Scientific history is a form of scientific history compared to the history of science，The purpose of its editor is to try to reveal the unity between each branch of a certain scientific system in a larger cultural background。To define and express this unity，Scientific historians should give a clear answer to the basic theoretical questions involved in the scientific system。Therefore，Compared with the history of the specialty，Science history is often communication science and humanities、Promoting public understanding of science and other aspects can play a more active and effective role。Research on the history of science generally can better represent the development status and overall level of scientific history research。Specifically to the history of Chinese science，Because in modern times，Western technology has begun to be introduced to China on a large scale，completely changed the overall appearance and basic nature of Chinese science，The unity of the Chinese science system itself is mainly reflected in the ancient Chinese scientific tradition，Therefore, "Chinese Science History" usually mainly refers to "History of Ancient Chinese Science"。

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Unfortunately,，So far，The history of Chinese science and technology history has not yet compiled a real history of ancient Chinese science。Since the 20th century，All published by China involved in ancient Chinese science history，Strictly speaking, they are just "history of science and technology"，instead of "History of Science"。Concept distinction between science and technology does not do strict concepts，The default presets of all the "history of science and technology" in the past。Researchers have "technology" by default in ancient China，So "Technology"，So "science"，So there is "general history"。The above -mentioned reasoning chain based on mixed science and technology，Scientific and technological historians can barely write various "history of science and technology"，It is difficult to write a "scientific history of science" without doping technology。Because of this，The new book "What is Science" by Professor Wu Guosheng, the Department bet365 Play online games of Science University of Tsinghua University, on the basis of distinguishing "history of science and technology" and "history of science"，It is clearly proposed "the history of ancient Chinese science" and its editorial problems，It has significant theoretical significance，It marks that the historical reflection of the ancient Chinese science editor has developed to a key change point。How should we grasp the overall trend of this round of historic changes?

Combined with ancient Chinese philosophy、Studies on cutting -edge research in traditional Chinese medicine and other fields，Overall，Research on the history of ancient Chinese science is being launched from the "Single Subject" paradigm to the "main body" paradigm.。In other words，The historical goals of ancient Chinese science are no longer the only one with reference to "Western Science"、Absolute standards to achieve "rectification" for ancient Chinese scientific and technological achievements，It is no longer an answer "why modern science has not been developed in Chinese civilization" This unique "grand question"。Target of New History，On the basis of fully understanding and respecting the subjectivity of the western scientific tradition，Try to reveal the subjectivity and uniqueness of the ancient Chinese scientific tradition in the main body of the history of Chinese and Western science，and rewriting the history of ancient Chinese science based on this uniqueness。

　　From "Baichuan Returning to the Sea" to "Liberal Academic"

Represents Li Joseph，The "Empirical History" program reflected in its multi -volume "History of Chinese Science and Technology"，It is a typical "single -subjective" paradigm's editorial programming program。It only recognizes the subjectivity of modern science in the West，instead of considering the subjectivity of ancient Chinese science。Li Joseph thinks，Western modern scientific knowledge uses universal mathematical language to describe the unique、Real objective world。Therefore，These knowledge is objective、Empirical、General valid、It can be understood across cultural understanding。No matter where you first discovered，They are suitable for anywhere in principle。This kind of universal science all over the world，In fact, it is a kind of detached space -time situation、Science as a general form of knowledge。Based on this one -dollar bet365 best casino games theory、Scientific view of universalism，Li Joseph proposed his "Baichuan Guihai" editor -in -law model of the development of world science and technology: traditional science and technology of countries around the world are like "Baichuan Guihai"，It will inevitably flow into the "ocean" of modern science in the West。

This historic model has three interconnected structural characteristics: 1. The heart structure dominated by a single center; 2. From the external "Sichuan" into the one -way absorption structure of the inner "sea"; 3 . From diversified to one yuan、One -way comprehensive structure from differences to unified。This comprehensive comprehensive comprehensive comprehensive is similar to Tiscart、Kant's modern episodes of modern epistemology The subjective synthesis of traditional sense。Of course it is the subjectivity of the western scientific tradition，instead of the subjectivity of ancient Chinese science。Comprehensive editorial in the Western perspective，It is just equivalent to the historical restoration of the editor under the perspective of Chinese; it only gives the ancient Chinese science very limited meaning，provides local forms and materials for the comprehensive western science。This restoration is the inevitable manifestation of the theory of the restoration of modern science in the western modern science。Therefore，The "single -subjectivity" comprehensive comprehensive comprehensive comprehensive comprehensive comprehensive Chinese scientific tradition of Chinese scientific tradition contained in the "Baichuan Returning Sea" model will inevitably sacrifice the subjectivity and uniqueness of ancient Chinese scientific traditions。

Because of the fundamental limitations of the "empirical history" as the "single subject" editorial program,，Professor Wu Guosheng's systemicity based on ancient Chinese literature、richness and uniqueness，It is recommended to re -understand the history of ancient Chinese science in the history of the "Liberal Academic" editor，and the purpose of the newly edited historiography program、Theoretical possibility、Operation feasibility, etc. made preliminary arguments。This is the first time that Chinese scientific historians have been based on fully understanding and respecting the subjectivity and uniqueness of Western science，Try to give the subjective meaning to ancient Chinese science based on "ranging"，Through studying the same and differences of bet365 Play online games Chinese and Western literature，Constructing the interactive understanding mechanism of the "subjectivity" of Chinese and Western science。

，Can the history of Chinese and Western science only build a "weak subject" based on "literature"? Western science has "Number、Reason "basics，Ancient Chinese science also developed a unique "number、Against "concept，and comprehensively penetrate in the Chinese literary tradition。Why can't we build the "strong subject between the subject" of Chinese and Western science based on the greater knowledge of "Digital Law+Museum" as a whole，Therefore, ancient Chinese science was understood as a kind of essentially different from Western science、Cross -cultural and heterogeneous new scientific paradigm?

