economics。After the victory of the Anti -Japanese War，He finally waited for the opportunity to continue his studies，I won Columbia University with excellent results、Admission Notice of the University of Colorado and the University of Washington University。

early February 1947，Zhang Zhongli set off to the United States，But the United States is not the end point for his life，It's just a new starting point for academic career，From the moment I went to the United States，He has established the belief that he must learn to return to the motherland。

　Disposter Westward Westward Explanation

After more than 20 days of navigation，Zhang Zhongli finally arrived at the West Coast of the United States，Because of the start of the University of Columbia and the University of Colorado，I chose the University of Washington, which is more flexible in the academic system。The University of Washington has a good academic atmosphere，In 1949，He chose some Marxist classic works such as the Communist Manifesto，Since then, I have been associated with socialism。Even when I arrived in the United States，He did not cut off contact with the motherland，He watched "Overseas Chinese Daily" every day，Follow the development and change of the motherland at all times。

Only by learning a good ability can we better build the motherland，Zhang Zhongli learns various knowledge at the University of Washington and thirsty，Except for the compulsory economics principles，I also elective finances、International Economy、Trade、Monetary Banking and Economic History Course，I even listened to a labor history lesson。It is because of hard work，In December 1947, he participated in the Economic Society jointly held by the universities of the Pacific coast as a graduate student，After the meeting, the discussion of the American economics community on the planned economy and the market economy is introduced to China。The meeting report he wrote "The 2nd Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast Economics Society" was published in Shanghai's "Economic Weekly" in January 1948。1947，Zhang Zhongli completed the master's degree thesis "About Reconstruction of the Chinese Securities Market" and passed the defense。1953，Complete the doctoral dissertation "Chinese gentleman in the 19th century -to demonstrate its economic status from their share in the total national product"，Get Ph.D. in Economics in the same year。He is the first doctoral student trained by the Department of Economics, the University of Washington University after World War II。

Since then Zhang Zhongli has published two sisters of "Chinese Gentleman" and "Income of Chinese Gentlemen" in the United States，It establishes its position in the academic world。Before，Sino -foreign academic circles have almost no research on Chinese gentlemen in the late Qing Dynasty，No ready -made papers、The book can be used for reference for reference，Even the number of people in the Chinese gentleman class is an extremely complicated and difficult job，Almost everything must be from Bet365 app download scratch。To write high -quality economic history papers，The first step is to systematically excavate the historical materials of the vast.，Zhang Zhongli often said, "Research on Economic History，I am afraid that the information is too small，Never suspect more "。For this，He has run all do dozens of libraries with Chinese historical materials all over the United States，Search hundreds of squares from the historical materials of Hao Ruyan、genealogy、Private writing，Selected records about gentlemen。I only write the book "Chinese Gentleman"，Zhang Zhongli recorded tens of thousands of historical materials about Chinese gentlemen，Evolutionly confirm，More than 5,000 instances are used from the most reliable historical materials as the basis for analysis。This book lists more than 240 kinds of references，Among them, 209 kinds of Chinese part，38 kinds of western parts。

"Chinese gentleman" is divided into four parts: first define the composition of Chinese gentlemen in the 19th century，Examine its characteristics; then analyze the total number of Chinese gentlemen in the 19th century; again through the inspection of the Chinese gentleman's career in the late Qing Dynasty，Disadvantages of critical imperial examination system，and demonstrate its inevitable ending; finally, the number of biography of Chinese gentlemen in the late Qing Dynasty answered the questions raised by the first three parts。Zhang Zhongli passed the finishing of historical materials，summarize the sources of gentlemen into two ways of imperial examinations and donations，In the background of the big age, the impact of various factors on the imperial examinations and the number of donations into the tribute quota，Method of measurement statistics，Therefore, the total number of Chinese gentlemen class in the late Qing Dynasty was reasonably calculated，and reveal the changes in the power behind the group。The other carrier of "Chinese gentleman's income" is from the official campaign、Consultation service、Lecture、Real Estate、Business activities and local public affairs analyzed the source of income from Chinese gentlemen in the late Qing Dynasty。He through the informative data statistics，The main source of revenue from Chinese gentlemen is that they provide a variety of service rewards for the society，Therefore, the real estate owned by Chinese gentlemen that Chinese gentlemen generally identified at that time was the main source of their income.。other，Zhang Zhongli also made a pioneering estimation of the GDP in the late Qing Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty。

　Do not forget the original intention to learn to report to the country

"Chinese Gentleman" and "Chinese Gentleman's Income" have caused great response in the American academic community，Professor Fei Zhengqing, an expert in China, praised "Chinese Gentleman" as a "Study Statistics of Chinese Gentlemen's Most Statistical Research Works"。"Cambridge China Late Qing Dynasty History (1800-1911)" Boin Chapter 1 The author Fei Weikai said "Chinese Gentleman's Income" is "Estimation of the GDP of Chinese Nationality in the 19th century，I know，This is the only attempt "。These two books are still in the United States、Japanese and European universities are listed as an important teaching reference book for Chinese modern socio -economic history courses，Overseas edition is reprinted。

