Bet365 app download studies have flourished in recent years，Related results emerge one after another，However, a discussion article on the subject of Bet365 app download Studies，Currently only a handful，It is regrettable。This article puts forward some insights into several issues in Bet365 app download studies，Looking forward to more discussions。

　Origin of Bet365 app download

Bet365 app download are located at the southern foot of Wuzhou (Zhou) Mountain in the west of Datong City, Shanxi Province，Belongs to Yungang Town, Yungang District, Datong City。Bet365 app download are where the royal family of the Northern Wei Dynasty concentrated national skills and manpower、Large-scale Buddhist grotto built with material resources，Collection of Buddhist sculptures、Architecture and painting art as one，The system is huge，In-depth content，Involving various fields of secular society，is a representative of Chinese Buddhist grotto art from the 5th to 6th centuries。

386 years，Tuoba Gui, the leader of Xianbei Tuoba Tribe, established himself as acting king。398 years，Moving the capital to Pingcheng，Determine the country's name as "Wei"，To distinguish the "Cao Wei" from the Three Kingdoms period，Historically known as "Northern Wei", "Later Wei", "Tuoba Wei" or "Yuan Wei"。Tuoba Xianbei is an ethnic group that came out of the grasslands and jungles，First made a living by nomadic hunting，Later gradually learned farming。The emperors of the Northern Wei Dynasty mostly respected Buddhism，Pingcheng, the first capital of Tuobagui，He issued an edict: "The rise of Buddha's Dharma"，It has come a long way。The merit of benefit，Death and Existence，Sacred Trail，Trust can be relied upon。The imperial edict has a secretary，Building a decoration model in the capital，Renovating the palace，The disciple who believes in the faith，Somewhere to stay。”Same year，"The beginning of the fifth-level Buddha picture、Qijue Mountain and Xumi Mountain Hall，Decored。Special Lecture Hall、Zen Hall and Samana Seat，Everyone must be strict。Taizong's enthronement，Follow Taizu’s legacy，Yi Hao Huang Lao，Also worship Buddhism，Sifang of Jingyi，Create image，Still asking ascetics to teach folk customs”。At the time of Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao，An incident that destroyed the Buddha once occurred。After Emperor Wencheng Tuoba Jun ascended the throne (452)，The status of Buddhism will be restored immediately，The first year of peace (460)，He appointed the eminent monk Tan Yao as the Sramana leader，Responsible for the "Seibu Prefecture Fortress in the Capital"，Heaved into the rock wall，Open five caves，One carved Buddha statue。Seventy feet taller，Sixty feet twice，Exquisitely carved，The best in this world”。Now known as "Tanyao Five Caves"。Later, Emperor Xianwen、Emperor Xiaowen and Pingcheng believers and dignitaries successively built the city，The formation is huge、Thousands of weather conditions、The cave temple with rich content。254 large and small caves have been preserved so far、More than 59,000 large and small statues，Has rich Buddhist content and Gandhara Buddhist art style。"Shui Jing Zhu·Luo Shui" describes that "Wuchuan water flows southeastward，There are stone houses and caves on the water side，Where bhiksunis live。The water turns east again，Jinglingyan South，Cleaving rocks to create mountains，Because of rock structure，True and mighty，What the world wants。Shantangshuidian，Looking at each other in Yansi，Lin Yuan Jinjing，Double Eyes and a New View”。The grotto has become a historical monument to the spread of Buddhism to the East，It is also the thought of Western Buddhism、The crystallization of the blending of art and local ethnic cultures。Ming Dynasty，Because there is Yungang Military Fort on the top of the mountain，Wuzhoushan Grottoes were renamed Bet365 app download。

