Mr. Huang Baosheng (1942-2023) is an outstanding Indologist、Sanskrit and Pali expert、Translator、Educator，Member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Engaged in Sanskrit studies for more than 60 years，Won the Presidential Award of India (2012)、Lotus Award of India (2015)、The 22nd Shrichandra Sekhara Indra Sarasvati South Indian Educational Society National Outstanding Achievement International Scholar Award (2019)、Translators Association of China bet365 Play online games Culture Lifetime Achievement Award (2023), etc.，In Indian Literature、Poetics、Buddhism、Philosophy、Comparative Literature、Outstanding contributions to comparative poetics and other fields。

　　Explore the heart of bet365 Play online games and break the curse

Since the 19th century，Indology sweeps the Western world like a Renaissance，The bet365 Play online games is indispensable。The ingenious conception and straightforward expression of Indian literature impact the sleepy brains of Western scholars，They were so impressed that they couldn’t help but hide their faces in shame。“When Sir William Jones，1746-1796) The Sanskrit romantic drama "Remembering Shakuntala by a Token"Translated into English "Shakuntala，The Ring of Destiny: An Indian Drama" (Sacontala, or the Fatal Ring: An Indian Drama, 1789），One major difference between his bet365 Play online games and the original is that he occasionally prevents the gentle lovesick heroine from sweating。…Kāma Sūtra had not yet been ‘discovered’ and translated，So he doesn’t yet know that sweating is understood and appreciated in Indian tradition as a visible sign of sexual interest and arousal。…Anyway，His stodgy behavior and premature onset of Victorian publishing censorship neatly highlight the common tendency of translators to intervene: to erase large amounts of culturally specific detail，Like disinfecting something that smells weird。”（Susan Bassnett & Harish Trivedi, “Introduction: Of Colonies, Cannibals and Vernaculars” in Post-Colonial bet365 Play online games: Theory and Practice.) This is like what Mr. Huang Baosheng pointed out profoundly in his monograph on Sanskrit studies when Indian Buddhist scriptures first entered the Han Dynasty。In Tan Wuxie’s Chinese bet365 Play online games of Ma Ming’s “Praise to the Buddha’s Practice”，The part describing the various charms of the palace women to please the prince was completely omitted；The part that describes the women in the city rushing to watch the prince on his way out of the palace to visit the garden has been completely omitted；The long description of the women in the garden teasing and seducing the prince was replaced by a summary of five words and twelve sentences。The 10 verses in which the witches enthusiastically seduce the Bodhisattva in Chapter 21 of "The Game of Supernatural Powers" Conquer the Mara are also translated into 4 verses without any enthusiasm by Dibohara's "Fang Guangdao Solemn Sutra"。However，No matter what kind of "disinfection" or "censorship" the "Shakuntala" encountered on its way to the west or the Buddhist scriptures were encountered on its way to the east，The strong collision of foreign cultures brings more enthusiastic drumming，Maybe there will be some belated understanding and empathy，The translator of Shakuntala, who is known as "Eastern Jones", could not help but sincerely praise Sanskrit for its "exquisite structure" while "sterilizing" it.，More perfect than Greek，Richer than Latin，More refined than both” (Harish Trivedi, "Literatures of the Indian Sub-Continent")。

