bet365 bonus code pa archeology attempts to unearth the buried meaning of “bet365 bonus code pa”，But encountered methodological problems when mining pre-modern "bet365 bonus code pa": when analyzing pre-modernity in modern terms，How to avoid imposing modern ideas on pre-modern？The more extreme approach is，Strictly distinguish between modern electronic technology in the narrow sense and the concept of intermediary in the broad sense during the discussion process。The more acceptable approach is，Using the term “artisan” when describing pre-modern times。

In recent years，bet365 bonus code pa archaeology has gradually become domestic cultural research、One of the keywords in humanities academic fields such as communication and bet365 bonus code pa studies。As an interdisciplinary academic field，bet365 bonus code pa archeology does not have a unified academic program，Just a loose methodological approach。Overall，bet365 bonus code pa archeology opposes viewing technological evolution as a process of linear progress，Advocates rediscovering interruptions and even degradation in evolution；Opposition to the chronicle-style writing of history，Advocates facing the ruptures and non-linear trajectories in bet365 bonus code pa history。bet365 bonus code pa archeology is not an obsession with anecdotes，But from another kind、Exploring various possibilities from unfinished objects，These possibilities of breaking away from the continuous historical process can indicate the possibility of future bet365 bonus code pa development。Academic circles usually refer to film archeology (archaeology of cinema)、bet365 bonus code pa materiality research represented by Fredirch Kittler and bet365 bonus code pa variation analysis represented by Siegfried Zielinski are the three basic theoretical resources of bet365 bonus code pa archeology。At the same time，bet365 bonus code pa archeology has begun to reflect on its theoretical paradigm，One of the focuses of the debate is: "bet365 bonus code pa" generally refers to modern communication bet365 bonus code pa，Did not exist in premodern，Is it legal to conduct an academic approach to “archaeology” of concepts that did not exist before?？This is a key issue related to the legitimacy of the discipline。

　　Pre-modern bet365 bonus code pa concepts are controversial

People living in modern society，Will put the newspaper without thinking、Broadcast、TV、Understand the Internet as communication bet365 bonus code pa，But historical data shows that，It was not until the 19th century that people began to understand the idea of ​​newspapers as a medium。In other words，Although "tabloids" for the general public date back to 1529，But there was no concept of bet365 bonus code pa in the modern sense at that time，Won’t understand TV like we do today、The Internet understands newspapers and even parchment、Stone carvings, etc.。

At least during the 16th to 18th centuries，Although the concept of printing as a communication medium may exist，But it didn’t catch on。Although John Wilkins in "An Essay towards a Real Character", and a Philosophical Language) (1668)，Spoken、Text is a means of communication between two different technical forms，It is very close to the modern bet365 bonus code pa concept of using spoken and written words as communication tools，But this is only a case。People at that time used “art” more，Not only poetry、Music and other fine arts，Including language arts、Logic and dialectics) to describe spoken language、Words and even newspapers and other forms of expression。For example，Condorcet, who was active in the mid to late 18th century, relied on the term "craft" to describe the impact of printing，Describes printing as a "craft" that spreads the light of knowledge around the world。

From the etymology，The Latin word medium already exists，can refer to middle、median、means、mediator or even "inbetweenness"。However，This concept either describes an intermediary (which may include air、Matchmaker and Void, etc.)，Or it means spirituality、Religious intermediary relationship，Information storage in the modern sense、The bet365 bonus code pa concepts of processing and transmission bet365 bonus code pa are far apart。To avoid copying modern bet365 bonus code pa concepts into pre-modern times，In historical studies of mediality，Can distinguish between modern electronic technology in the narrow sense (bet365 bonus code pa sensu stricto) and intermediary in the broad sense (bet365 bonus code pa sensu lato)。

Proposed by Wolfgang Ernst, one of the representative scholars of bet365 bonus code pa archeology，The term "bet365 bonus code pa" should be strictly limited to modern electronic technology，There were no bet365 bonus code pa at all in the Middle Ages。However，This proposal was not universally praised。An opposing view is，Considering the Middle Ages as an unmediated period，It will only strengthen the division between medieval history and modern history。Can be viewed from the perspective of bet365 bonus code pa archeology，bet365 bonus code pa archeology itself emphasizes the ruptures and differences between pre-modern and modern times。Others’ objections are more to the point，They believe that the study of medieval history and early modern history does not need to compete for the right to use the term "bet365 bonus code pa"，Because of course bet365 bonus code pa history researchers can use the bet365 bonus code pa concepts they have developed to look back at previous history，Of course we must use new conceptual tools to engage in historical research，Instead of just speaking in the language of the past。For example，To emphasize the materiality of communication bet365 bonus code pa，Kidler once summarized two ways of understanding the medium of writing: one is to understand it as a system of meaning symbols (text) composed of various writing forms；Another way to understand it is as the information storage and transmission process acting on the material substrate。In other words，As long as the connotation of the term is specified before using the term "bet365 bonus code pa"，A “bet365 bonus code pa” that can be used to study pre-modern times。

