Ancient China Liney Port City，Although geographically on the edge of the dynasty administrative network，But you can rely on the stool of Haihe traffic，spread culture、The tentacles of art exchange extend to a farther area。And，Due to ship port、Warehouse、Shop、Workshop、The existence of the port space that convergence of temple views and other elements，Most of the coastal port cities have rich bases、Vibrant city texture。After entering the Tang Dynasty，With the exchanges of Haisi, the tends to rise，Ningbo (Mingzhou/Qingyuan)、Fuzhou、Quanzhou and other coastal cities，Completed the role conversion from the border city of the sea and towards the sea of ​​the sea。At the same time，Destrication such as LAN category such as Mingzhou Yueyao Celadon，Become a trading item for intercontinental marketing。No doubt，With the southeast coast of my country, the coastal zone has changed from "edge" to "cutting -edge"，The images and utensils of the creation of the coastal port city can have a broader demand space and a more developed distribution path。Song to Yuanchuchu，Ningbo has become a painting in the Jiangnan region of my country、The production center of the carving works and the outbound port，Different from ceramics、Copper coins and other general navigation trade products，The carrier output of the image has a richer spiritual meaning。Where，Ningbo Buddhist paintings from the hand of the city painter，Fine work due to its strokes、Squading color is beautiful，Become a target of sea merchants and monks between China and Japan。Current，Ningbo Song and Yuan Dharma paintings in the east of Zhejiang，There are more treasures around Japan。As a kind of carrier -loaded Japanese painting，Japan Tibetan Ningbo Song and Yuan Dharma bet365 Play online games Painting has experienced the circulation of the sea and the circulation of accumulated generations，The value of its cultural narrative also surpasses the charm of the image art itself。

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Most of the existing Song, Yuan Ningbo lost Japanese Buddha painting，Hidden in temples and museums around Japan，Others are Boston、Flier、Metropolis and other famous American art gallery treasures。The Song and Yuan Ningbo Buddhist paintings scattered in the American art museums were also flowed out of Japan from the end of 19th and early 20th century.，Before，They have been in the collection history of hundreds of years in Japan。According to the theme of the work，These paintings can be divided into "Luo Han Map", "Ten King Pictures", "Three Buddhas," "Buddha Nirvana Pictures", "Amitabha to Draw", "Gao Monk Statue" and other categories。

The authors of the Buddhist paintings of Ningbo in the Song and Yuan Dynasties are all folk painters in the city，Therefore, their paintings have not been recorded in the painting theory of domestic and previous dynasties and Fang Zhi literature，Only in the Literature of the Muromachi Times in Japan，recorded Zhang Sixun in the Song and Yuan Dynasties、Golden Shishi、Lu Xinzhong、Puyue and other names of Ningbo painter。Specific information about these artists，We can learn about the painting of the painting of the painting。According to the style and style of the painting of the Buddhist paintings of Ningbo, the Song and Yuan dynasties of the Song and Yuan Dynasties of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it can be inferred，Its creators belong to two different eras，Puyue、Thursday Lang、Golden Dashan (Golden Master) is roughly 12th -century figures，and Zhang Sixun、Zhang Sigong、Lu Xinzhong、Zhao Yan、Zhao Ninghua、Lu Zhongyuan is mainly active in the 13th century。

In addition，The Department of Painting also provides us with important information about the residence or creative place of the Song, Yuan Ningbo painter。Bet365 lotto review The place names appeared in the Ningbo Buddhist Painting Department have a bridge、Jiangxia、Stone Lane、Xiantang，Most of these locations are located near the Ship Division and Lingqiao Gate of Chengdong City, Mingzhou (Qingyuan), Song Dynasty。Laqiao、Xiantang is close to the west and north of the city's shipping department，Shiban Lane is roughly located more than 100 meters in the west of the Shipbuki.，and Jiangxia is likely to refer to the Jiangjiang River Basin outside Lingqiao Gate。Washing horse bridge position slightly far，But the east is only six or seven hundred meters from the bridge。