Early 20th century，Su Manshu、Xu Dishan and others wrote articles introducing the two major Indian epics and Kalidasa's "Shakundala" and other works。This is in addition to the few quotes quoted in Indian Buddhist scriptures to refute heretics，Indian literary works officially enter China for the first time。After the efforts of several generations of Sanskrit scholars，The Chinese bet365 Play online games of the original Sanskrit text has begun to take shape。"Five Books", "Jataka" and "Ocean of Stories" are the three most famous story collections in India。Mr. Ji Xianlin translated the complete "Five Juanshu" (1959)。Mr. Guo Liangjun and Mr. Huang Baosheng jointly translated "Selected Stories of the Buddha's Jataka" (first edition in 1985，2022 updated edition) and "Story Audition" (2001，Full version will be published soon)。Mr. Ji translated Kalidasa's play "Shakuntala" (1956)、"Urivashi" (1962) and the Indian epic "Ramayana" (1980-1984)。Mr. Huang translated the play "A Dream" (1999) by Basu and presided over the bet365 Play online games of the Indian epic "Mahabharata" (2005)。Mr. Jin Kemu translated Kalidasa's lyrical poem "The Cloud Envoy" (1956)。Mr. Huang translated Kalidasa's long narrative poem "The Lineage of Rachu" (2017)、Collection of short lyrical poems "Miscellaneous Odes of the Six Seasons" (2017)、Tandin's legendary novel "Ten Princes" (2017)，And more than ten kinds of works subsequently included in the "Sanskrit Literature bet365 Play online games Series"。Mr. Jin is a pioneer in the bet365 Play online games and introduction of Chinese Sanskrit poetry。In 1965, he selected and translated "On Dance", "Poetic Mirror" and "Literary Mirror" for the "Classical Literary Theory bet365 Play online games Series"，Later, important chapters of "Yunguang" and "Shiguang" were added and translated，Synthesized single volume "Selected Works on Ancient Indian Literary and Art Theory" (1980)。Mr. Huang collected ten masterpieces of Sanskrit poetry (6 fully translated)，4 selected translations) published "Compilation of Treatises on Sanskrit Poetics" (2008)，An expanded version was published in 2019 (8 full translations，2 selected translations)。Sanskrit poetics has gone through a long historical development，Formed a unique literary theory system in the world，A relatively comprehensive and detailed discussion of the special laws of literature itself。Placing Sanskrit poetics within the larger framework of world literary theory，Comparative study with ancient Chinese literary theory and Western literary theory，It will not only add a new dimension to the discussion of literary theory，It will also make it easier for us to understand our own way of thinking and basic issues in literature and art despite differences。Mr. Huang's "Comparison of Sanskrit and Chinese Poetics" (2021) studies ancient Chinese and Indian literary theories through comparison，Explain that although the two have different manifestations，But internally connected，It is a masterpiece in the field of comparative poetry。The book contains extensive quotes、Understanding，Exploring the common "poetic heart" in ancient Indian and Chinese literary theory，Constructing a system of literary criticism and literary theory in the new era of China，Thus bringing the study of Chinese literature and culture into a more vibrant realm。

Before the publication of the fine edition of Mahabharata，Two Indian scholars have translated two complete English translations of the popular version of the Mahabharata in prose (1883-1896) and poetry (1895-1905).。However，Western scholars have encountered many obstacles in translating the Mahabharata。French Sanskrit scholar Fauchet (H. Fauche) translated and published the first eight of the eighteen poems in the Mahabharata (current version) (Paris，1863-1870) unfortunately passed away。American Sanskrit scholar Van Buitenen translated and published the first five chapters of the refined version (Chicago，1973，1975，1978) unfortunately passed away。The term "the Curse of Mahābhārata" spread in Western academic circles。The vast volume of the Mahabharata daunts Western scholars，It has not been possible to publish the complete English bet365 Play online games of the refined version yet，They can’t even believe that Chinese Sanskrit scholars can accomplish this mission。Because they know well that "for a Sanskrit scholar，Must have sufficient academic accumulation，In order to start translating such an encyclopedic epic like "Mahabharata"。In other words，A Sanskrit scholar decided to translate the Mahabharata，It means devoting one’s academic maturity to it”。Since 1996, the "Mahabharata" bet365 Play online games project has been included in the key projects of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Officially published in 2005，Although a total of 6 people participated，But Mr. Huang undertook most of the bet365 Play online games work and the revision and drafting of the bet365 Play online games of the entire book。Mr. Huang is fully focused、Working day and night，“Often in the middle of the night after I put my pen down and fall asleep，The bet365 Play online games is still going on in the dream”，Ignore everything in life，It's like entering "Zen of Learning" (Postscript to the bet365 Play online games of "Mahabharata" by Huang Baosheng)。So，Chinese readers are lucky enough to have the complete Chinese bet365 Play online games of the finely revised version of the Mahabharata。Every Indian or Western scholar should know that Mr. Huang translated the entire Mahabharata into Chinese，Everyone is in awe。This is not only far ahead of the world’s Sanskrit circles，It can even be said to be a miracle - Mr. Huang, with his profound knowledge and persistent courage，Breaking the curse of Mahabharata！India has two epics and countless myths and legends。China’s ethnic minorities are also very rich in epic and mythological resources。Folk stories widely circulated by various ethnic groups in China，Some can be found originating in India。Two major Indian epics and myths、bet365 Play online games research of stories，It is bound to be an epic for them and ethnic minorities、Myth、Comparative study of folk tales and Buddhist scripture stories creates better conditions。

　Buddhist Classics, Sanskrit and bet365 Play online games Comparisons

Buddhist scripture bet365 Play online games has a long history。Indian Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han Dynasty，More than a thousand years of scripture bet365 Play online games activities have left thousands of Chinese translations of Buddhist scriptures。The bet365 Play online games of Buddhist scriptures brought about violent shocks in the history of Chinese thought，Buddhism has also become an important part of traditional Chinese culture。

