The Biography of the Buddhism in the Central Han Dynasty Amitabha's Pure Land belief about women's death and women's practice is a topic worth exploring。The interpretation and adjustment of gender teachings in Buddhism in the Buddhist elite at that time，You can see the efforts of the establishment of Han Buddhism on the establishment of equality and pure land views。other，In the Biography of Pure Land in Middle Ages，It can be seen that the elite of the Middle Men Seng Group intends to establish a image of some female religious authority at home in the narrative of the story of the past，The possibility of further expanding the practice of women's practice。Pay attention to the topic of women in the Chinese Pure Land belief，The author hopes to show more complex and diverse Chinese Buddhist traditions with gender care。

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Always，East Asian Amitabha Pure Land belief centered on Chinese Buddhist scriptures，Usually leave people with unequal status in sex、The impression of establishing its doctrine centered on men，And this interpretation of the gender construction of the pure land，Often with India、Many in the Central Asian Mahayana Buddhist scriptures are linked to religious cognition for women's physical and mental disadvantages。Some scholars point out，Early Chinese translation of Amitabha Pure Land One Series and some discussions on gender issues in the book，It may cause long -term discussion on the problems of the Bliss World and women's practice in the Pure Land of Pure Land in the Pure Land of Later。Chinese translation of Amitabha's Pure Land Classics depicted in the Bliss World，It is one of the most important liberation targets pursued by Mahayana Buddhists in China。From the content of the classic and theory of the book，"No Woman" feature，is the most knowledgeable world of Bliss World、It is also the same as the pure land of other Buddhist countries established by Mahayana Buddhism。Chinese translation Amitabha Classic，"Wuliangshoujing" is the most detailed Buddhist scripture that depicts the phase of the bliss world，Among them, the "35th Wish" declared by Amitabha because of the presence of many wishes, that is, the practice involved in women，Several kinds of universal translations of this wish became the origin of no women in the bliss world.。"When making a Buddha，Let our country middle，No woman，Women want to be born in our country as men "，The second wish is set in Zhiqian's translation "Amitabha Three Fisa Tower Fo Tan" (that is, the 35th wish in the later translation)，It means that all women who have successfully passed out to the bliss world will Bet365 lotto review turn to men without retaining the original female body，Obviously expressing the meaning of excluding women's bodies outside the pure land。This kind of translation of this wish is reserved in the Song Dynasty's different translation "Mahayana Unparalleled Shouzhu"。The discussion book introduced in China later，Signature of Shi Qi Bodhisattva created "Wuliangshou Jing You Po Tosh" ("The Theory of Life")，A huge impact on the ancestor of the Chinese Pure Land，Among them, the "Mahayana Shan Gen Realm，Waiting for no suspect name。Women and roots，Two multiplied species "，There is a more extreme play to exclude the doctrine of women，It seems possible that the possibility of the Women's Pure Land Method is completely broken，and try to establish the theory of Pure Land practice that is completely male -centered。

But，Born in Central Asia、Pure land that matured in China is in the process of gradually Chineseization and forming complex and diverse religious narratives，Really like interpretation of some modern perspectives，The gender construction in the scriptures is accepted，Is it developing a religious discourse that degrades women? The author will sort out the feminine perspectives of the Pure Land in the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties.，And proposed that the early Han Amitabha Buddha Pure Land belief actually did not accept the doctrine of "no woman" or "woman never born"。Just the opposite，Gender theory in the doctrine of Pure Land is continuously absorbed、Adjustment，The deeds of the female practitioner at home in China are repeatedly excavated、Writing，Pure Land at home women have become another important religious writing subject that parallels in men's perspectives and men's narratives。The emergence of women's perspectives and women's narrative is one of the important signs of the Pure Land belief in China，It is also the most representative phenomenon that pays attention to female beliefs in the history of Mahayana Buddhism。

　The Sui and Tang dynasties to the fifth generation women become one of the main body of the pure land