　The formation of Bet365 app download Studies

Yungang Studies is based on the development of disciplines，roughly divided into three stages。The first stage is the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China，Inspection and research of Bet365 app download gradually begins。The sixth year of Kangxi (1667)，Zhu Yizun wrote "Yungang Stone Buddha"，Not very long，This is a travel note。The local chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties have relatively detailed records on Yungang，For example, "Datong Prefecture Chronicles" written by Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty、"Yunzhong County Chronicles" by Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty、Qianlong's "Datong Prefecture Chronicles" and Daoguang's "Datong County Chronicles", etc.。Late Qing Dynasty，Some foreign scholars came to China for inspection，Discover Bet365 app download。1902，Japanese engineering doctor Chuta Ito visited Yungang to study architecture，Written "Yungang Travel Notes"，Subsequently in 1906, the "Investigation Report on the Architecture of the Northern Qing Dynasty" and "The Bet365 app download Temple in Shanxi, China" were officially published，The Bet365 app download were announced for the first time in Japanese academic circles。Introducing Bet365 app download to Europe，is the French sinologist Chavan (E. Chavannes)。1907，He went to Bet365 app download for inspection，And two years later, the French version of "Archaeology of North China" was published (also translated as "Archaeology of North China" and "Archaeology of North China")，Mainly pictures，Publish the Bet365 app download to the European academic community，Bet365 app download enter the era of image expression。

Then，A large number of scholars went to Bet365 app download，1920，Kutaro Kinoshita investigates Yungang，Published "Datong Stone Buddha Temple" in the form of a diary with a large number of pictures。1921，Yamamoto Sanshichiro (Yamamoto Akira) published the exquisite photos of Bet365 app download "Bet365 app download"。1925，Compiled by Sotaro Nakai、"The Grand View of Datong Stone Buddha" photographed by Waimura is published。Also，"Chinese Sculpture from the Fifth to the Fourteenth Centuries" compiled by Swedish scholar Xi Longren，Japanese scholar Tokiwa Dading、"Historical Traces of China Buddhism" co-authored by Sekino Sada，Ono Xuanmei's "The Three Great Arts of the East", etc.，All follow Yungang，Fully affirm the status of Bet365 app download，Set off Yungang research craze。1938-1944，Japanese scholars Mizuno Seiichi and Nagahiro Toshio, etc.，Comprehensive investigation of Bet365 app download、Recording and actual measurement work，At the same time, small-scale excavations were conducted on some ruins in front of the cave and the ruins of the Buddhist temple on the top of the cave，This is the most detailed survey and measurement of Bet365 app download at this stage。

Many scholars in China have devoted themselves to the inspection and research of Bet365 app download。1918，Chen Yuan first visited Bet365 app download，Published the article "Remembering the Wuzhoushan Grotto Temple in Datong"，The first Chinese scholar to study the Bet365 app download。1933，Liang Sicheng、Lin Huiyin、Liu Dunzhen and other colleagues from the Architecture Society inspected the Bet365 app download，In the co-authored "Transactions of the Chinese Construction Society"，Published "Northern Wei Dynasty Architecture Represented in Bet365 app download"。1936，"Short Notes of Yungang Stone Buddha" written by Zhou Liang，The article comprehensively discusses the name of Bet365 app download、Grotto excavation、Number and name of grottoes。Other scholars’ achievements include Bai Zhiqian’s “Bet365 app download Temple”、Tang Yongtong's "History of Buddhism in Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties", etc.。The research results of Chinese and foreign scholars at this stage became the prelude to Yungang Studies，Laid the foundation for the formation of Yungang Studies。

The second stage is after the founding of New China，Research on Bet365 app download has received further attention。July 21, 1950，The Yanbei Cultural Relics Exploration Team organized and established by the Ministry of Culture and the Cultural Relics Bureau of the Central People’s Government，The first survey of cultural relics in seven places including Datong Bet365 app download after the founding of New China，Content includes grottoes、Ruins、Tomb、Ancient building、Stone tools、Pottery、Bronze and many other items。The survey team is headed by Pei Wenzhong，16 members，Yousu Bai、Yan Wenru、Chen Mengjia、Wang Xun、Fu Zhenlun and others。March 1951，The first cultural relics survey report of New China, "Yanbei Cultural Relics Survey Team Report", was issued，Wang Xun's "Record of Survey in Yungang Area" records the statues of Bet365 app download、Wuguantun Statue、Northern Wei Dynasty Site on the top of Yungang Mountain、The situation in Jiaoshan and other places。