"The Sanskrit-Chinese Buddhist Sutras Comparison Series" is Mr. Huang's great contribution to the bet365 Play online games and research of Sanskrit Buddhist sutras。After "The Lankavatara Sutra" was introduced to China，Not only has it become an important classic of the Consciousness-only Sect，And gave birth to Zen。The theory of gradual cultivation and sudden enlightenment in Chinese Zen Buddhism is directly related to the theory of gradual cultivation and sudden enlightenment in "The Lankavatara Sutra"。Four translations of "The Lankavatara Sutra"，Three types exist，Jisu Nabhadra、Bodhiliuzhi、Shishananda’s bet365 Play online games，All have flaws。"Entering Bodhidharma" is very popular in India，There are more than a hundred interpretations，Highly praised after being introduced to Tibet，There are eight kinds of commentaries translated into Tibetan。Failed to have an impact in Han Dynasty，Mainly because of the poor bet365 Play online games of the Tianxi Disaster bet365 Play online games，There are many mistakes” (Lv Chen’s "A Brief Talk on the Origins of Indian Buddhism")，Severely affected the spread of this Buddhist scripture in Han Dynasty。Mr. Huang’s collation research and modern bet365 Play online games fundamentally make up for the shortcomings of ancient bet365 Play online games。The Vimalakirti Sutra states that the land of living beings is the land of Buddha，Buddhism is inseparable from all sentient beings in the world，It is a very important and mature Mahayana Buddhist scripture，Seven translations before and after，Three types exist，Ji Zhi Qian、Kumaroshi、Xuan Zang’s bet365 Play online games。Mr. Huang discussed in detail the similarities and differences in the bet365 Play online games styles of Kumarajiva and Xuanzang during the comparison process，Point out that Kumarajiva has a tendency to simplify text，Xuan Zang prefers to translate word for word，Slightly modified if necessary。"Magic Game" is a biography of Buddha。"In Praise of the Buddha's Deeds" is a large poetic work written by the Buddhist poet Ma Ming。Mr. Huang compares the conversion of Sanskrit and Chinese poetic styles in "Fang Guangda Zhuangyan Sutra" ("Supernatural Power Game") translated by Dibohara，Combined with the characteristics of San Luojia poetry in the Sanskrit version of "The Praise of the Buddha"，Discussed the Chinese bet365 Play online games style of Dibohara and Tanwuxie。The Amitabha Sutra, the Infinite Life Sutra, the Contemplation of the Infinite Life Sutra, and the Infinite Life Upatisa Wishes for Rebirth (also known as the Theory of Rebirth) are the fundamental classics of the Pure Land Sect of Chinese Buddhism，Collectively known as "Three Classics and One Theory"。There are countless pure lands in the ten directions。The most influential one in Chinese Buddhism is the Pure Land of Amitabha in the West。There are two types of Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures that describe the Pure Land of Amitabha.。Kumaroshi's bet365 Play online games of "Amitabha Sutra" and Xuanzang's bet365 Play online games of "Sutra in Praise of the Pure Land Buddha" are small editions。Kang Sengkai translated "Infinite Life Sutra" and other large editions。Mr. Huang’s bet365 Play online games style of Bish bet365 Play online games and Zang bet365 Play online games，Point out that the translated text is simple and smooth，Zang bet365 Play online games tends to be complete。Kang Sengkai’s bet365 Play online games is in simple classical Chinese，Stylistic style tends to be simple，The overall quality of the text is better than the original Sanskrit text。

Reading and interpreting Buddhist scriptures through the original Sanskrit texts is not only an extension of ancient Chinese scripture bet365 Play online games activities，It is also the inevitable trend of modern Buddhist research。Mr. Huang uses Sanskrit Buddhist scripture manuscripts or revised editions，Compare Chinese bet365 Play online games of Buddhist scriptures，Clarifying the source of classic texts，Provide modern Chinese bet365 Play online games，Help to grasp the original form of Indian Buddhism；Conducive to the study of Chinese bet365 Play online games of Buddhist scriptures，Elucidating Buddhist teachings；Helpful in reading and interpreting Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures，Correction and writing of this document；Conducive to the study of Buddhist Chinese and language philosophy；Conducive to the study of Buddhist scripture bet365 Play online games history and bet365 Play online games theory；It is more helpful for in-depth understanding of foreign cultures，Leverage the advantages of Chinese scholars，Making a difference in the field of comparative culture。Mr. Huang entered the Buddhist scriptures with his unique perspective as a literary researcher and his profound experience in studying Indian literature and culture for half a century，More inclined to appreciate and read Buddhist literature as literary works，Thereby diluting the religious meaning of these Buddhist documents into metaphors in the historical and cultural context；The advantage in language also provides him with a more objective perspective in interpreting Buddhist scriptures。This is where Mr. Huang has an advantage over those within the religion in studying Buddhist scriptures。