The academic achievements made by Zhang Zhongli，He has been at the Department of Economics of the University of Washington、Assistant researcher at the Far East Institute、Associate Researcher、Research Associate Professor and other positions，By 1958, I have obtained the school's lifelong teaching position。His work in the United States is not only stable，and the conditions of scientific research are also very superior。In 1946, the Lockefeller Foundation provided $ 500,000 in funding to the University of Washington，Research Asia and China Issues。In 1950, the Ford Foundation provided the school with $ 500,000 funds，Continue for research on Japan and China，Therefore, Washington University becomes a key research institution that is comparable to Harvard University.。But，None of this made Zhang Zhongli forget the original intention of returning to the country，The day of learning is when the country is reported。

New China in the 1950s is waiting for the New China，Socialist construction is singing high，The social bet365 Play online games science community has also set off a wave of entering science。New China sends out a call to the majority of overseas scholars，Looking forward to returning home to participate in socialist construction。Zhang Zhongli is determined to abandon the excellent treatment of the United States，Return to the motherland。Washington University is unwilling to release this excellent scholar，Far East Research Institute strongly retain him。After learning the news, the Taiwan authorities，also sent members to contact it，persuaded him to go to Taiwan for development。But，Zhang Zhongli declined his invitation，Because he is yearning for socialist New China。Professor Mei Fushi of Zhang Zhongli heard that he is going back to China，Written to him immediately，Try to discourage。

But Zhang Zhongli deliberately decided。He later said: "I went to the United States to study in the United States and wanted to come back for two years，I didn't plan to stay in the United States as Americans from going out，I didn't think so，Always considered to come back，Stay in China，Stay in Shanghai。"What a simple words，What a firm will，So he did not bring all his family members to the United States，Instead of leaving the younger daughter in China，Give it to its brother to raise。As an outstanding scholar，Although he has already obtained the American green card，But I am always unwilling to enter the United States。His salary in the United States only wants to receive the end of November 1958。Zhang Zhongli is like an arrow，After explaining all jobs in the United States，It takes only three days to process it in the US real estate、Sale of the car，Stepping on the road to return to China。But the return road is not a smooth sailing，U.S. Immigration Service horizontal obstruction，Even the moment before boarding，Officials of the U.S. Immigration Service also asked their husband and wife if they really "voluntarily" return to China，As long as one person answers "unwilling"，Never let it go。Despite this，Zhang Zhongli finally returned to the motherland of the motherland for more than ten years，In February 1959, the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, which had just been established for less than a year。

　　Learning of one heart academy moves forward

Zhang Zhongli, who came to the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, was organized and arranged for the finishing of historical materials at the Institute of Economic Research。At this time, the hospital is about to do it，Scientific research conditions are far from the University of Washington University。The Institute of Economics has undertaken many research work，The development of each work is inseparable from historical materials。Historical materials of the Rong family corporate corporate、British and American tobacco companies in China in China ... A heavy historical sorting task is pressed on Zhang Zhongli's shoulder。This job is boring，But Zhang Zhongli is working hard，One is 20 years。Facing a box of materials covered with dust，He can always calm down and bury it.，Make a record of information for several days in a row。Only British and American tobacco companies compiled in the historical data of Chinese companies in China，Zhang Zhongli and others took three years，Review nearly a thousand boxes、Nearly 10,000 volumes of files，Only completed the excerpt work。The finishing of historical materials requires full patience，Daily work is record、Check、Record，Then there is unlimited repetition。Outsiders may think that this is a very boring thing，But Zhang Zhongli himself said, "You have to have the habit of sitting on a cold bench"，This sentence shows his optimistic character characteristics，It also reveals the mystery of learning，No matter what kind of research is facing，Those who do learning should be calm and calm。

At that time, some people did not understand why Zhang Zhongli chose to give up the conditions of the United States，Go back to China to engage in such a heavy and tired job，Some people even doubt his motivation，Why should it come back to explain it? What tasks do you suffer?，He is all indifferently，never distinguish。He interprets his love for the motherland with his own actions，Go forward，Go forward。Sino -US relations after 1971 began to thaw，Due to solid bet365 live casino games foreign language skills，Zhang Zhongli started translation work。He accurately and vividly translated various biography、Research Report，Among them, "Nixon's People", "Several Presidents in American History", "Kissinger" and other books，It provides useful reference for Chinese staff in negotiations in China and the United States。In addition，Zhang Zhongli also translated articles such as "African Economic Development" and "Soviet Agriculture"、Works。As long as the organization needs，Zhang Zhongli will take the initiative to take the task。Translation work at that time，Time、Task weight，Large amount of data articles requires translation at any time，Zhang Zhongli often wants to work overtime，But he always has no complaints。Others usually translate 800 words a day，He will complete 5000 words for himself。Although there was no remuneration at that time，No signature，He can always guarantee quality，Complete the task excellently。