Mingzhou (Qingyuan) City Shipping Department is the navigation trade management agency of the Song and Yuan Dynasties in the Port of Ningbo，The most important among the shipping affairs of the two Zhejiang，In a long historical period，Most Chinese and foreign vendors who have traded in Zhejiang to trade are checked at Ningbo Shipping Department、Tax procedures。City Shipping Division is located in the Gate of the Gate of the Wall Gate of the East City of Ningbo，Lingqiao Gate is facing Lingqiao, which is connected to the east and west sides of Fenghua River，Fenghua Jiangbin north of Lingqiao is the sea ship port area of ​​Ningbo, Song Dynasty。No doubt，City Ship Division and Lingqiao Gate are Chinese and foreign staff in Song, Yuanming Prefecture (Qingyuan)、Four Seas Qianqian、The field of seeing and convergence in Bayang heard and exchange exchanges。

Another，Laqiao、Jiangxia、Stone Lane、Xiantang、The Old City Ship Division of Ningbo Bridge and near Lingqiao Gate where the old city of Ningbo is located，Is the most densely block of the Buddha Temple in Ningbo City，Among them: Yanqing Temple、Xishouchang Temple、Tianfeng Temple and other Tiantai Temple; Wutai Kaiyuan Temple、Xing Court、Jingfu Temple、Dongshouchang Courtyard and other Rongzong Temple; Jixiang Temple、Xingjiao Temple and other Zen temples。Where，Tianfengyuan is bet365 Play online games the landmark of the old city of Ningbo -the location of the Tianding Tower，Yanqing Temple、Wutai Kaiyuan Temple has a long history of Sino -Japanese exchanges，And，Yanqing Temple and other Tiantai Temple has the practice of guiding the surrounding Chadang to read Buddhist associations，close contact with regional society。

In fact，Song and Yuan Ningbo Buddhist Painting Workshop concentrated in the Shipai Department of Lingqiao Gate，It is the natural result of the optimization configuration of the supply and demand system of Ningbo Buddhist painting in Hong Kong City。The location of the painting workshop is in this area，Inner，Easy to integrate into the local monk、Circle of believers in the city，See the needs of the surrounding communities at any time for image works; external，Easy to connect far -sailing merchants、The network of exotic monks，Continuously expand the output and circulation of painting。

　　Song and Yuan Ningbo Buddhist paintingBroadcasting of the connotation of the day and image

Song and Yuan Ningbo Buddhist painting output Japan's origin，In the convenience of the Mingzhou (Qingyuan) Hong Kong Airlines and the prosperity of the exchanges of Chinese and Japanese Buddhism。The Song and Yuan Dynasties，Mingzhou (Qingyuan) Ayuwang Temple and Tianshito Temple outside the city are the must -visit for the Japanese Watshong Monk and Du Yuan monk。Mingzhou (Qingyuan) Southeast Chandan Temple、Temple and other temples of Jingfu Temple have been Japanese monks who come to Chinese monks to hang tin and stay、Land of visiting the tour。Song Zhenzong Xianping Six Years (1003)，Master of Japanese Yuanxin has sent disciples to take the 27th asks of Tiantai Zong，To the Tiantai Monk of the Temple of Yanqing Temple, the monk knows the courtesy。During the reign of Renzong Tiansheng (1023-1032)，Master Guangzhi Hosted Yanqing Temple，Master Yuanxin sent a disciple Shao Liang to bring the golden Fahua Sutra as a ritual，Division studying the rooftop teaching from Guangzhi，After three bet365 Play online games years of study, return to China; the Japanese monk Junji, who entered Song Qiufa during the Ningzong years，I have stayed in Jingfu Temple for three years，Division to study the law from Master Ruyu; in addition，Guanghui Yuan, located in more than 700 meters in the west of Cheqiao，I have received a visit to the famous Japanese Seng Seng Rongxi。According to Rongxi's own record，1168，Rongxi take a business to Mingzhou，Visit Guanghui Yuan。Merchants who come to Ningbo and passengers with the boat，Generally landing on the north of Lingqiao Fenghua Jiangxi Bank City, landing，After receiving inspection in Laiyuan Pavilion，Enter the city of Mingzhou (Qingyuan) from Lingqiao Gate。Yanqing、Jingfu、Guanghui and other temples are not far from Lingqiao Gate，Naturally becoming the first choice of the Song Rigan Monk and Buddhism。