　Mystery, bet365 Play online games, Bhagavan

《bet365 Play online games》Plays an important role in the history of ancient Indian thought，is the source of the six schools of philosophy，It is also a key work in the transformation of ancient Indian thought。Indian literary works，Inseparable from Indian philosophical thought。India and China have different cultural patterns。The fusion of divine poetry and witchcraft poetry in Indian primitive religion，Developed religious mythology，Exploring the Ultimate Reality in the Upanishad Period、Origin of the world，Embody speculative rationality，Pioneering Indian philosophy；China’s ancient times were also known as the history of witchcraft，Later, Confucianism embodied practical rationality，Taoism、Metaphysics and dialectics embody speculative rationality，Taoism and Buddhism share religious beliefs。(Huang Baosheng "Religion and Reason") 17th century，The Upanishads were translated into Persian。Early 19th century，French scholar Duperon (A. Duperron) based on this Persian bet365 Play online games，Translate the Upanishads into Latin，titled Oupnekhat，Contains 50 Upanishads。German philosopher Schopenhauer read this bet365 Play online games，Quite beneficial。The Western bet365 Play online games of the Upanishads influenced modern Western philosophy。The Chinese bet365 Play online games of the Upanishads provided by Mr. Huang not only helps us understand the development of Indian religious philosophy，It also injected new inspiration into Chinese academic circles。

The practice of yoga can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization period in 2000 to 3000 BC，The earliest form is found in the Upanishads (7 BC、8th century to early AD) and Mahabharata (4th century BC to 4th century AD)。Pata?The Yoga Sutra (Yogasūtra) by 觡jali is the earliest work that theoretically summarizes yoga practice，The book was written between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD。Yoga philosophy and Samkhya philosophy are closely integrated。Samkhya theory is one bet365 Play online games six orthodox philosophies of India，Believe that there are primitive people in the worldbet365 Play online games Yuan QiTwo kinds of eternal existence。The original person remains unchanged。The original essence is good (also translated as "joy"，sattva）、worry (rajas)、Three properties of darkness (tamas)，Brightness respectively、Activity and stagnation。These three qualities are in motion，The essence is out of balance，Changes，Produce twenty-four material and spiritual factors，collectively known as the Twenty-Four Noble Truths。The original person is independent bet365 Play online games original substance，called the twenty-fifth truth。(Huang Baosheng's "Introduction to the Yoga Sutra") Although yoga philosophy or Samkhya philosophy belongs to the six schools of Indian philosophy，However, yoga is an ancient method of cultivating body and mind，Generally accepted by various religious philosophies in India, including Buddhism。Comparative study of yoga practices in the Yoga Sutra and Buddhist scriptures，You can know that there are many similarities between Buddhist teachings and yoga practice in Samkhya philosophy，For example, quit、Definite、Huihe Youzhi、Entering meditation without wisdom。The differences are also obvious，For example, Buddhism says "the Dharma and I are empty"，And Sankhya has two eternal existences, namely, the original person and the prime matter。

When the first English bet365 Play online games of the Bhagavadgītā by Charles Wilkins was published in 1785，Warren Hastings, then Governor-General, commented: "This type of work will outlive British rule in India。”（J.L. Brockington, "Warren Hastings and Orientalism") The Bhagavad Gita is by far the most translated Indian work (even more than the Kama Sutra)，More than 300 translations。The original Sanskrit texts are facing inevitable decline in India，So much so that some Indian youths came into contact with their cultural heritage for the first time through English bet365 Play online games。For those who were colonized by the British、English as one of the official languages ​​for Indians，At least they still have English as a way to contact their own great civilization。For Chinese readers，There are not many people who can read the English bet365 Play online games smoothly，Not to mention the original Sanskrit text，If there is no Chinese bet365 Play online games，It is equivalent to blocking their only access to this Indian classic。bet365 Play online games is a soul collision between the translator and the author。bet365 Play online games and Writing，Complement each other。The author met an excellent translator，It’s his luck。Those who would not otherwise have access to this wisdom，I am even more lucky。

Ancient Indian philosophy occupies an important position in the history of world philosophy。Domestic scholars who study Indian philosophy often rely on English bet365 Play online games。Mr. Huang provides bet365 Play online games and necessary annotations through the original Sanskrit text，It goes without saying that it has an in-depth academic value in understanding the original works of Indian philosophy。Meanwhile，Comparative study of Indian religious philosophy and Chinese native religious philosophy，It will also contribute to the development of modern Chinese philosophy。

　(The author is from the Institute of Foreign Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Associate researcher at the Sanskrit Research Center bet365 Play online games Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)