The gender elements of the Chinese translated Amitabha Pure Land Classic are the basis for the gender prejudice of the Chinese Pure Land Faith，Scholars Paul Harrison earlier to obey this earlier，At the same time, it also opposes the deepening of the Amitabha Pure Land belief in East Asia as a religion in the modern sense。Its core basis is，Zhiqian translation "Wuliangshou Jing" is not China's most common version，In the more influential Kang Monk,，The "35th Wish" related to women did not mention the content of the Pure Land "No Women"，Just say: "Let me have Buddha，Shifang is countless incredible world of Buddha，It has a woman to smell my name，Bodhicitta，Bodhicitta，Disdinary female，Repeated as a female portrait after the end of life，Do not take positive consciousness。bet365 live casino games "" From this display，Pure Land Classic from Central Asia，Or different from the version of the version or the understanding of the translator，There is no unified understanding of the relationship between Bliss World and women's practice。The 35th wish of Kang Seng Kaiben，and the Bodhicitta Branch, which inherited this translation method, "Dabao Ji Jing Jing Jing Jing Sutra" and the Song Dynasty Wang Rixiu Collection "The Buddha's Amitabha Sutra"，Do not take the saying that you have a bliss in the Qian Qian, you need a female to turn a male to a man，Only limited this wish as Amitabha Buddha to make all the subjective choices of abandoned women's practitioners can be full of wishes，It is not directly related to whether the female body can be beautiful。Paul Harrison thinks，This indicates that the male Buddhist elite between the Tang and Song dynasties did not actively accept the setting of the Pure Land "No Woman"，Provide the doctrine space for women's practice。

In the discussion of Buddhist elites in the Middle Ages，The doctrine of "Women Never Born" for Bliss Pure Land also converts，Provide a basis for the establishment of women's practice of discourse。Northern Wei Pure Land Method Master，The concept of the "woman" in the Pure Land "Women" in its "Identification" is interpreted as a psychological state rather than a literally female body，Women are just metaphors for a kind of trouble，The psychological state of "If a person is a man or a weakly talks with a woman" may appear on the body of any gender，Everlasting Bliss Female Turn Man is just a metaphor for psychological state from troubles to purity。Master of the Pure Land Master of the Tang Dynasty inherited the Pure Land Theory of the Pure Land of Tao and his family.，The doctrines of the Pure Land "No Women" and "Women Never Born" are also directed from the exclusion of women's bodies.。Good guidance thinks，"Women and Roots" proposed in "The theory of Life"，It is a metaphor for pedestrians for theravades，Corresponding to the "two multiplication species" after the following，and relative to this，Pure Land is a "Mahayana Seed" Bodhisattva:

... Guanyin does not say small，First say big。Wen Da happy to send the supreme heart，named Mahayana Seed，Also known as Mahayana Heart。When you open it again，Guanyin first talks about the passenger，Wen Xiaoshengxin，name is the second multiplication of birth，Also known as the second heart ... These three people are in the heart，It is Wen Da, Mahayana,。from the little reason from the little reason，So the second multiplication is not born。Those who say that they are their hearts。Comes up to solve the second multiplication and the righteousness。Woman and Righteousness，No reason，I know。