Yungang research results continue to emerge: 1951 to 1956，The Institute of Humanities at Kyoto University has successively published 16 volumes and 32 volumes of the archaeological report "Bet365 app download - A Survey Report on the Archeology of Buddhist Caves in Northern China in the Fifth Century"。1975，Also compiled "Bet365 app download: Continuation: Measured Map of the Eighteenth Cave"。2013，The Institute of Humanities of Kyoto University has cooperated with the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Translate the original report into Chinese，Also supplemented by volumes 17-20 of "Bet365 app download"，Officially published in China and Japan。In addition，"Bet365 app download: Research on the Archeology of the Neolithic, Qin and Han Dynasties, Northern Wei, Liao and Jin Era" in Northern Shanxi Province and "Archaeology of the Bet365 app download" by Hidenori Okamura、"Bet365 app download Literary Sample Theory" by Haruo Yagi、Bet365 app download: Art by Yi Lidu、History、Archaeology and Ritual" are all monographs on the study of Bet365 app download。

In the past, most monographs on Yungang research were written by foreign scholars，In recent decades，Chinese scholars came from behind，Rich achievements，For example, Liu Ruli's "The Great Sculpture Art—Yungang" (1954)，Liu Yuying "Yungang Pattern" (1959)，Su Bai、Li Zhiguo "Bet365 app download" (1991)，Su Bai's "Research on Chinese Grotto Temples" (1996)，Wang Jianshun's "Art Aesthetic Theory of Bet365 app download" (1998)，Zhao Yide "Bet365 app download Culture" (1998)，Yan Wenru "Research on Bet365 app download" (2003)，Zhang Zhuo's "Chronicles of Bet365 app download" (2006)，Wang Heng's "Bet365 app download Dictionary" (2012)，Peng Minghao "Construction Project of Bet365 app download" (2017), etc.。2019，Editor-in-Chief Zhang Zhuo，Wang Heng、The 20-volume "The Complete Works of Bet365 app download" edited by Zhao Kunyu is released。12710 pictures in this set of numerous masterpieces，Including 59265 statues，It is a set that comprehensively reflects the different periods of Bet365 app download、Different caves、Comprehensive collection of illustrations of different artistic styles and artistic characteristics，Become the most complete yet、The most authoritative image genealogy information of Bet365 app download，Reflects the achievements of “Yungang Studies” research。2021，Zhang Qingjie Editor-in-Chief、The "Excavation Report of the Buddhist Temple Site on the Top of the Bet365 app download" published by Liu Jianjun and Liu Yanqing as deputy editors，Through five years of archaeological excavation data on the top of the mountain，Displays the historical appearance of the temple on the top of the Bet365 app download。

Research papers on Bet365 app download continued to emerge during this period，The most important paper is "Collation Notes on "Reconstruction of the Great Grotto Temple Monument at Wuzhou Mountain in Dajin, Xijing" - A Preliminary Collation of the Newly Discovered Historical Materials of Yungang Grotto Temple in Datong" published by Mr. Su Bai in 1956，And "A Trial Study on the Periodization of Bet365 app download" published in 1978，Not only an important breakthrough in previous research，And it brings the research of Bet365 app download to a new level，It has long-term guiding significance for Yungang studies。2005，Bet365 app download Research Institute held Yungang International Academic Conference，After the conference, a special volume on Yungang research "Proceedings of the 2005 Yungang International Academic Symposium" was published。

Clearly put forward Yungang Studies as a discipline construction goal，It is Li Xuefeng, the former first secretary of the North China Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China。When he revisited Bet365 app download in July 1984，Zeng titled "Strive to establish Yungang Studies，Following Oracle Bone Science、Dunhuang Studies，Strive for the backbone position of establishing this school，Our party, government and the history and art academic circles from all walks of life will provide support from all aspects，To show the great creative power of Chinese national socialism”。He combined Yungang learning and oracle bone learning、Dunhuang studies were proposed in parallel。After，Many scholars called for the formal establishment of Yungang Studies，Ru Hanfu's "The Creation of "Yungang Study" Is Imperative"、Wang Heng's "Yungang Studies: From Spontaneity to Consciousness"。Yungang Studies is gradually becoming popular，Ready to come out。

The third stage is from General Secretary Xi Jinping’s inspection of Yungang on May 11, 2020 to the present day，Yungang academic institutions have been established one after another。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during his inspection of Bet365 app download，“Bet365 app download are a world cultural heritage，Protect Bet365 app download，Not only has Chinese significance，And it has world significance。Historical and cultural heritage is non-renewable、Irreplaceable and valuable resources，Always put protection first。The development of tourism must be based on protection，Cannot be overly commercialized，Let tourism become a way for people to understand Chinese culture、The process of enhancing cultural confidence。We must deeply explore the historical connotation of exchanges, exchanges and blending of various ethnic groups contained in the Bet365 app download，Enhancing the awareness of the Chinese nation’s community”。

