bet365 Play online games

In recent years，Media Archaeology gradually becomes domestic cultural research、One of the keywords in the field of humanities such as communication and media research。As an academic field of interdisciplinary，There is no uniform academic program for media archeology，It's just a loose methodology。Overall，Media Archeology Opposition to regard the evolution of technology as a process of straight -line progress，It advocates re -excavating the interruption and even degeneration in the evolution;，It advocates fault and non -linear trajectory in the history of the media。Media archeology is not the research habit of Yiwen anecdotes，but from alternative、Find a variety of possibilities among unfinished objects，These possibilities of disconnecting the continuous historical process can indicate the possibility of future media development。The academic community usually gives film archeology (Archaeology of Cinema)、The media material research represented by Fredirch Kittler and the media variant analysis represented by SiegFried Zielinski as the three basic theoretical resources of media archeology。At the same time，Media archeology has begun to reflect on its theoretical paradigm，One of the focus of the controversy is: "Media" generally refers to modern communication medium，does not exist in premodern，So is the academic diameter of "archeological" that did not exist before? This is the key question related to the legitimacy of the discipline。

　　The concept of predecessor modern media is controversial

bet365 Play online games People living in modern society，The newspaper will be used without thinking、Broadcast、TV、Network, etc. It is understood as communication medium，But historical materials indicate，It was not until the 19th century that people began to understand the newspaper as a medium。That is to say，Although the "tabloid" facing the public can be traced back to 1529，But there was no modern media concept at that time，I will not understand TV today、Understand the newspaper and even sheepskin paper、stone carvings, etc.。

At least in the period of at least the 16th -18th century，The concept of treating printed products as a media may exist，But there is no popular opening。Although John Wilkins (John Wilkins) in "AN ESSAY TOWARDS A Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (1668) proposed，spoken language、Text is communication methods of two different technical forms，It is very close to the modern media concept of speaking and text as a communication tool，But this is only a case。At that time, people used more "art，Not only refers to poetry、music, etc. Fine Art，including language and art、Logic and Dialectics) to describe oral language、Text and even newspapers such as expressions。For example，Confucius, who is active in the middle and late 18th century, relies on the term "skills" to describe the impact of printing，Describes printing as a "skill" that sprinkle the light of knowledge all over the world。

From the perspective of the source of the word，Latin Ci MEDIUM already existed，It can refer to the middle (MIDDLE)、median (median)、means (means)、intermediary regulatory (Mediator) and even "inbetweenness"。But，This concept is either describing intermediaries (can include air、Mercy and Void, etc.)，Either represents spirituality、bet365 live casino games Religious intermediary relationship，Information storage in the modern sense、The media concept of the medium of processing and transmission is far away。To avoid moving the concept of modern media to the predecessor，In Historial Studies of Mediality，It will distinguish between modern electronic technology (Media Sensu Stricto) and intermediaries in the general sense (Media Sensu Lato。

One of the representatives of the media archeology, Wolfgang Ernst, proposed，The term "media" is strictly limited to modern electronic technology，There is no media at all in the Middle Ages。but but，This proposal has not been widely praised。An opposition point is，Trending the Middle Ages as a period of no medium，Only the split of medieval history and modern history will be strengthened。You can stand on the position of media archeology，Media archeology itself emphasizes the breakdown and differences of the forecast and modernity。The opposition of others is more cut and the key，They believe that the research of medieval history and early modern history does not need to compete for the right to use the "media" term，Of course, because of the media history researcher, you can use the concept of media that you have developed to look back at the previous history，Of course, use new conceptual tools to engage in historical research，instead of speaking in the past language。For example，In order to emphasize the materiality of the media，Kidler has summarized two ways of understanding and writing medium: one of which is understood as a significant symbol system (text) composed of various writing forms; It is understood as an information storage and transmission process that acts on the material matrix。That is to say，Just specify the connotation of the Bet365 app download term before using the "Media" term，It can be used to study the modern "medium"。

