Environmental Ethics，Construct ecological integrity ethical thought with the value of ecological integrity，is one of the mainstream research paths。Whether it is the earth ethical thought represented by A. Leopold，Deep ecology represented by A. Naess，Or a wilderness philosophy represented by H. Rolston，It contains such an inherently inherent logic: treat biological diversity as maintenance、The cornerstone of the overall natural integrity，so as to provide a reliable moral defense for species protection。But，A dispute over the factual relationship between biological diversity and ecological integrity，shake this foundation。Studies in ecology show，A complete、Healthy ecosystems no longer use biological diversity as support。So，Can the ethical defense of species still be established? Re -examine the rationality of this demonstration path with this problem，The essence of the problem of the ethical and overall ethical thought can be more directly hit。

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Regarding whether the diversity of biological diversity on ecological integrity has always been controversial，This will lead to the moral defense of ecological integrity in the ecological integrity sense.，Direct challenge。

bet365 Play online games It is true，The positive correlation between biological diversity and prevention and treatment species is also supported，For example, the analogy demonstration of "Riveting theory"。If the Earth -class ratio is an airplane，The species ratio on the earth into rivets on the plane，So this vividly concludes such a conclusion: the lack of a single rivet will not affect the safety and performance of the aircraft，But according to the principle of landslide theory，With the lack of rivets one by one，The effect of the last straw to kill the camel will appear，The plane will be paralyzed or terrible safety accidents after the lack of rivets。This kind of ratio，Although the extinction of the current species does not bring catastrophic consequences，But when this extinction reaches a certain pole value，The entire ecosystem of the earth is destined to collapse the entire line。

Although the analogy argument of "Riveting theory" is largely consistent with the general public in the general public, the mentality of worrying about species is uncomfortable，But there are still scholars questioning this type of ratio。Sahotra Sarkar believes，This type of ratio is very casual in the choice of objects。He refutes: Why must the biosphere be compared with the aircraft，You can also borrow the analog object of Hume，E ratio into vegetables。For most vegetables，The stems and leaves separated from the mother plant can grow Bet365 lotto review into independent vegetables again。Therefore，According to this type of vegetables，The ecosystem will not collapse due to the disappearance of other species。even starting from the opposite of the "Rivet theory"，Think that the extinction of some species will not only cause the ecosystem to collapse，Instead, it can also promote the prosperity of a new round of biological diversity。Research indicates，Under certain circumstances, the extinction of some species will not only threaten the extinction of related species，It will also prevent the further extinction of related species in the ecosystem。such as，Sagar Sahasrabudhe and Adilson E. Motter found in the interaction of species in the study of food networks，Eliminate or removes the natural enemies of some endangered species，It can indeed increase the number of these species，This plays a role in protecting certain endangered species。

　　Ethical Defense: The difference between the "demise" and the "destruction" of species

Facing this challenge，Ecological overallism believes that this ecological factual dispute does not directly affect the moral consideration of the extinction of species，The primary prerequisite for the moral defense of species protection due to ecological diversity is to distinguish the moral differences between species "demise" and "destruction"。What kind of ecological facts will be between biological diversity and species Bet365 app download protection，Both the natural state of non -artificial factors。However, it is undeniable that，Both the number of species extinction and the rate show an amazing trend of accelerated increase，Many signs indicate that the destruction of the species is not the same as the natural disappearance of the past species。Therefore，Differential differences between the "demise" and human factors of the natural factors of species and human factors，Become the basis for moral defense of species protection。

In the meaning of words，"Destiny" is manifested as a process of gradually weakening，is the inevitable law of the development of life movement，The canal ratio is a natural old death in a certain sense; "Destruction" highlights an abrupt state，It is an accident that the lifeline is suddenly terminated，It can be regarded as the same as murder in nature。Alastair S. Gunn pointed out，"The species forming the entire species of large -scale massacre and evolution in a man -made way is completely different: evolution and natural selection theory is a complete expression of the disappearance of dinosaurs，instead of suddenly disappearing like a pigeon "。As far as consequences are concerned，"Destiny" is an important part of the recovery of natural life cycle in a broad sense，The meaning of life existence includes the continuation and promotion of life。The demise of a species in the natural selection process may Bet365 lotto review be replaced by several sub -species，At the same time, the species and other species in ecological competition have also prompted the entire life system to develop in a better direction; "destruction" disturb the cycle cycle of broad natural life，Detaled a variety of potential possibilities of life development。Human -human factors have largely weakened the role of natural selection function，seriously interfere with the natural laws of the physical selection，What is the most suitable species that is most suitable for survival is preserved in the ecosystem，Then the natural life is in a vicious circle。Based on this，Rolleston thinks，"During the natural extinction process，Nature will take a certain species -when the species has become unsuitable for habitat or when the habitat has changed，and use other species to replace it。Human -destroying but ending the evolution update，Because it terminates the formation of species。When the natural extinction occurs，Generally, it can promote the extinction species、Related species or competition species conversion to another species，and artificially extinguishing species cannot bring any species; one is to open the door of evolution，The other is the door to close the evolution "。

In this confrontation of factual challenges caused by the dispute between biological diversity and ecological integrity and ethical defense，It is not difficult to find，Ecological overallism bet365 Play online games is not the factual value reflected by biological diversity，but whether it can extract ecological ethical value。From this，The logic of ecological integrity on the ethical defense of species protection is: species in the long life process，It evolved through the interaction with an ecosystem including people，This fact itself is a direct manifestation of the internal objective and ultimate value，Therefore, humans have the obligation to protect these species that have a symbiotic relationship with them。But，This also shows that there is one -sided reason for the moral reasons to protect species only by biological diversity，No limited conditions include all species in human moral obligations，It is both unrealistic，It is also unreasonable。For the moral reasons for species protection，Do not consider the single dimension of ecological value。The premise of the establishment of the ethics of people and species is the value dimension that cannot leave human society。

　　(This article is the ethical predicament and countermeasures of the protection of endangered species in Chongqing Social Sciences Planning Project (2018BS22) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Marxism, Southwest University of Political Science and Law)