Environmental Ethics，Constructing ecological holism ethical thought from the value standpoint of ecological integrity，is one of the mainstream research paths。Whether it is Leopold (A. Leopold)’s land ethics thought，Still Enath (A. Deep ecology represented by Naess，Or Ralston (H. The wilderness philosophy represented by Rolston，All contain such an internal argument logic: treat biological diversity as maintenance、The cornerstone that promotes the integrity of nature as a whole，Thus providing a reliable moral defense for bet365 withdrawal protection。However，The debate over the factual relationship between biodiversity and ecological integrity，Shaken the foundation。Ecological research shows，A complete、Healthy ecosystems are no longer underpinned by biodiversity。Then，Can the ethical defense of bet365 withdrawal protection still stand?？Re-examine the rationality of this argument path with this issue in mind，Can more directly penetrate the essence of the problem of ecological holism ethical thought。

　　Factual Challenge: The Debate over the Relationship between Biodiversity and bet365 withdrawal Integrity

There has been controversy over whether biodiversity promotes ecological integrity，This will lead to the moral justification of biodiversity for bet365 withdrawal protection proposed by ecological holism in the sense of ecological integrity，Directly challenged。

Admittedly，The positive relationship between biodiversity and the prevention of bet365 withdrawal extinction is also supported，For example, the analogy argument of "rivet theory"。If the earth is compared to an airplane，Compare bet365 withdrawal on earth to rivets on an airplane，So this vividly leads to the conclusion that the loss of a single rivet will not affect the safety and performance of the aircraft，But according to the principle of landslide theory，As rivets continue to disappear one after another，The last straw that breaks the camel’s back will appear，Sooner or later, the aircraft will be paralyzed or have a terrible safety accident due to a certain number of missing rivets。Similarly，Although the current extinction of bet365 withdrawal does not have catastrophic consequences，But when the number of such extinctions reaches a certain extreme value，The entire ecosystem of the earth is destined to collapse。

Although the analogy of the "rivet theory" is largely in line with the general public's concern about the irreversible demise of bet365 withdrawal，But some scholars still question this analogy。Sahotra Sarkar thinks，This analogy is extremely arbitrary in the selection of objects。He retorted: Why must the biosphere be compared to an airplane，You can also borrow Hume’s analogy，Compare it to vegetables。For most vegetables，The stems and leaves separated from the mother plant can grow into independent vegetables again。Therefore，Follow this vegetable analogy，Ecosystems will not collapse due to the loss of other bet365 withdrawal。There are even opinions from the opposite side of the "rivet theory"，Considering that the extinction of some bet365 withdrawal will not cause the collapse of the ecosystem，On the contrary, it can also promote a new round of biodiversity prosperity。Research shows，Under certain circumstances, the extinction of some bet365 withdrawal will not threaten the extinction of related bet365 withdrawal，It will also prevent further extinction of related bet365 withdrawal in the ecosystem。such as，Sagar Sahasrabudhe and Adilson E. Motter) discovered in studying bet365 withdrawal interactions in food web relationships，Eliminate or seasonally remove the natural enemies of certain endangered bet365 withdrawal，Can indeed increase the numbers of these bet365 withdrawal，Thus protecting some endangered bet365 withdrawal。

　　Ethical Defense: The Difference Between bet365 withdrawal “Death” and bet365 withdrawal “Destruction”

Facing this challenge，Ecological holism believes that this ecological factual dispute does not directly affect the moral consideration of bet365 withdrawal extinction，Because the first premise of the moral defense of bet365 withdrawal protection by ecological diversity is to distinguish the moral difference between the "death" and "destruction" of bet365 withdrawal。No matter what the ecological factual relationship between biodiversity and bet365 withdrawal protection is，All must be based on the natural state of non-human factors。However, it is undeniable，Both the number and rate of bet365 withdrawal extinction are showing an alarming and accelerating upward trend，Many signs indicate that this devastating extinction of bet365 withdrawal is not the same as the natural death of bet365 withdrawal in the past。Therefore，Distinguish the qualitative difference between the "destruction" of bet365 withdrawal by natural factors and the "destruction" by human factors，Become the basis for a moral defense of bet365 withdrawal protection。

　In terms of word meaning，“Death” is manifested as a gradual weakening process，It is the inevitable law of the development of life movement，Can be compared to natural old age and death in a certain sense；And "destruction" highlights a state of abrupt end，It is an accident in which the lifeline is suddenly terminated，Can be regarded as no different in nature than murder。Gunn (Alastair S. Gunn) pointed out，“The large-scale massacre of an entire bet365 withdrawal in an artificial way is completely different from the speciation process in the evolutionary process: the theory of evolution and natural selection is to give a complete explanation for the disappearance of the dinosaurs，Rather than die suddenly like a passenger pigeon”。In terms of consequences，“Death” is an important part of the cycle of natural life in a broad sense，The meaning of life’s existence includes the continuation and promotion of life。The demise of a bet365 withdrawal during the process of natural selection is entirely possible to be replaced by several of its subspecies，At the same time, the ecological competition between this bet365 withdrawal and other bet365 withdrawal also promotes the development of the entire life system in a better direction；And "destruction" disrupts the cycle of natural life in a broad sense，Deprived of multiple potential possibilities for the development of life。The extinction of bet365 withdrawal caused by human factors has greatly weakened the role of natural selection function，Severely interferes with the natural law of natural selection，As a result, bet365 withdrawal that are not the most suitable for survival are preserved in the ecosystem，Thus causing natural life to fall into a vicious cycle。On this basis，Ralston thinks，“In the process of natural extinction，Nature can take the life of a bet365 withdrawal when its habitat has become unsuitable or when its habitat has been altered，And replace it with other bet365 withdrawal。Man-made extermination has terminated the update of evolution，Because it terminates speciation。When natural extinction occurs，bet365 withdrawal that generally contribute to extinction、Conversion of a related or competing bet365 withdrawal into another bet365 withdrawal，Man-made extinction cannot bring about the emergence of any bet365 withdrawal；One is to open the door to evolution，The other is to close the door to evolution”。

In the battle between factual challenges and ethical defenses arising from this debate over biodiversity and ecological integrity，Easy to find，Ecological holism is not about focusing on the factual value embodied in biological diversity，But whether it can extract ecological ethical value。Therefore，The logic of ecological holism’s ethical defense of bet365 withdrawal protection is: bet365 withdrawal in the long life process，Evolved through interaction with ecosystems including humans，This fact itself is a direct manifestation of an inherent objective ultimate value，Therefore, humans have the obligation to protect these bet365 withdrawal that have a symbiotic relationship with themselves。However，This also shows that it is one-sided to only use biological diversity to demonstrate the moral reasons for protecting bet365 withdrawal，Including all bet365 withdrawal in human moral obligations without qualification，It is unrealistic，Also unreasonable。For the moral reasons for bet365 withdrawal conservation，Should not consider only a single dimension of ecological value。The premise for the establishment of ethical relationships between humans and bet365 withdrawal is that they cannot leave the value dimension of human society。

　　(This article is a phased result of the Chongqing Social Science Planning Project "Research on Ethical Dilemmas and Countermeasures for the Protection of Endangered bet365 withdrawal" (2018BS22)

(Author’s affiliation: School of Marxism, Southwest University of Political Science and Law)