From now on，“Yungang Studies” reaches new heights，Datong Municipal Party Committee、The municipal government quickly organized the Bet365 app download Research Institute and relevant experts to draft the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Establishment of Yungang Studies and Strengthening the Research and Protection of the Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Bet365 app download"。September 9, 2020，Shanxi Datong University established Yungang College and Yungang Cultural Ecological Research Institute；October 30th of the same year，Shanxi University established Yungang Studies Research Institute and Peking University-Shanxi University Yungang Studies Research Center，At the same time, he founded the "Yungang Studies Research Newsletter"。November of the same year，Datong University founded the national academic journal "Yungang Studies"。February 19, 2021，Bet365 app download Research Institute Specification Upgrade，Renamed Yungang Research Institute。The establishment of the above organizations and the publication of publications，is the symbol of the official establishment of Yungang Studies。

　　The connotation and definition of Bet365 app download Studies

　What is the connotation of “Yungang Studies”？According to name and responsibility，The connotation of "Yungang Studies" is the Bet365 app download itself，Specifically refers to all the cultural relics and documents that remain in the Bet365 app download，The environmental layout of Bet365 app download、Cave niche shape、Statue style、Architectural decoration、Inscription on the stele、Buddhist temple ruins on the top of the mountain、Archaeological excavated materials and various ancient books and records recording people and events in Yungang, etc.，These are all important connotations of Yungang Studies。These connotations involve Buddhism、Archaeology、Art、乐动、Architecture、History、Geography、Nationality、Various disciplines such as folk customs and cultural relics maintenance and protection。

Bet365 app download are located in the western suburbs of the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty，30 miles from Pingcheng，It is a royal grotto directly controlled by the imperial court，Has Pingcheng’s distinctive location color，Xianbei、There are obvious signs of exchanges and integration between the Han nationality and various ethnic groups in the Western Regions，The first large-scale Buddhist grotto group east of Xinjiang，Greatly influenced by Gandhara culture。Therefore，It was the open and inclusive Northern Wei Dynasty、Eclectic、National integration、The cultural crystallization of exchanges between China and the West，Plays a decisive role in the study of Chinese cave temples。

"Yungang Studies" is named after the place，But its connotation is not limited to one place，Not just the study of the Bet365 app download，It means starting from the research of Bet365 app download，further explore the process of spread of ancient Buddhism、Characteristics and reasons。

The geography of Bet365 app download、Politics、Cultural characteristics，The connotation of Yungang Studies is very rich，At least divided into two parts: core content and extended content。The former is based on Bet365 app download Buddhism、History、Art、Ancient buildings and gardens、Protect inheritance、Mainly the geographical environment and other relics。The latter has a wider scope，As mentioned above，Bet365 app download are the product of Pingcheng’s political culture and beliefs，Its construction and development were synchronized with the rise and fall of the Northern Wei Dynasty royal family and Pingcheng，Its donors and believers and pilgrims are all from Pingcheng，This determines the extension of the connotation of "Yungang Studies"，It cannot but include the cultural beliefs of all classes in Pingcheng as well as the historical and cultural relics of the life and exchanges of various ethnic groups in Pingcheng。"Book of Wei·Shi Laozhi" records the spread of Buddhism before the Bet365 app download were excavated, and the famous Buddhist temples in Heping City, etc.，The importance to the study of Bet365 app download is self-evident。Other historical books such as "History of the North", "Book of the Southern Qi·Biography of Wei Lu", "Shui Jing Zhu", "Qi Min Yao Shu" and other historical books，It also records many contents that are missing from the "Book of Wei"。