　　"Cultural Skills" mediation Previous modern media research dispute

Ernst strictly limited the proposal of the "media" terminology on modern electronic technology，Although too aggressive and difficult to be adopted，It is not meaningless。This can remind researchers to pay attention，Many media -related concepts such as information、Communication, etc.，Information in the modern sense、The concept of communication is completely different。For example，The "information" of the Middle Ages refers to giving the form to the material; the medieval rhetoric、Political Science and theology often discuss "Communicative" (Latin corresponding to English Communication)，But does not mean symbolic interaction、Dialogue or identity。If it is not specified，Describe the preliminary modernity with the usual symbol of modern people，It is bound to cause confusion。

To avoid the deviation of the use of the "medium" term in the previous modernity，Media archeology introduced "cultural skills" term from the German media theory，It refers to the "medium" used in the predecessor。In view of some kind of cultural skills practice，Logically or sequentially，All must first be the corresponding setting concept。For example，Painting practice first lies in art，Printing practice first lies in the concept of mass communication。So，Using "Cultural Technology" term，Not only can it effectively avoid the troubles caused by the "media" term after use directly after use，More importantly, it can more appropriately describe the main research objects of media archeology: non -setting、Unconventional cultural practice。Let's take a test of a medieval case to further explain this。

Bet365 app download 1453，To better explain the mysterious theology，Nicholas of Cusa proposed an experiment in the preface of "De Visione Dei": the first step，Hook a religious icon on the wall，Three monks face it from the front and side to watch it; the second step，Let them stare at the eyes of the icon，Walking around the semicircle; step 3，Let them discuss the experience of this experiment。This new set of painting methods is just a short page in history，Can't become a model or conventional practice for later generations，Fixed conceptual title is not available，We call it "Kus Experiment" for the time being。Obviously，Also the practice of seeing the icon，Kus experiments are different from watching the painting practice from the best perspective。Painting practice with the best perspective is a conventional practice，The default is，If you stand at a poor perspective，Can't accurately appreciate the content of the painting。The focus of the best perspective -based viewing practice is the content of the painting。and the Kus experiment does not care about what to draw on the icing，He asked the monks to stare at the eyes of the icon in the process of walking around the semicircle，It is likely to be recognized by the viewing practice of occupying the best perspective.，It is difficult to "surpass" the picture to enter the domain of "God"。Change a set of pictures，is to show a new kind of cultural skills，This new practice allows monks to stare at the eyes of the icon at all times，At the same time, stare for the eyes of the icon，This makes the viewer and "God" constitute a relationship that condenses each other。This is the case，Kus experiments have become the practice of the "transcendence" picture。

At that time，Kus experiments are an unconventional Bet365 app download way of viewing: the icon is still the same icon，No longer the focus of the best perspective，Instead, it integrates a unique collective viewing practice; from a historical point of view，This practice has never become a conventional religious activity。But，It is non -standard、Skills practice of unconventional or even failure，Variations that stimulate skills and even generate new practical methods，so that those techniques to stay famous in history are likely。"Kus Experiment" and other annihilation attempts，It can be called "cultural skills" in the sense of media archeology。

"Cultural Technology"

　　Pioneering a new perspective of modern media research

Media Archeology attempts to dig the meaning of the "media" that has been annihilated，However, when digging the pre -modern "media", I encountered methodology problems: in modern terms to analyze the pre -modern times，How to avoid imposing modern concepts to pre -modern? The more extreme approach is，Strictly distinguish between modern electronic technology and intermediary concepts in the narrow sense during the discussion process。The easier to be accepted is，Use the "Cultural Skills" term when describing the previous modernity。

Dynamic cultural skills practice may not constitute historical events，It may not even be customized or routine，But may inadvertently open the door of modern media technology。These cultural skills that have been forgotten by the media of the media，It is a treasure that needs to be excavated by media archeology。We may be able to construct an alternative media history，An evolution of cultural skills full of interruption and jump。Introduction of the "Cultural Skills" term conducts media archaeological research on predecessors，It can make us see more clearly: bet365 Play online games How to develop alternative practice in history today。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "The German Media Philosophy Research since the 1980s" (19CXW014) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Journalism and Communication of Qingdao University)