Since the rise of sociobiology in the 1970s，Researchers have tried to provide an evolutionary explanation for the human mind，And thus created an "bet365 free bets"。Although bet365 free bets has strong explanatory power，But its core arguments have been challenged from all aspects。Esternes(K. The "evolutionary apprentice model" proposed by biological philosophers represented by Sterelny) believes that，bet365 free bets explanation ignores human beings’ ability to actively transform the environment。In fact，The cultural environment external to the body also plays a crucial role in the evolution of the human mind。

　　bet365 free bets and Its Theoretical Commitments

In a general sense，bet365 free bets can be divided into broad and narrow senses。In a broad sense, bet365 free bets refers to the research program that uses evolutionary theory to explain the human mind；bet365 free bets in the narrow sense contains some specific commitments，such as genecentrism、Large-scale module theory。Because bet365 free bets as a scientific theory should be practical and operational，Therefore, when people refer to bet365 free bets, they usually refer to bet365 free bets in a narrow sense。The idea of ​​bet365 free bets is roughly as follows。

First，bet365 free bets evolved because the human brain evolved。But scientific research shows，The brain capacity of modern humans is basically the same as that of Homo sapiens in the Stone Age。Therefore，To ask why modern people have such mental characteristics，We seem to be focusing on the Stone Age。Specifically，We need to examine what kind of environment humans were in at that time，What kind of pressure to choose?，And use this as a basis to explain why certain psychological tendencies can evolve。

Secondly，bet365 free bets psychologists believe that the existence of a so-called "central processing system" should not be assumed in explanations of the human mind。They advocate a completely modular approach to understanding the mind，In their opinion，The human mind is like a Swiss Army Knife，Consists of independent "psychological modules"，Each module is used to solve special problems encountered by humans in the Stone Age。Due to the large number of such problems，Therefore, humans have evolved large-scale psychological modules，These psychological modules are biological adapters。

So far，bet365 free bets psychologists can explain a wide variety of psychological phenomena based on these two theoretical commitments。For example，Why are we afraid of snakes，But not afraid of cars - even though the number of people who die in car accidents every year is much higher than the number of people who die from snake venom。This is because modern transportation did not exist in the Stone Age，Our ancestors faced the threat of snakes。To solve this problem，Humans have evolved a psychological module to be afraid of snakes (that is, they tend to run away when they see snakes)。

Although bet365 free bets has strong explanatory power，But many researchers believe it is just a story made up by evolutionary psychologists。From a theoretical perspective，Some opponents question the large-scale module theory，Believe that there are some mechanisms in the human mind for dealing with general problems (such as reasoning problems)，The currently popular dual-process theory is a good example。Other opponents believe，bet365 free bets mistakenly regards genetic changes as the sole cause of changes in the human mind，We should adopt the gene-culture co-evolution model when explaining the human mind。

　　“Homo sapiens paradox” and the dilemma of bet365 free bets

Archaeological research shows，Homo sapiens with brain capacity similar to modern humans appeared about 500,000 years ago。But not until about 100,000 years ago，Only the social life of primitive people shows a form similar to that of modern humans。For example，In the late Pleistocene (approximately 300,000 years ago)，The stone tools used by primitive people were mainly Acheulean hand axes and Olduvian stone flakes and cores；Until about 100,000 years ago，The diversity of artifacts has shown a significant growth trend。A consensus reached by scholars at present is，The time when primitive bet365 free bets behavior began to become modern was about 80,000 to 120,000 years ago。Then，How do we explain this phenomenon？

If you adopt the genetic centrism point of view like bet365 free bets psychologists，Considering that genetic similarity implies cognitive similarity，Then you will face the so-called "sapiens paradox": if the genes of homo sapiens are different from those of early hominids，And genetic differences are the only decisive influence on the human mind，Then why from the archaeological record，Those newly emerged genes cannot show their effects quickly？Why did it take hundreds of thousands of years for Homo sapiens, who had evolved huge brains, to behave similarly to modern humans？

Some researchers believe，The best way out of this dilemma is to abandon the simple reflection model of traditional bet365 free bets，Refuse to believe that changes in human mental and behavioral patterns correspond solely to changes in genes。Sterni and other scholars pointed out，In the past, when people used the theory of evolution to explain human mind and behavior，Often just explore how our ancestors passively adapted to the environment，Ignore their subjective initiative to transform the environment。In fact，Many of our cognitive abilities and behavioral tendencies are not inherited genetically，It is obtained by learning in one’s own cultural niche。What is related to changes in human behavioral patterns in the "Homo sapiens paradox" is not changes in genes，It’s about changes in the cultural environment。

　bet365 free bets Evolution and Embedded Cognition

In Sterney’s opinion，Constructing a cultural niche helps people move faster、Get information securely。On the one hand，The cultural environment as a "cognitive capital pool" will provide community members with knowledge about the external world。With its help，Each generation no longer needs to start from scratch to understand a completely unfamiliar world。Vice versa，Because each generation can invest new “cognitive capital” into the “capital pool”，The accumulation of knowledge becomes possible。When the “primitive accumulation of cognitive capital” exceeds a certain threshold，The entire human society will undergo qualitative changes。It seems more reasonable to interpret the relevant issues in the "Homo sapiens paradox" in this way。On the other hand，Constructing a cultural niche can change the feedback loop of trial and error，To enable community members to obtain knowledge more safely。For example，It allows people to get the information that "there are wild beasts in the forest" without entering the forest alone - maybe when you ask to enter the forest，Others will remind you。From this perspective，When the cultural niche is successfully established，Our ancestors would learn in the entire cultural environment like an apprentice learning a craft，Because the significance of apprenticeship is to avoid the high costs (such as trouble caused by failure to deliver goods on time) when mistakes are made (such as using the wrong materials during casting)。Based on this consideration，Sterney calls his theory of gene-culture coevolution the "evolutionary apprentice model"。Compared with traditional bet365 free bets，Be able to better explain the phenomenon described in the "Homo sapiens paradox"，It is a more credible scientific hypothesis。

Steny’s cultural evolution theory fits well with the currently popular embedded cognition theory。According to embedded cognition theory，When explaining the human mind we should look beyond what happens inside the brain，It is more important to regard "brain-body-world" as a whole。This is because many of our cognitive activities use things in the world as "scaffolding"。For example, when performing slightly complex calculations，We will use pen and paper to complete this activity。Same，In the Evolutionary Apprentice Model，The cultural environment plays the role of "scaffolding"。The mistake of bet365 free bets is to believe that all our psychological tendencies and behavioral tendencies are genetically determined。But perhaps a more reasonable guess is，Man’s cognitive achievements so far，To a large extent, it relies on the "scaffolding" provided by the cultural environment for our ancestors。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of Public Administration, Nanjing Normal University)