Archaeologists excavated the ruins of the Northern Wei Dynasty palace in Pingcheng、Temple ruins and Northern Wei tombs，Many building components unearthed、Stone coffin、Pottery figurines and countless artifacts、Buddha statue、Pagoda or tomb murals，The ethnic characteristics in the archaeological data are very obvious，In particular, the characteristics of the Xianbei ethnic group are very obvious，Displays the lifestyle of various ethnic groups in the Northern Wei Dynasty，Exhibits the process of the northern ethnic minorities, mainly Xianbei, from nomadic to farming；Shows a hundred years of experience，The process of northern ethnic minorities actively integrating into Han culture，It is of great significance to explore its role in the formation of the Chinese national community。Unearthed figurine of musical instrument holding pipa、harp and other musical instruments，Comparable to the musical instruments carved in Bet365 app download，Reflecting the spread and influence of Silk Road music and dance in Pingcheng。There are also larger relics of the Northern Wei Dynasty at the Pingcheng site，Rufangshan Northern Wei Yonggu Mausoleum、Wuguantun Grottoes、Luban Yao Grottoes、Jiaoshan Grottoes、Deer Park Grottoes, etc.，These are important physical evidences for studying the historical connotation of Bet365 app download。

Some literary works are also important materials，For example, there are many Northern Wei Dynasty works in "Yuefu Poetry Collection"，The more famous ones include "Zhenzhendaige", "Buluo Huige", "Tuguhun", "Murong Khan", "Agan Ge", etc.，The most representative one is "Mulan Ci"。Even "Sui Shu·Music Chronicles", "Old Tang Shu·Music Chronicles" and "Yuefu Poetry Collection" compiled in the Song Dynasty，The origin of the musical instruments described in it、Purpose and spread，Music and dance for studying Bet365 app download and archaeological discoveries，Both are of great value。

In view of the widespread influence of Bet365 app download，Su Bai keenly discovered the unique status of Bet365 app download in northern China，Specially proposed the concept of “Yungang Model”，“Bet365 app download are the earliest large-scale grottoes in the east of Xinjiang，It was the Northern Wei royal family that ruled northern China at that time and concentrated the country's skills and manpower、What material resources create...the new model it creates and continuously develops，naturally became a model for the construction of grottoes in the Wei Kingdom。So，East from Wanfotang Grottoes in Yixian County, Liaoning，West to Shaanxi、Gan、Northern Wei Dynasty Grottoes in various places in Ningbo，There are traces of Yungang model，Even as far away as the Hexi Corridor、The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, which has a history of grottoes earlier than Yungang, is no exception.”。

Proposition of the concept of Bet365 app download model，Indicates the inheritance relationship of the evolution of Chinese Buddhist grottoes，Opens the horizons of relevant researchers，The Bet365 app download Model has naturally become an important part of Bet365 app download Studies。

The research content of Bet365 app download Studies is roughly the same as that of Dunhuang Studies，But each has its own characteristics due to different geographical environment and historical background。Hang Kan once pointed out the difference between the two。

一，The research content of Dunhuang studies is regional，The research content of Bet365 app download Studies is global。Dunhuang is located at the border，And Bet365 app download is located in the capital。

　Second，The research content of Dunhuang studies focuses on the micro level；Bet365 app download Xue is doing microscopic research at the same time，Need to do macro research on early grottoes and religious remains in northern China。

Third，Both Yungang Studies and Dunhuang Studies study grottoes，Bet365 app download, especially the first and second phase of the caves before moving the capital to Luoyang，It is an artistic expression of the royal will，The royal family and upper-class rulers funded the excavations；Dunhuang Grottoes are mostly small and medium-sized caves，Most of the people who funded the excavation were local officials and monks。

　Fourth，The characteristic content of Dunhuang studies is its unearthed documents，The research content of Bet365 app download Studies is in addition to official history，There are also archaeological discoveries，And the Buddhist relics and inscriptions that appeared in northern China under the influence of the Bet365 app download model。

These differences exist objectively，Researchers should seek common ground while reserving differences，Learn from each other’s strengths，Draw more nutrients from the study of Dunhuang Bet365 app download。

On the basis of exploring the connotation of Yungang Studies，We try to derive the definition of Yungang Studies，That is, Yungang School is based on the Buddhist remains of Bet365 app download、Artistic themes are the core，History and cultural relics of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty、Yungang Mode、Changes in Northern Grotto Temple、National blend、A comprehensive subject with the research object of cultural exchange between China and the West。