　　“Cultural skills” mediate pre-modern bet365 bonus code pa research disputes

Ernst’s proposal to strictly limit the term “bet365 bonus code pa” to modern electronic technology，Although too radical to be adopted，But it’s not meaningless。This can remind researchers to pay attention，Many concepts related to bet365 bonus code pa such as information、Propagation, etc.，Information in the modern sense、Completely different concepts of communication。For example，Medieval “information” refers to giving form to matter；Medieval Rhetoric、Political science and theology often discuss "communicatio" (the Latin equivalent of English communication)，But it does not refer to symbolic interaction、Dialogue or recognition。If there are no regulations，Use modern vocabulary to describe pre-modern times，It is bound to cause chaos。

　To avoid bias caused by using the term “bet365 bonus code pa” when studying pre-modern times，bet365 bonus code pa archeology introduces the term "cultural craftsmanship" from German bet365 bonus code pa theory，Used to refer specifically to pre-modern “bet365 bonus code pa”。In view of a certain cultural skill practice，Both logically and temporally，Everything must start with the corresponding stereotypes。For example，Painting practice comes first in art，Printing practice first lies in the concept of mass communication。Then，Adopt the term "cultural skills"，Not only can it effectively avoid the discussion trouble caused by directly using the later term "bet365 bonus code pa"，More importantly, the main research object of bet365 bonus code pa archeology can be more appropriately described: amorphous、Unconventional cultural practices。Let’s take a medieval case to further illustrate this point。

　1453，To better explain mysterious theology，Nicholas of Cusa proposed an experiment in the preface to "De visione Dei": the first step，Hang a religious icon on the wall，Three monks view bet365 bonus code pa from the front and side；Step 2，Let them stare into the eyes of the icon，Walking around a semicircle；Step 3，Let them discuss their experience with this experiment。This new way of viewing paintings is just a brief page in history，Failed to become a model or routine practice for future generations，Failed to obtain a fixed concept title，Let’s call bet365 bonus code pa the “Coos Experiment”。Obviously，The same is the practice of looking at icons，The Kus experiment is different from the practice of viewing paintings from the best viewing angle。The practice of viewing paintings from the best perspective is a routine practice，The default is，If you stand at a bad viewing angle，You cannot accurately appreciate the content of the painting。The focus of the best perspective-based painting practice is on the content of the painting。The Kus experiment does not care what is painted on the icon，He made the monks stare into the eyes of the icon while walking in a semicircle，bet365 bonus code pa is likely to realize that the practice of viewing paintings from the best perspective can easily make the viewer only stay on the surface of the painting，bet365 bonus code pa is difficult to “transcend” the picture and enter the realm of “God”。Change the way of viewing paintings，That is, displaying a new cultural skill，This new practice allows monks to gaze into the eyes of the icon at all times，Also stared at by the eyes of the icon，Thus creating a mutual gaze relationship between the viewer and “God”。This way，Kuse’s experiment became a practice of “transcending” the picture。

At that time，The Kus experiment is an unconventional way of viewing paintings: the icon is still the same icon，No longer the focus of the best viewing angle，Instead, incorporate unique collective viewing practices；From a historical perspective，Such a practice has never become a regular religious activity。However，Exactly informal、Unconventional and even failed technical practices，Stimulating variations in skills and even generating new ways of practice，Thus making possible those skills that have left their names in history。“Kuss Experiment” and other forgotten attempts，It can be called "cultural skills" in the sense of bet365 bonus code pa archaeology。

"Cultural Skills"

　　Opening up new perspectives in pre-modern bet365 bonus code pa research

bet365 bonus code pa archeology attempts to unearth the buried meaning of “bet365 bonus code pa”，But encountered methodological problems when mining pre-modern "bet365 bonus code pa": when analyzing pre-modernity in modern terms，How to avoid imposing modern ideas on pre-modern？The more extreme approach is，Strictly distinguish between modern electronic technology in the narrow sense and the concept of intermediary in the broad sense during the discussion process。The more acceptable approach is，Using the term “artisan” when describing pre-modern times。

Various cultural and technical practices may not constitute historical events，Not even necessarily stereotyped or routine，But it may have inadvertently opened the door to modern bet365 bonus code pa technology。These cultural techniques that have been forgotten by the official history of bet365 bonus code pa，It is the treasure waiting to be discovered by bet365 bonus code pa archeology。We may be able to construct an alternative bet365 bonus code pa history，A path of cultural and artistic evolution full of interruptions and jumps。Introducing the term "cultural craftsmanship" to conduct bet365 bonus code pa archaeological research on pre-modern times，It allows us to see more clearly: how today’s colorful bet365 bonus code pa technologies originated from alternative practices in history。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation Youth Project "Research on German bet365 bonus code pa Philosophy since the 1980s" (19CXW014)

(Author’s unit: School of Journalism and Communication, Qingdao University)