　　Development of Glorious Party Painting

The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party in 1978 was held，Comprehensive advancement of reform and opening up，Intellectuals ushered in spring。In 1980, Zhang Zhongli applied to join the Communist Party of China，After successfully passed the organization's inspection，Gelly becoming a Communist member，Confidence 100 times the socialist construction service of New China。less than 10 years from 1979 to 1987，Zhang Zhongli Published dozens of papers，Various content of content theme，Both introduce the academic status of overseas research in China，Also related to resisting foreign goods、Old Chinese foreign companies、Many content of national capital，There is also observation of reality and future，Such as "The Modernization of Sino -US Trade and the Old Chinese Economy", "Foreign Prospects of Sino -US Trade from a historical perspective"。

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party，A series of realistic economic problems in the country's construction，It is necessary to study the first -hand data of old Shanghai companies to study the generation of Chinese capitalism、Development，Provide reference for solving these realistic problems。"Historical Materials of Rong Family Enterprise" written by Zhang Zhongli and others recorded the relevant information that Rong family enterprises were established from 1896 to May 1949，It plays a huge promotion role to study national capitalism and national bourgeoisie。

1980s，Foreign -funded enterprises have become an important force to promote the development of the national economy，How to correctly guide foreign companies to develop in the healthy development of China，Become a new era of era。In the economic activities of old China，Foreign powers using their political and economic advantages to occupy a very important position，Analysis of it，It has very important academic value and practical significance。Zhang Zhongli and others have restored the historical materials compilation of British and American tobacco companies that have been interrupted for more than ten years，Completed 4 volumes of about 1.2 million words of "British and American Smoke Company in China"，He has published works such as "Samson Group in Old China" and "Swire Group in Old China"。

With the deepening of reform and opening up，The dual structure of urban and rural areas is gradually broken，City in national politics、Economy、Society、The proportion of cultural life is getting greater and greater，The opportunities and challenges facing are getting bigger and bigger，Urgently requires in -depth research on the field of urban history in Chinese academic circles。Zhang Zhongli, who has become the dean at this time, led the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences to take the lead in provoking this burden，His Organization History Research Institute、Institute of Economic Research Institute conducted a joint study of interdisciplinary disciplines，Completed the trilogy of urban history research "Modern Shanghai City Research", "Southeast Coastal City and Modernization of China", "The Cities of the Yangtze River and the Modernization of China"。These three books are distinctive，Through comprehensive research、Comparison research、Quantity Study，Both the commonality of these cities，bet365 live casino games also outlines the personality of these cities，Discuss the southeast coast、The rules and characteristics of the modernization process of the Yangtze River Basin。

During the work of studying in the United States，Zhang Zhongli has developed the habit of governing the study of diligence。He believes that scholars cannot build a car closed in closed doors，Go out to investigate。Zhang Zhongli has been at Washington University for a total of 12 years，He drove to 26 states in the United States in the car himself，Famous scholars in major universities，He goes to interview。After reform and opening up，Zhang Zhongli uses his huge influence in the international academic community，Set up an academic bridge that communicates the world。He encourages young scholars to study all over the world，Participate in academic activities。At the same time, he also warmly welcomes foreign scholars to come to China，Exchange interviews to Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences。During Chinese and foreign academic exchanges，He strictly observes the party's discipline，Keep collective action when visiting abroad，Use the words used by foreigners，Tell Chinese Stories，Propagate Chinese Voice。

Zhang Zhongli has always attached importance to academic inheritance，and try my best to cultivate the academic force of reserve for reserve。It is initiated by him，Established the "Zhang Zhongli Academic Reward Fund" at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences，It is used to reward young and middle -aged scholars engaged in social science research。Zhang Zhongli has sent a message on the development of young scholars.，and must have the spirit of innovation，There are new information、New method、New ideas，can start writing，Be sure to write vitality works "。

Zhang Zhongli is drunk while academic，Don’t forget the original intention，Always care about the development of the country and the life of the people。He has been re -elected as the representative of the Fourth National People's Congress，closely connecting academic and social responsibility，He visits the grassroots，Careful research，Careful writing a motion，61 proposals，Among them, 8 of them are listed as a No. 1 proposal and received much attention。

1948 Zhang Zhongli after graduating from a master's degree in the United States，I used to return to Shanghai，I want to show their fists，But the corrupt national government let him run around，He has to go to the United States again to continue his studies。But when the New China calls him，He broke through layer obstacles without hesitation，Back to the motherland of the soul and dreaming。He came to the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, which was just formed,，Can sit "cold bench"，Devit for decades of decades like a day。When the spring breeze of reform blows warmth，He joined the Communist Party of China as expected，and exudes huge academic vitality，Actively contribute to the socialist construction of the new era。All of this originated from his most simple original intention — the motherland。

　(Author Unit: School of Humanities, Shanghai Normal University)