　The space-time scope of Bet365 app download Studies

Exploring the time scope of Bet365 app download Studies，The upper limit should be related to the spread of Buddhism to the East，We must also pay attention to the scale and influence of the spread of Buddhism in Pingcheng before Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty exterminated Buddhism。

Su Bai said when discussing the importance of Bet365 app download: "The scope of influence of Bet365 app download is wide and the influence lasts for a long time，Unmatched by any other grotto。This situation，It just provides us grotto researchers with the standard scale for chronological staging of early grottoes north of the Huaihe River in my country (from the second half of the 5th century to the first half of the 7th century)。Therefore，Bet365 app download occupy a very important position among the early grottoes in the East，The study of it has become to a large extent the key to the study of early eastern grottoes；How in-depth the research is on it，Directly affects the research work of a large number of grottoes。"This passage points out the importance of Yungang Studies，And roughly delineates the time and space scope of Yungang Studies。According to Su Bai’s point of view，Time range of Yungang studies，That is, "from the second half of the 5th century to the first half of the 7th century"，The time span is less than 200 years，Including the Northern Wei Dynasty、Eastern Wei、Western Wei Dynasty、Northern Qi、Northern Zhou Dynasty、Sui and early Tang Dynasty (Gaozong period)。This stage，It is northern politics、Military、Religion、Culture、A period of great change for the nation from chaos to rule。

The remains of Buddhist cave temples are the core content of Yungang Studies，Research Bet365 app download，We must examine the early spread of Buddhism in China，Especially the history of the spread of Buddhist grottoes in China。According to literature and archaeological data，Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty，But as a cave temple embodying Buddhist art，The eastward spread was later than the Han Dynasty。Buddhist art spread from west to east，The first is the Western Region and Hexi Region，Su Bai calls the combination of grotto shapes and statues in the east of Xinjiang the "Liangzhou model"，The time is the Northern Liang period，This should be the upper limit of the time range of Yungang Studies。Look at its lower time limit，Su Bai is set in the "early 7th century"，That is, the period of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty，It makes sense，Because this stage was the prosperous period when Buddhist grottoes were established and developed in the north。Of course，Relevant relics from various eras in the future cannot be ignored，For example, the Yungang Jin Dynasty inscriptions are of great significance to the study of early Yungang。Similarly，The grotto inscriptions in other places also more or less involve the construction history and scale of grottoes in various places。

Another look at the spatial scope of Yungang Studies。Subai refers to "north of the Huaihe River"，Specifically, it is "from the Wanfotang Grottoes in Yixian County, Liaoning，West to Shaanxi、Gan、Northern Wei Dynasty Grottoes in various places in Ningbo，There are traces of Yungang model，Even as far away as the Hexi Corridor、The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, which has a history of grottoes earlier than Yungang, is no exception.”。His research summarizes the spatial scope of Yungangology，Can be subdivided into three levels。First level，The core of Yungang Studies is the Bet365 app download，Start from here，The first is Bet365 app download and its surrounding grottoes and temples of the same period，Such as Wuguantun Grottoes、Luban Yao Grottoes、Jiaoshan Grottoes、Deer Park Grottoes。

The second level，Yungang Studies is a discipline with obvious regional and cultural characteristics，Closely related to regional culture，So we can’t help but notice its geographical relationship。Because the emergence and development of Bet365 app download are closely related to the rise and fall of Pingcheng，Even its service targets are mainly the classes in Pingcheng，So study the spatial scope of Yungangology，Should cover Pingcheng。

The third level，Discussing the spatial scope of Bet365 app download Studies，Need to revolve around the development of Buddhism and its art in the north。After the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang，Bet365 app download model has exerted a great influence，So let’s get to the bottom of things，Can’t live without Longmen Grottoes and the grottoes carved one after another in the north。Therefore，Discussing the spatial scope of Bet365 app download Studies，The entire northern area related to Buddhist cave temples can be included。

　　Research objects and goals of Bet365 app download Studies

Yungang Studies is a comprehensive discipline，Rich content。The research object of Yungang Studies，First, the Bet365 app download itself，Specific examples include Bet365 app download, temples and Buddhist art、The relationship between Bet365 app download and Indian and Gandhara art，And the history of Yungang area、Geography、Heritage Protection、Archaeology of surrounding cave temples、Related historical documents and epitaph materials, etc.。In short，People related to Bet365 app download、thing、Object，All are the subjects of his research。