Good guidance summarizes "Everyone is the heart is the heart"，This means that the teachings of "women are not born" In the system of good guidance, it refers to the change of the secondary practice bet365 live casino games of small entry，instead of real refers to women cannot go to the world of Bliss。This is also a good guidance "Guan Wuliangshou Jing"、Expansion of Pure Land to the scope of Shenghan camera with the system of Jiupin's life system is matched。Due to the "Viewing the Scriptures", Mrs. Weichiti is achieved as a woman as a woman.，visible classic original intention also shows that women can live in a brilliance。Earlier than good guidance, there is also a pure land monk Gaicai's "Pure Land Theory"，interpreted women in the teachings of this "woman" as a kind of karma seeds that men and women will have and a kind of consequences inspired by it，The word "woman" in "The Theory of Life" also refers to women in the physiological sense。Similarly, there are also appearing in the "Ten Suspects of Pure Land" signed by the ancestor of the ancestor of the Sui Dynasty，The author believes that it is false to understand "women are not born" from literal meaning，The true meaning refers to the only bad news and troubles in the Bodhisattva of Bliss only the Mahayana Bodhisattva without reincarnation，It does not refer to women in the world of the mother -in -law who cannot die。Director of Disciples inherited its teacher's statement，Even proposed that the bliss world has no woman，But there is a daughter -in -law of the bodhisattva。The idea of ​​absorbing the four soil of the rooftop，I think the composition of the Bliss World is quite complicated，Not only the simplicity of the pure land of the body of the body，Instead, there are many types of land to take different beings，Therefore, there is also a girl in the realm of Fan Sheng living together。Late Tang Pure Monk Mirror、Shan Dao Tong wrote the book "Reading the Buddha Mirror"，then more directly pointed out "Woman、Two times，Do not live，For those who have no decision to die。Women only love women，No Pure Land，Discussion is not born，Discussion is not born。Two times、Roots are also resumed，Only live in Xiaoguo，Non -born Pure Land，I don't understand the Buddha，So do not give birth "，Among them, "women" refers to the root of love women without seeking pure land、A psychological state of not cultivating the Buddha。This can be seen，The masters of the Tang Dynasty adjusted the connotation of the teachings of "women who are not born" with multiple interpretations，As a result, women are included in one of the main body of the Pure Land Repair。

　　From the Pure Land to the Biography of the Shengzhi narrative, the women's practice theory and practice space

Establishment of "The Establishment of Pure Land" in the early Tang Jiacai "Ready on the Story of Riving"，Give 21st monks and vulgar induction stories，Use cases of perceptual induction as the doctrine of the Pure Land belief、Media for enhancing readers' confidence，It is the first time in various pure land theories，Create a precedent for writing the Pure Land and Sensory bet365 Play online games Biography。The story collected by Ga Cai，Half of the past story of monks and customs，Women's death is not designed to be described as a low image that is low in men，This is very different from the story of the pure land rewritten by the Qing dynasty in the Qing Dynasty。As one of them:

Great Tang Zhenguan is here，Not remember the New Year，Village, East Bayi, Yong'an County, Luozhou，Name: Mo Long Village。Blind mother，Surname Liang。Due to the persuasion of Amitabha，His mother has a good root。Yan Five Bao，Renewal Buddha。Yan Five Bao，Drives your eyes。Eyes have been available，Begin chanting。More four years，Yan Five Bao。Destiny，The Treasures of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in Hecun are covered and welcomed，Life is the end。Compassing Hecun，It will be extraordinary，So no burial。The Tower of the West of the Village，Tower is now Lu Lu。Tower Qian Village people come and go，Mo to pay tribute，The size of Hecun is called chanting Buddha。

The story of this blind mother depicts a woman at home after the Buddha has achieved a pure land，A scene of being collectively respected by the local area。In the narrative of the story，Blind Mother rely on her own practice and feels that she is dying.，Evidence of its religious practice achievement; after the death，The body of the woman is invited to the tower according to the monk's system，Become a sacred object of religious blessing。The female body of the Buddha's achievement，Under the writing of Gaicai, it is not considered an obstacle to isolated from the Pure Land，Instead, it can be worshiped by believers as holy relics of Pure Land，Therefore, in this narrative，The meaning of using women as a negative metaphor is no longer again。Another cited story "County Captain Wen Jingwen Woman"，Establishing a narrative of the authority of women's pure land faith is more obvious:

County Captain Wen Jingwen Woman，I don't know He's surname，Jinyang people in the state。Early suffering from half -bodies，Host bed pillow。Husband told women's words: "lying on the ground all day，Why not read the Buddha? "The woman said," What is the Buddha? "。"In the second year，Mouth Heng Nian Buddha。Kuer's criminal barrier elimination，The current Mita Buddha Kingdom。Qing Xie Fu said: "For a long time for a long time，Very annoying。Today Mongolian Teaching Amitabha，Go to the next day。Please tell your parents and brothers，Set a fast。"The husband said:" Is there a Buddhist country? Isn't it a wind and evil?。"Then he told his parents and relatives:" When you set fast, come to。"" Lay the five collar above the monk，Sitting of the saints。to time，Seeing the holy people in the distance。That is: "Monk is miscellaneous，Unwilling to sit with。"then sent to the flat -headed house，Laying Order。Dedicated food again，Chief Monk Food。urging home set，Said Show: "I have doubled Bet365 lotto review from the Holy Queen today，Passing West，Volunteer。Mother family, etc.，Noma read Buddha，Shenglai after being born。Pure Land in the West。"to the front to west，Heremoch Buddha，Even if the end of life。such a flow，It cannot be climbed。

