Recommended naturalist education，It will involve nature、The concept of naturalism。The word natural has two meanings in ancient Greece: one is "Source"，The original original of the existence and movement of things; the second is "collection"，That is, natural objects and order in nature。John Adams, a British education history scholar (John Adams), believes that "nature" has three meanings in "Education Theory"，That is individual heaven、Nature that is opposed to "art" and "artificial"、Nature。About naturalism，Some scholars think，It mainly refers to a trend of thought in modern West，The philosophical thought of explaining all phenomena with natural reasons and principles，Naturalism in education is just one of them。There are also scholars that divide the naturalism of education into two categories: objective naturalism and subjective naturalism。

　　bet365 Play online games

The first discussion of naturalist educational thoughts in Western history is Plato (Plato) of ancient Greece。He thinks，The seeds of knowledge exist in everyone's heart，The role of the teacher is to help students discover the truth by themselves，The task of the teacher is to help the soul go to light，This is a complete natural exercise。Aristotle proposed the principle of "education follow people's natural development" for the first time。His three soul theory (plant nature、Animality and rationality) is the theoretical basis that claims to carry out segmental education according to children's age。

Bet365 lotto review But academia generally believes，Czech Education Theory, Johann Amos Comenius, is the pioneer of the concept of naturalism。This is mainly reflected in the use of "nature" to define education theory，and proposed the principle of "Education Adapt to Nature"。He believes that "nature" has two meanings。First，The general order exist in nature。The laws and order of education should be based on nature。2，The natural nature and characteristics of children's natural nature。Education must conform to the nature and age of the person，Make people's intelligence fully developed。But，"People" is the product of the natural power here in Qumenesus，It does not have active。

The integrated person of naturalist education thought was the 18th century French enlightenment thinker Jean-Jean-Jean-Jacques Rousseau。He believes that the purpose of natural education is to cultivate "natural people" (in the real society in the real society)。Education has three sources: nature (the development of human organs and abilities)、People (learn to use this organ and ability development) and things (obtained from surrounding things and experience)。In children's education，Should be centered on natural education，Education of people and things is in obedience。What is reflected here is human nature、Respect of human beings。

Affected by Rousseau Thought，19th -century Swiss democratic educator Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi further deepened natural education thoughts。His point of view of "natural self -development"，At the same time as respecting children's nature，Pay more attention to the development of children's internal natural forces。bet365 live casino games He also proposed the implementation path of "education psychology"。"Education Psychization" has two layers of meaning: the purpose of education is to cultivate and develop people's inherent abilities;，Make children have a active knowledge and ability。

John Dewey, one of the founders of American philosophers and modern education, developed its own unique educational theoretical system on the basis of inheriting the predecessor's thoughts，Pushing naturalist education into practicalization。He believes that there are three centers in education: children、Experience and activity。Education is the transformation and reorganization of experience。Experience is a continuous integration between people's active attempts and results。Children's Center is that children are teaching centers，Emphasize children's nature、Interests and habits are the starting point of teaching，Teacher as a guide should be under the premise of respecting the laws of children's physical and mental development，Guide the development and implementation of children's internal ability。

To sum up，The development of naturalist education has gone through five stages: the budding period (ancient Greece)、Objective stage (Qumenez)、Subjective stage (Rousseau)、Psychological phase (Pesaroqi) and practical stage (Dewey)。

　Have the characteristics of nature, equality, autonomy

Liu Liming, Hunan Normal University in the article "Analysis of the Features of Western Naturalism Educational Thought"，The characteristics of naturalist education ideas are attributed to criticality、Innovative、Natural adaptability、Freedom、subjectivity and practicality。Critical refers to the reflection of the concept Bet365 lotto review of depression education and self -criticism in practice; innovation mainly refers to the continuous update and development of theory; natural adaptability refers to the adaptation of children's natural nature; freedom is the idea of ​​naturalism. Inner container，It is also the prerequisite and condition for its development; the subjectivity refers to the main position of children in education activities; practicality is mainly reflected in the combination of education theory and education practice。other，There are also domestic scholars who think，The characteristics of naturalism are: centered on nature、Opposition to the existence of supernatural、Methods that adhere to empiricalism and scientific beliefs of empiricalism。

I think，The connotation and characteristics of naturalism education concept are concentrated in five aspects: first，Natural。Naturally, there are three layers of meaning here，That is nature、Society and human inner natural state。The relationship between the three is independent and dependent on each other。Everything in nature has its own growth law，People are no exception。During the education process, we must adopt compatible teaching methods and content under the premise of respecting the rules of people's growth and development。Society as a subsystem of natural operation，It is also an important place for human life，We must intervene on educational activities on the premise of respecting the laws of society itself。The nature of the person is affected by the law of physical and mental development，People are the subject of education，The harmonious development of its internal nature cannot be ignored。Bet365 lotto review 2，Equality。Equality has two layers of meaning in the concept of naturalism。First, the harmonious coexistence of man and nature。People have their own ability to play their own ability，This is an irreplaceable right，Naturally, you must not use it without restraint，Emphasize people's respect and awe of nature。Second, the relationship between students and teachers in education。Teachers play the role of the guidance in the student's learning，It is a cooperative relationship with students。third，Autonomous。The autonomy here is autonomy in the sense of ontology，It is the inner consistency and harmony unity。Children are active participants rather than passive recipients in learning activities。Fourth，​​Freedom。Emphasize positive freedom，People in education are the subjects, not objects，It is the activist of the activity.，Is a conscious and rational self -leader。Fifth，Normality and rationality。Education and teaching needs to be based on the subject (student itself、Education itself、Society itself) The characteristics of the society are set for educational activities，Action based on specifications，Standardized establishment is based on the use of rational thinking。

　Revelation for the development of education today

Naturalist education still has important theoretical value and practical significance to this day。Many naturalist educators around the children's center、Autonomous、Natural、Freedom and other topics have done in -depth research，Provides important ideological resources for the transformation and development of education。

The pursuit of meaning of the guidance。This is bet365 best casino games the realistic meaning of naturalism education in contemporary contemporary。Inquiry about meaning is the process of self -dialogue，It is also a review of self -reflection and critical，It is a logical question that is based on the guidance of the spirit of rationality，It is also the essential needs of people as the subject of morality。The significance here is the thinking about the existence of life，It is the care of the self -spiritual world。

Cultivate people's rationality。Education needs to be dialogue、Constantly seeking truth in the process of communication and criticism，Infinite communication occurs in the rational kingdom，Dialogue and communication at this time are not the process of persuasion，Instead of equality、Respect and inclusive atmosphere Exchanges and collisions for thinking and thinking。Criticism at this moment is not the meaning of criticism，Instead of receiving the rationality of different perspectives，It is a process of seeking truth in constant questioning and criticism。

Cultivate a kind of to nature (refers to nature、Social and self) the ability of "love"。"Love" here is a sincere attitude，Is a diversified tolerance。Just as philosopher Marcus Aurelius said in "Contemporary Record": Everything we hear is a point of view，Not facts。Everything we see is a perspective，Not the truth。This "love" is a respect for education itself，Let's return to education itself to make a complete thinking。This "love" is also a kind of understanding and observation of yourself，In this observation, let yourself be continuously improved。

(Author Unit: School of Education, Suzhou University)