Mention of Friedrich Liszt (1789-1846)，The world's understanding of him basically stays in the protection of tariffs、Government intervention，More understanding may involve its productivity theory、History method，or with the tariff alliance、Some activities related to railway construction。But now it seems，If you just look at these aspects fragmented，I am afraid it is difficult to fully interpret、Fully evaluate Liszt's life performance, especially its economics theory，It is more difficult to clarify the contemporary meaning of this economic heritage。

　　bet365 best casino games

Re -study "National System of Political Economics" and other works，Back to the historical scene where Liszt is located at the same time，It can be found that its doctrine system runs through a complete logic chain about the development of backward countries.，Observation of the actual international pattern+understanding of the stage of economic development → Estimation of the prominent advantage of the United Kingdom+prediction of the dangerous situation of weak countries → Conclosure of industrialization+disclosure of productivity decisive The attention of the factors+emphasis on government intervention effects → the promotion of tariff protection policies+pursuit of support for childish industries → expectation of catching up with advanced countries+outlook for returning freedom mode。

From Liszt's view，The backward country should pursue "national economics"，instead of "worldist economics" advocated by Adam Smith and others。After the Industrial Revolution, Britain has won huge industrial advantages，and intentionally pursue a monopoly position，Pure Bet365 lotto review agricultural countries start free trade，It will only be caught in a dependent and poor situation。Any backward country with conditions，All should accelerate the development of the country's industry，Cultivate independent industrial productivity，This is expected to catch up with the leading power。Liszt pointed out，In the process of catching up，Resource、Capital、Geography and other material conditions, of course important，But non -material factors are also key。where，Government intervention is even more indispensable for the industrialization of promoting post -promoting post -promoting，It is reflected in the use of tariff protection methods to resist strong foreign competition、Support the naive industry of your country，It is also reflected in the creation of internal administration for the economic rush、Traffic and other necessary conditions。

​​In the Economics Spectrum，If Adam Smith and others have established a "worldist development" paradigm，It means the need for the consolidation advantage of the leading country，So，Liszt founded a paradigm for "nationalist rush development"，The need for the self -strengthening of the backward country's map。The two parties have obvious and long -standing views on observing positions and development.，Can be summarized as worldism and nationalism、Personalist and national standard、Integrated development and independent industry、Exchange value and production capacity、Free Trade and Trade Protection、Leave the self -current intervention with the government、Pay attention to material and transcendence、Division of labor first and collaboration，and abstract interpretation and experience induction。early 19th century，Britain vigorously promotes the development paradigm of the worldwide integration to other countries，Facing bet365 best casino games British's dazzling industrial achievements、Market access temptation，and its derogation of the theory of protection of childish industries，Complement with its trade、Divisional interaction has almost become the only current development plan for backward countries。The theory that appeared at this time provides an alien alternative solution，It reveals the secrets that the United Kingdom has successfully caught up with long -term trade protection，Point that the backward country must be industrialized、How to industrialize and strive for another way to catch up。

Obviously，It is not enough to get to know Liszt from those fragmented aspects in the general impression。Only grasping his complete logic chain of the backward country's rushing development，and look at the problem from the overall perspective of the establishment of nationalism to catch up with the development paradigm，We can just judge Liszt's theoretical building in properly、Historical status and today's value，to fully understand the classic and vitality of its theory。

　　Everbright's "Wisdom"

Liszt not only created a development paradigm that resisted the Adam Smith in the court，Also has its own theoretical points that have no new ideas，Especially the "political vision" that has been neglected by the mainstream schools，Use "dynamic logic" to replace the static concept of the rich and strong of the country，The meaning of "production source" emphasizing non -economic factors，The prerequisite guarantee role of advocating "tariff protection"，"Historical Methods" based on history as evidence of history is used for economics theory，There are special features such as。Xiong Peter praised Liszt "to be properly、Some components in the original analysis equipment were used correctly，This also means scientific achievements "。

So，Where does the theoretical components from Liszt come from? In a word, bet365 best casino games it is to cover it.。More accurately，He inherited the "wise way" that has been forgotten in regional businessism (Kanes)。Checking history can be known，Readlists as the prevailing economic concept and policy practice as the prevalence of modern Europe and the United States，It really merged gold and silver accumulation、Trade protection、Industrial Support、National Intervention、National Intervention、Powerful creation、Early nationalist development strategies of colonial expansion and other policies，The core is to compete for development industry、Fight for the country's rich and strong。Liszt thinks，There are three positive connotations of regional businessism: First, attach great importance to industrial development，Second is the correct method of industrial development，Third, the national standard and national conditions consciousness。It is not difficult to see，His respect for independent industrialization、Persistence on the protection of the childish industry、Guide to the interests of the country and national conditions，All these "wise ways"。

