Visual bet365 live casino games plays a very important role in scientific practice activities，Whether it is natural science，Still a social science subject，There are a lot of visual representations。Especially with the rapid development of computer imaging technology and computer graphics，Computer converts data into computer graphics、image，Allows us to directly obtain vivid and detailed images and pictures of the research object through visual bet365 live casino games。Visual bet365 live casino games plays an increasingly important role in scientific practice。What are the characteristics of visual bet365 live casino games in scientific practice？Is there a general framework for describing visual representations in scientific activities？What is the relationship between visualization technology and scientists’ cognition？These questions are not only related to our understanding of visual bet365 live casino games itself，It also concerns our relationship with scientists、Understanding of scientific practice，Becoming a cognitive science、New topics in the fields of philosophy of science and other fields。

Diversity and variability of bet365 live casino games are the main features of visual bet365 live casino games in science。The goal of most scientific research，is through simple、Stable features capture complex change processes。For example，Explaining the dynamics of complex X-ray diffraction through stable features of crystal structures；Use the imprinted forms of many arthropod fossils to explain the life processes of long-extinct creatures。To explain new or unusual phenomena，Acquire new knowledge，Scientists need to get rid of static、Constraints on representations of 2D (such as drawings and state descriptions)，In 2D forms (such as patterns and charts)、Convert between 3D form (structural model) and 4D form (time or process model) to change the visual bet365 live casino games。Therefore，Building and changing models，Perform reasoning and testing，Become an important link in visual bet365 live casino games。

　　A general framework for visual bet365 live casino games reasoning

Based on a series of case studies，David C. Gooding) proposed a general framework that includes important features of visual bet365 live casino games: Pattern-Structure-Process schema，PSP framework for short)。PSP framework fully captures the characteristics of visual changes，Present a general picture of how visual representations change during scientific activities。The most basic elements in the PSP framework are three nodes: Pattern (Sketch or Diagram)、Structural model、Process Model，The source image of the front end and the prediction phenomenon of the back end are also within this framework。In addition，The framework also contains various inference relationships。The inference relationship can be completed directly through imaging technology，Or you need to use domain knowledge。From source image to pattern is done directly by imaging technology，From pattern to structural model、Process model and prediction phenomenon use domain knowledge，The reverse reasoning from process model to structural model and then to pattern is completed through imaging technology。The direction of inference depends on whether there is a need to increase or decrease the complexity and information content of the bet365 live casino games。

Forward reasoning is easy to understand，Backward reasoning occurs when scientists accumulate more and more information，The model becomes complex and difficult to use，To deal with this complexity，An abstract bet365 live casino games system is needed to function。For example，Using calculus、Feynman diagrams and other mathematical tools，Symbol operations according to strict conversion rules，Extract key data from complex visual representations，Achieve scientific understanding、Analysis and Application。Also，The potential interpretation and evaluation of the bet365 live casino games model involves the mutual corroboration of the inference results between the various nodes，If the structural model and process model are consistent with each other，means the best explanation of existing and predicted phenomena。For example，In paleontology，Through visualization technology，Complete abstract feature reasoning from various ancient ruins photos (source images) to patterns，Characterize possible characteristics of extinct organisms，And refer to the characteristics of the structural model，Combining factual information with relevant field knowledge，Visual reasoning process and biological morphology from pattern to structural model to dynamic model、Physiological process、These areas are related to knowledge of ecological factors (such as food sources and predators) and geological processes。Under the hypothesis、When testing possible characteristics that characterize an object，Imaging technology and patterns can play a role in identification，By comparison，It can be concluded whether these hypotheses and predictions are consistent with the existing fossil information。Relate these diagrams and photos to new phenomena derived from dynamic models，Be able to derive the true characteristics of fossil traces。and，New information can in turn prompt scientists to re-evaluate what representations in the source images represent。Therefore，PSP framework shows the general process of visual bet365 live casino games，Reflects the dialectical unity between biological elements and social elements in the process of scientific practice、The dialectical unity of domain knowledge and visualization technology、The dialectical unity between interpretability and creativity in the process of scientific discovery。

　　Visual bet365 live casino games and scientists’ cognition

On the basic characteristics of visual bet365 live casino games in scientific practice、Exploration of general framework，Can see，Visualization technology improves the efficiency of scientific practice。However，The role of scientists’ cognition in visual bet365 live casino games is still irreplaceable。

First，During the process of visual bet365 live casino games，Visualization technology needs to be linked to scientists’ cognitive abilities，Generating and transforming images。The cognitive science theories on which visualization techniques are based tend to rank images according to complexity and abstraction，Emphasis on the importance of dimensions。David Marr’s multi-level vision theory presents the scene from a two-dimensional visual array on the retina to a three-dimensional description of the world as output，This process enables continuous three-dimensional rendering of the scene，It is a one-way process from sensory input to 3D model。Different from this，Visual bet365 live casino games reasoning in scientific practice is non-linear、recursive，Because scientists are constantly switching between biologically endowed perceptual processes and their acquired expert perceptual skills。Different types of representations invoke a range of cognitive abilities，And put forward different requirements for characterization technology。For example，Using mental arithmetic、Abacus、When doing arithmetic calculations with pen or calculator，Each technique combines a representational form and a procedure，Each will combine different cognitive abilities。

Second，Visual bet365 live casino games involves the externalization of the scientist’s internal mental bet365 live casino games，Exhibits the close connection between personal mental images and public representations。Internal bet365 live casino games and mental bet365 live casino games are related to the psychological activities of scientists，Exists in the mind of the observer or learner，is part of private thoughts。Although scientists’ personal mental representations play an important role，But visual bet365 live casino games in scientific practice is ultimately a mixed psychological-material system，In this system，There is no dualism of internal and external knowledge。and，Only scientists use personal imagination、Thinking、Beliefs are these internal representations in images、Paper、When programs and other results are presented in the form of external representations，When transforming personal images into public representations，It is of real significance to the progress of science。

　Third，The application of visualization technology in scientific practice is closely related to the cognitive purpose of scientists。How to pass the structural model、Process model for characterization，different images、How to convert between models，Relating to the purpose and intention of scientists。As Gill (Ronald N. Giere)’s scientific model intentional bet365 live casino games view depicts: bet365 live casino games in science is for scientists to meet a certain purpose，Activities that use models for bet365 live casino games for their own purposes。For example，Different models can be constructed about water，If you need to characterize the diffusion or Brownian motion of water，It is best to use the water molecule ensemble model；As for characterizing the flow of water through pipes，It is more appropriate to use a continuous fluid model。Visible，The representations used by scientists are interpretive in scientific discoveries、Part of the interplay between creativity，Where bet365 live casino games is malleable and deliberative，Seemingly the same image or object can be used in different ways - for example to explain anomalies，The challenge is still explained，Or it may become evidence for explanation。

In short，PSP framework can explain the transformation characteristics of visual representations in scientific practice: reasoning and building pattern and structure models through source images、Visual bet365 live casino games forms such as process models，Make predictions and hypothesis tests。This illustrates the complex transformation relationship from pure images to various visual representations，Indicates the continuity of human cognition and its partial replacement by machines。Computational tools such as analog imaging technology，Reproduce data in a way that humans can interpret and understand、Help with more complex problems。However，The change operation in visual bet365 live casino games relies on the professional knowledge of the scientist subject、Cognitive purpose and cognitive ability。Active manipulation of scientific subjects rather than computational imaging techniques，is the most critical element in visual bet365 live casino games。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of Marxism, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law)