In the items of returning home in the Song monk in Japan，Except the scriptures、Outside the classics，Buddha statue、Buddhist images such as Buddhist paintings also occupy a considerable proportion。For example，Japanese monks who came to China during the Taizong period of the Northern Song Dynasty，Take away the like Tan Sakya when returning home、Sixteen Luo Han Tu a set，Diluer Temple in the existing Kyoto Saga，Where，Sixteen Luo Han Tu is the earliest painting in my country that we know to date to Japan;、A statue of the Bodhisattva、Sixteen Luo Han Tu a set、A portrait of the five ancestors of the Pure Land。Guanyin and potential to the statue of Bodhisattva、Sixteen Luo Han Tu is now hidden in Takano Shanxin，Pure Land Five Ancestral Statue is now in the two courtyards of Saga, Kyoto; Junzheng brought back 16 and 32 sets of 16 Luo Hans.、Eighteen -in ink Luo Han Photo、One of the Masters of Nanshan Master Dao Xuan and Master Dazhi's Yuan Dynasty，Where，Ink Luo Han Tu is rumored to be made by Master Five Dynasties Zenyue，Now Tibetan Kyoto Takai Temple，Dao Xuan and Yuanzhao still stored in Kyoto Temple。It is Bet365 lotto review worth mentioning is，Dao Xuan statues and Yuanzhao pictures are above the Ningbo Ningbo Famous Tower of the Southern Song Dynasty.。

Although the Song and Yuan Dynasties have not been found so far, the clear text record of the Song and Yuan dynasties with the Buddhist painting of Ningbo Painting Fang，But it can be determined that this is almost an inevitable。Lu Xinzhong of the Existing Boston Museum of Art in the United States works "Sixteen Luo Han Tu"，Original Tibetan Wanshou Temple，This set of "sixteen Luo Hans" is likely to be the second year of Jiaxi (1238) Wanshou Temple, the founder of the Wanshou Temple, the son of the Wanshou Temple, the son of the Wanshou Temple brought back when he left China。In fact，Because Chinese Buddhist images have a lot of space in Japan，Draw the exquisite Ningbo Buddhist painting is not only a way to come to Chinese monks to cherish the sacred relic，It is also a trading item for Chinese and foreign merchants for searching for search，And Ningbo Shipai -Lingqiao Gate is the most convenient place to collect Buddhist paintings in China and Chinese and Japanese merchants。

The output of the Song and Yuan Buddhist paintings is not only an output of an image，It is a spread of concepts and faithfulness。Ningbo Buddhist paintings in Ningbo Ningbo，Reflect that the comprehensive east biography of the Luohan belief during the Southern Song Dynasty。Although the concept of "Luohan" comes from the primitive Buddhism of India，But Luohan's faith is a kind of Buddhist worship with a strong Chinese color as。Luohan belief is based on the "Law House" translated by Xuanzang in the Tang Dynasty，End of the Tang Dynasty、Five Dynasties gradually become popular，Zhang Xuan、Guan Xiu and other artists who are famous for 16 Luo Han Tu。The two Song Dynasty was the period when the Luohan faith became heyday，Luo Han painted a large amount of export to Japan is based on this as the background。Another，Ten King's belief is compatible with the traditional Chinese concept of the underworld and the Jizo belief of Buddhism，Its connotation bet365 Play online games and form contains more Chinese elements。Golden Shishi、The "Ten King Pictures" of Lu Xinzhong and others were introduced to Japan，Some Japanese people are imitating，For example，Fukuoka Vowing Temple "Ten Kings" (late Kamakura period) and Okayama Baofu Temple "Ten King Pictures" (Northern and Northern Dynasties in Japan) is this type of copy，This can be seen，With the output of related images，The ten king beliefs with a strong Songfeng also gradually implanted in Japan。

(This article is the "Ningbo Hais 'Living Fossil' Research" in Ningbo Cultural Research Engineering Project)

(The author is a professor at the School of Humanities and Media of Ningbo University)