At the same time，The "National Edition" of Reward Merchants also affects Liszt。The "National Economics School" in Italy emphasizes the unity of the country、Policies lead、Trade intervention、Modern richer and strong strategies such as industrial stimulation; Spain's "underdeveloped economics" analyzes the reasons for the decline of the country's economy and society，It is recommended that the revitalization industry can get rid of the predicament; France's "Corbeism" has contributed to the rapid rise of industry and national strength，shows the experience and lessons of leapfrog development; the British "protective trade science" integrates a series of effective support industries、Later practices; the strong consciousness of the "public house school" in Bet365 lotto review Germany，Pay attention to the accelerated industrialization under government intervention and protection; the "American system" in the United States advocates government actions、Inspirational Industry、Construction traffic、Expand Market。These recreational concepts and policies have specifically inspired Liszt。

What must be pointed out is，Liszt is also vigilant about the disadvantages of merchantism。For the narrow wealth of the so -called reorganized businessism and the concept of zero -sum game，Liszt is accustomed to clarifying and revising，It is proposed that "lack of philosophical vision and the feelings of the world"。Restrictions for Restrictions for Reward Corporation、The trend of absolute intervention measures，He repeatedly emphasizes the applicable limit of those measures，Including the emphasis on the "tangible hand" of the country should not be replaced by。For the lack of historical empirical weaknesses for the existence of recreationalism，He pays special attention to strengthening the scientific and persuasiveness of his theory with historical experience。In short，Clarify the origin of Liszt and Reward，What can be determined and innovative in the inheritance and innovation，It can also reproduce the "wise way" of the beyond businessism。

　　Provide two sets of "catch" and "super"

Wish to know，Liszt was a loyal believer in the Smith school when he was young，In the future, it is mainly based on Germany's backward national conditions and overtake needs，Only part ways with the Liberty School，But this does not mean that he has completely abandoned the ideal。If the theory of Lisztology is regarded as a combination of recreational and liberalism，It should be reasonable，Not to mention that these two sets of doctrines have a lot of ideological connections and coincidences。

Liszt collects both recreational and liberalism，A proof is，He segmented the rushing bet365 best casino games process，In fact, it is divided into two stages: "chasing" and "transcendence"。According to its vision，During the catch -up stage，It should "use business restrictions policies"，Promoting the accelerated development of various industries of industry and commerce，Only "use human methods"，can we improve itself to the advanced level of the leading country。and to the transcendence stage，With the full accumulation of wealth，It should be "gradually restored the principle of free trade，Competition in domestic and foreign markets without restrictions "，In order to maintain the vested advantage。Obviously，Application for nationalism to overtake development paradigm，The transcendence stage turns to the worldist integrated development paradigm。Of course，The focus of the Liszt theory is the focus of the chase stage and nationalism，But he did not give up the pursuit of free competition and worldist prospects，Instead, "seeing tariff protection policies as a step on the road that eventually moves on the general international free trade"。

Actually，Chasing and surpassing two sets of schemes are not inevitable because of different stages，They will inherit and need to take care of each other after all。The next stage of predicting surpassing at the present stage of catching up，There are both distinction and contact with each other，Let Listel's Excellence Development theory adds rare flexibility、Adaptability、Openness、Grand nature。And this "duality" exactly provides us with ideological resources that keep up with the times。If tariff protection、Industrial Support、Government intervention、Human incentive、Nationalism, etc., was the focus of Liste theory that attracted the Chinese people，Now we should pay more attention to its spirit of corporate、Technology Innovation、Human Capital、Rule of rule of law according bet365 live casino games to constitution、Right protection、Domestic competition、International United and other thoughts，These are all transformation elements from catching up to transcendence。Another，Methodism in Liszt theory，From emphasizing the time and space correspondence of policies、Abandoning simple economicism，Pay attention to practical orientation and historical empirical，There is also a meaning of correction in the current economics community。

　(The author is the director of the Economic History Research Center of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences、Researcher)