Secondly，According to the space scope of Yungang Science，Bet365 app download are not independent from society，The driving force for its excavation and development is not the Bet365 app download themselves，It is the Pingcheng Pingcheng culture originating from the east，It is the product of the Northern Wei Emperor's worship of Buddhism，Buddhist believers in Pingcheng、Material and technical talents have always been the driving force for the construction and development of Bet365 app download。Conversely speaking，Although Bet365 app download are located outside Pingcheng，But it is an inseparable part of Pingcheng Buddhist Temple，There is a certain causal relationship between the two。Therefore，The history and culture of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the archaeological data of the Pingcheng site in the Northern Wei Dynasty，Very important for studying the history and evolution of Bet365 app download。By unearthed artifacts，Can explore the close relationship between Pingcheng and the Silk Road，It is helpful to study the ins and outs of Gandhara art in Bet365 app download，It is also a physical material that explores the process of exchanges, exchanges and integration among various ethnic groups in Pingcheng。Pingcheng infrastructure archeology is in full swing，Provide new unearthed data every year，Brings new questions and research objects，For studying the social composition of Pingcheng、Civilization level、Political Ecology、National integration、Buddhist Relics、Cultural exchanges, etc. are of great value。

Bet365 app download model is an important content of Bet365 app download studies，The emergence and background of Bet365 app download model、The rich connotation of Bet365 app download model、The formation and development of Bet365 app download model in the north、The far-reaching influence of Bet365 app download model, etc.，They are all key research objects of Bet365 app download Science in the future。This requires that the research objects of Bet365 app download Studies cannot be limited to Bet365 app download，It cannot be limited to microscopic research on individual cave statues or relics，But you need to broaden your horizons，Systematic research on the current status and evolution of early grottoes and religious remains in northern China。

Research objects of Yungang Studies，It should also include the protection and inheritance of grottoes。The skin is gone，How can General Mao attach。Protection technology of Bet365 app download and other grottoes，Occupying an important position in the research field。Reviewing the history of the gradual destruction of Bet365 app download，Destruction is divided into two types: man-made destruction and natural destruction，There are many reasons for man-made destruction，One of the reasons is that it was stolen and sold，Bet365 app download statues displayed in major foreign museums，These are clear evidence of accusations of stealing。The main cause of natural damage is groundwater erosion and weathering，Resulting in the disappearance of many carvings in the grotto。Therefore，Environmental monitoring of grotto protection、Investigation and prevention of grotto diseases、Anti-water seepage、Weatherproof、Grotto maintenance and reinforcement、Cave eaves repair、Environmental improvement、Sudden temperature change problem、Dangerous rock mass problem，It has become a big issue for inheritance and display。Similar to Grotto Monitoring、Protect、Repair，Includes digital protection，All belong to the research field of Yungang Studies。For example，Shanghai University and China University of Geosciences (Beijing)、Yungang Research Institute、Beijing Yuanzhen Online Monitoring Technology Co., Ltd. was approved as a major science and technology project in Shanxi Province "Research on key technologies for monitoring and controlling condensation water inside Bet365 app download stone cultural relics"，It’s a very good research project。

The literature related to Bet365 app download is very rich，Exists in official history、In works such as local chronicles and historical geography。Compilation and research of historical documents，Also a research object of Yungang Studies。Document research should start with document collection，After systematic review，Compilation and printing of Yungang historical materials series、Picture Catalog，Including various results of previous research，In order to find out the family background，Comprehensive understanding of Yungang academic history，Consolidate the research foundation of Yungang Studies。

Theoretical methods of Yungang studies，Also a future research object。First, strengthen field investigation and study analysis。The second is cultural relic research、Documentary history and anthropology need to be combined with each other。Yungang Studies is archeology in historical periods，We must give full play to the role of literature，The so-called double evidence method。The third is to strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration，Joint research。The fourth is from Xianbei cultural beliefs、Silk Road、Nomadism and farming、Multiple aspects of national gathering and integration，Inspect the construction of Bet365 app download and the urban construction of Pingcheng、Population migration, etc.。The fifth is to incorporate excellent archaeological theories and methods at home and abroad，Pay special attention to absorbing the advantages of Dunhuang studies，Using existing research results at home and abroad，Open up new academic research fields。