　Phenomenology is the foundation for "strong subject"

For scientific historians，Build the above -mentioned "strong subject" facing two fundamental difficulties。

A fundamental difficulty，It is a breakthrough and expansion of the scientific concept。Traditional scientists who favor the "Empirical History" program often hold a scientific view of simplicity "realism"，Favorite from the historical experience and historical facts of scientific and technological history to answer the question of "Is there any science in ancient China"。The new generation of scientific historians reflect on scientific philosophy，Get rid of the scientific view of "realism"，Scientific outlook on "conceptual theory"，It is believed that the problem of the "or not" of ancient Chinese science "is essentially a definition problem，Not historical experience; it is a question of concept，instead of facts; it is a philosophical question，instead of historical problems "。This is a huge progress of thought。But if the problem is closed again in this way、Absolute "definition、Concept、Philosophy，Then it will cause the problem to delay and twist again，instead of clarification and solution to the problem。If finally said，"Definition、Concept、Philosophy "is not a world of ideas from Plato，and always come from historical experience、Reflection of historical facts，New scientific view should be further abandoned in experience and definition、Facts and concepts、The manufacturing between history and philosophy is completely dual、More hidden binary theory，Introduction to the new philosophical bet365 best casino games framework that can exceed both binary theory and to accommodate the "strong subject"，to re -understand the subject of the main body between Chinese and Western sciences。

Another fundamental difficulty，How to find a new philosophical framework compatible with the scientific view of the "strong subject" above，Come re -understand the "number unique to ancient Chinese science、Reason "Tradition，Activate Heaven — People、Everything、Heaven and Man One、Qi、Yin and Yang、Five Elements、Elephant、Number、Li、Induction、The original experience and theoretical significance precipitated by the ancient Chinese scientific concepts such as changes。If the above -mentioned "basic concept group" cannot be re -activated under the unified metaphysical framework，It can only be understood as descriptive concepts in the sense of classification，So，The "Mistory" program should be the most operable editor -in -law program that is currently rewritten in ancient Chinese science history。If it can be activated uniform，The historical changes in the history of ancient Chinese general history will also face more challenging、New situation with a deeper significance。

So，The editorial changes in the history of the ancient scientific history of China are closely related to finding the new philosophical framework of the above -mentioned "strong subject"。Lucky is，Research on European phenomenology in Chinese academic circles in the past 20 years，It has already begun to prepare the necessary ideological resources for building the above new philosophical framework。In the tradition of phenomenology，We can correspond to the inter -subjectivity of the subject of "consciousness" corresponding to the "weak subject between the subject"，Based on the "body" or "existence" of the origin of the origin corresponding to the inter -subjectivity of the subject, corresponding to the "strong subject between the subject"。If Husserl、Hedgger、Merlot Ponty's early philosophy through self-reflection and criticism of the internal internal western philosophy，Thinking in a different way in different ways to think about a certain "weak subject"，The advanced philosophy of the three began to move towards some kind of "strong subject"。Especially from the beginning, Heidegger and Mero-Pontel，The late existence changes in the two are trying to surpass consciousness bet365 live casino games and objects、Subjective and objective、Experience and Concept、Facts (reality) and essence、A series of binary theories such as realism and conceptualism，so as to completely get rid of the metaphysics of the traditional dual theory framework from the existence level。The philosophical thinking of the classic phenomenologists above will be possible to provide a new scientific view and philosophy framework for the transformation of the history of Chinese scientific history，Lay the new existence and epistemology basis for the "strong subject" between the constructing "strong subjects" between the tradition of Chinese and Western science。

To sum up，Editorial changes in the history of the history of ancient science in China，A long way to go。Compared with the study of western science history，Research on the history of ancient Chinese scientific science in the change due to its difficulty、complexity and arduousness，Especially requires the cooperation between Chinese scientific historians and scientists。Scientific historians need not only need to implement the "Breakhered" editor -in -law program，Study the connection and differences of Chinese and Western science at the museum level，and also need to be more systematic and in -depth.，More diversified editor -in -law for scientific exploration and practice of ancient Chinese scientific exploration，Provide a solid scientific history foundation for the reflection of scientific philosophers。Scientific philosophers need to be based on the research results of digestion of ancient Chinese scientific history，Try to introduce the latest research results of European phenomenology tradition，Promoting the research on science and philosophy of phenomenal science in ancient Chinese science，Gradually clarify the new scientific concept and new philosophy framework required for the above -mentioned historical changes，"Basic Concept Group" that activates ancient Chinese science，Actively explore the theoretical possibility of building a "strong subject" between the history of Chinese and Western science。Historians of scientific historians and scientific philosophers，Perhaps in the near future，The two scientific paradigms of Chinese and Western science belong to cross -cultural heterogeneous paradigms can be proved，and the original perception experience and the existence of the origin of the foundation that can be laid by the two，Clarify how they use different types of reflection models and occurrence of phenomenon structure，Bet365 app download Finally guided the theoretical and practical system of two different forms of different forms。Studies in the history of ancient Chinese science will also show a new look。

　(This article is the National Social Science Fund's major project "Study on the History of Science and Technology" (14zdb017)、National Social Science Foundation Western Project "Research on the Comparison of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Physics in Phenomenal Perspective" (15xzx004) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Department of Science University of Tsinghua University)