Here, the practice of Captain Wen County's captain's wife is more obvious with the comparison with ordinary monks and monks。Wen County Captain doesn’t think bed at home、Women who are sick all the time can achieve the Buddha at the end of the fruits of the saints，Therefore, it is reprimanded as "the evil opinion"。When the woman is dying at the end of the woman to welcome the Pure Land Holy Cross，The Holy Zhongzhong is also messy because of the worldly monks and men in the fasting、Poor practice and dirty，Then do not sit with ordinary monks a fasting place。Eventually Ga Cai sighs，Like Wen Xian's wife, a woman practitioner at home，The realm that is unable to reach，The female image built in the text，Its religious practice and realm have even surpassed the general monk and custom male，The words that women are evil seem to have no trace at all。and the Fifth Generation 诜 "The Biography of Western Pure Land Rui Should Delete"，There are still such stories to show the achievements of the pure land of women at home:

Liang's，Haozhou people。Blinds on both eyes。The monk persuades Amitabha，I endless three years after the teaching，To Shoushou，Village people see。To Shoushou，See the Buddha and the Bodhisattva to welcome。After the end of life，Bodhisattva is a Tower Temple。Respect for exchanges，One county man and woman learned about the Buddha。

The practice of the bone income tower of the Pure Land of Pure Land at home for people to worship the worship，Except the religious picture of the femininity of women in the family and monks and monks。Very interesting thing is，The story of the past story collected from Gaicai to the concentration of the past story of Daoye，Nothing to carry the details of the worship of the bone in the tower after the man who died at home，Is this a common difference in the cognition of men and women at home in the Tang Dynasty，But at least you can read a respectful respect for women practitioners at home。Scholar Christoph Kleine proposed，Different from Mahayana Buddhism, especially the tendency of gender inequality in the doctrine of pure land in Central Asia，Early Chinese Pure Land Story Drives Women's Special Religious Achievements，Affirmation of the deeds of the same life as men and men，I have to say that it is a unique creation in the narrative of the Chinese Pure Land belief，It also affects the discourse structure of the Japanese pure land faith later。If the Chinese Buddhist elite absorbs and transforms women's problems in the teachings of the Pure Land，In theory, it is still unable to get rid of the "female" of the body and psychological as a negative metaphor.，So in the excavation Bet365 lotto review and presentation of the deeds of the Pure Land practitioners of the local women，Such limitations will no longer exist。From this，In the pure land discourse system in Chinese history，The theoretical and practical space of women's practice is gradually established。

From the interpretation and adjustment of the Pure Land "No Woman" and "Women's Never Born" in the Chinese Buddhist Elite of the Han Buddhist Elite in the Middle Ages，Han Buddhism is at the beginning of interest in the Pure Land belief，It seems that I realize that it is impossible to accept the literally of the Buddhist scripture, which can be fully accepted in the Buddhist scripture，The theoretical expansion of the theoretical of women's practice should expand the doctrine of the doctrine。In the record of the Pure Land practitioners at home at home，The elites of the male monk group in the Tang Dynasty all affirmed the merits of women's practice through the tools of text narrative，Even the image of the religious authority at home。The narrative of the Pure Land Women's Practice Practice becomes a unique phenomenon in the process of the Pure Land belief.。Women's perspective and women's narrative deserve more attention to the research institute of the pure land belief of the Han Dynasty。

　　(This article is the Youth Project of the National Social Science Fund, "Look at the Chineseization of Buddhism from the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (19CZJ004) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: History Department of Fudan University)