Through the above arrangement，Broadly outline the research objects of Bet365 app download Studies，It can be summarized into five aspects: First, the Buddhist cave temples represented by Bet365 app download and their religious thought and art；The second is the ruins of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty、Tombs, Pingcheng history and cultural exchanges along the Silk Road of the Northern Wei Dynasty；The third is the protection technology and technological archeology of the grottoes；The fourth is freshness、Mainly Han and Han ethnic groups，The exchanges and blending of many ethnic groups in the North；The fifth is the content and impact of Bet365 app download model。

The goals of Yungang studies，is closely connected with the research object。See details，First of all, we need to understand the connotation of Bet365 app download and the social history before and after their excavation；The second is to try to make use of the remaining architectural remains in Pingcheng、Archaeological unearthed materials and Northern Wei documents，Understand the living conditions of various classes in Pingcheng；The last is the path and stage of the spread and development of the Yungang model in the north，Reproduce the overview of the spread of Buddhism in the north from the Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty。The most important point，It is necessary to pass research，Do a good job in protecting the grotto itself，Solve the water seepage in the cave、Weathering and dangerous rock mass problems，Do your best to protect the status quo，Prevent damage，Leave the Cave to be passed down to future generations。The overall goal of Yungang studies is，Excavation around Bet365 app download、Connotation、Influence and Protection，Use of relics、Relics and Ancient Documents，Play the role of technological archeology，Exploring the spread of Buddhist grottoes in northern China from the Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty、Social Change、The process of ethnic integration and other aspects。

　The nature of the subject of Bet365 app download Studies

The nature of a subject is determined by the research field of the subject。As the name suggests，Yungang Studies takes Bet365 app download as its core research object，Collect religion、Engraving、Art、Music、Dance、Architecture、Politics、Economy、Culture、History、Geography、Nationality、Folklore、A huge system covering many disciplines of cultural relics protection。Yungang Xue is profound and profound，And it intersects with many disciplines，Researchers are asked to study the Bet365 app download from shallow to deep、From vertical to horizontal、From macro to micro、From Buddha statue to donor、From religion to folk customs, etc.，Perform multiple perspectives、Multi-level comprehensive research，Including Yungang theory、The application of Yungang Studies and the development history of Yungang Studies, etc.。

Dunhuang Studies based on Dunhuang Posthumous Letters、Dunhuang Grotto Art、Dunhuang historical sites and Dunhuang theory are the main research objects。Similarly，Learn from Bet365 app download Art、Yungang archaeological results and Pingcheng site archaeological results、Yungang related historical documents (including stone carving documents，Like an epitaph、Stele Inscription、Title, etc.)、The development of Yungang model in the north、National blend、Cultural exchanges and Yungang theory are the main research contents，The research approach mainly relies on archeology、Art History、History、History of Buddhism, etc.。Also related to science and engineering，Such as scientific and technological archeology、Stone cultural relic protection、Dating and digital technology, etc.。According to this primary and secondary relationship，Yungang Studies does not belong to the traditional humanities，Not just pure science and engineering，But a unique collection of archeology、History、Buddhism、Special disciplines including architecture and other aspects。Therefore，Yungang Studies has the distinctive characteristics of a comprehensive discipline，It is a comprehensive subject between natural science and social science。

Based on this objective situation，Establishing Yungang Studies subject system，Yungang Archeology should be included、History of Bet365 app download、Yungang Theory、Yungang iconography、Yungang Architecture、Stone cultural relic protection、Yungang Decoration、Yungang Mode、Pingcheng History and Place、Pingcheng Archeology、Pingcheng ethnic gathering and cultural exchanges and other important contents。

Research on Yungang Studies has begun，A lot of results have been achieved，Ru Grotto Survey、Staging of various caves、Statue style、Summary and arrangement of historical data, etc.。Next step，Yungang Theory、Yungang History、The influence of Yungang model、The integration of Yungang and national culture、Comparison between Yungang and Liangzhou Grottoes、Architectural Art of Bet365 app download Temple、Northern Buddhist statue art and other aspects，All need further expansion and in-depth exploration。

(The author is from Bet365 app download Research Institute of Shanxi University、Researcher at Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute)