Visual portraits play a very important role in scientific practice activities，Whether it is natural science，Still Social Science Discipline，There are a large number of visualized representations。Especially with the rapid development of computer imaging technology and computing mechanism diagrams，Computers convert data into computer graphics、Image，Let us be able to directly obtain vivid and informative images and screens about the research objects through visualization characteristics。The status of visualization characteristics in scientific practice is becoming more and more important。What are the characteristics of visualization in scientific practice? Is there a general framework for visualization characteristics in scientific activities?，It is also related to our scientist、Knowledge of scientific practice，Become Cognitive Science、New topics in the fields of science philosophy。

The diversity and variation of the character's character is the main feature of the scientific visualization characteristics。Most scientific research goals，It is simple、Stable features to capture complex changes。For example，Explain the dynamics of complex X -ray diffraction through the stability characteristics of the crystal structure; explain the life process of the extinction of the extinction of the extinct creatures with the marks of many animal fossils。To explain the new or abnormal phenomenon，Get new knowledge，Scientists must get rid of static、2D (such as drawing and Bet365 lotto review status description) constraints，In 2D form (such as mode and chart)、3D form (structural model) and 4D form (time or process model) are converted to change the visual characteristics。So，Construction and change model，Reasoning and inspection，An important part of becoming a visualized characteristic。

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Based on a series of case studies，David C. Gooding proposes a general framework that includes important features of visualization representation: pattern-structure-process framework，referred to as PSP framework)。PSP framework fully capture the characteristics of visual changes，Show the general situation of how visual characteristics change in scientific activities。The most basic element in the PSP framework is three nodes: mode (sketch or chart)、Structural model、Process model，Source images and back -end prediction phenomena in the front end are also in this framework。other，This frame also contains various reasoning relationships。Inference relationships either directly through imaging technology，Either the use of domain knowledge (domain Knowledge)。From source image to mode is directly completed by imaging technology，From mode to structural model、The process model is used to predict the field knowledge，Process model to the structural model to the reverse reasoning of the mode through the imaging technology to complete。The direction of reasoning depends on whether it is necessary to increase or reduce the complexity and information content of the character.。

Positive reasoning is easy to understand，Reverse reasoning operations occur in the following situation: As scientists accumulate bet365 live casino games more and more information，The model becomes complicated and difficult to use，To cope with this complexity，Need to abstract the representative system function。For example，Use calculus、Fermanu and other mathematical tools，Symbol operations according to strict conversion rules，Extract the key data in the complex visualization characteristics，Realization of scientific understanding、Analysis and application。Another，The potential explanation and assessment of the characteristic model involved the mutual confirmation of the reasoning results between each node，If the structural model and process model are integrated，It means the best explanation of existing and predictive phenomena。For example，In paleontology，Through visualization technology，Complete abstract feature reasoning from various ancient relics (source images) to mode，The possible characteristics of the existing creatures，Features of the structural model，Combining fact information with the knowledge in related fields，From mode to structural model to the visual reasoning process and biological form of dynamic model、physiological process、Ecological factors (such as food sources and predators) and the knowledge of the field of geological processes。In the hypothesis、Possible features of the object of the representative object for testing，Imaging technology and mode can play an identification function，Through comparison，It can be reached whether these assumptions and predictions are consistent with existing fossil information。Link these charts and photos with the new phenomenon launched from dynamic models，Can get the real bet365 live casino games features of the traces of fossils。and，New information can in turn promotes scientists to re -evaluate what representative representatives in the source image。So，PSP framework shows the general process of visualization representation，Reflecting the dialectical unity between biological elements and social elements in the scientific practice process、Dialectical unity of knowledge and visual technology、Dialectical unity between interpretation and creativity in the scientific discovery process。

　　Visual portrayal and scientist cognition

Basic features of visualization representation in scientific practice、Exploring the general framework，You can see，Visualization technology improves the efficiency of scientific practice。but but，Cognition of scientists in visual portions is still irreplaceable。

First，In the process of visualization,，Visualization technology needs to be associated with the cognitive ability of scientists，generate and change the image。Cognitive science theory based on visualization technology tends to sort images based on complexity and abstraction，Emphasize the importance of dimension。Malr's multi -level visual theory shows the two -dimensional visual array of the scene on the retina to the three -dimensional description of the output world，This process realizes the continuous three -dimensional rendering of the scene，It is one -way process from sensory input to 3D model。Different from this，Visual representation representation in scientific practice reasoning is non -linear、recursive，Because scientists are constantly converting the perception process given by biology and the experts they have learned,Bet365 lotto review 。Different types of representations will call a series of cognitive capabilities，and put forward different requirements for the technique of characterization。For example，Using the heart calculation、Faculty、penalty or calculator for arithmetic calculation，Each technology combines a form of representation and a program，and each one will combine different cognitive capabilities。

2，Visual signs involved externalization of the internal psychological characteristics of scientists，Show close contact between personal psychological image and public representation。Internal representation and psychological representation are related to the psychological activity of scientists，Existing in the mind of the observer or learner，is part of private thought。Although the personal psychological portion of scientists has an important role，But the visual characterization in scientific practice is the end of the psychological -mixed material，In this system，Binary theory of no internal and external knowledge。and，Only scientists will imagine personal imagination、Thinking、Belief these internal characteristics with images、Thesis、Procedures and other results of the form of external characteristics are presented，When transforming personal image into a public character,，Only the advancement of science has the real significance。

third，The use of visual technology in scientific practice is closely related to the cognitive purpose of scientists。How to pass the structural model、Process model for characterization，Different images、How to convert the models，The purpose and intention of scientists。As Ronald N. GIERE's scientific bet365 best casino games model of the scientific model intention is portrayed: Scientific representation is that scientists are in order to satisfy some purpose，Activities that are characterized by the model for their own intent。For example，About water can construct different models，If you need to spread the spread of water or the Brown movement，It is best to adopt a water molecular set model; as for the flow of water flow through the pipeline，It is more suitable to use continuous fluid models。Visible，The characteristics used by scientists are the explanation of scientific discovery、Part of interaction between creativity，The characteristics are plastic and prudent，The seemingly the same image or object can play a role in different ways -for example, to explain the abnormal phenomenon，Still the challenge already explained，or evidence of explanation。

In short，PSP framework can explain the transformation characteristics of visual characteristics in scientific practice: through source image reasoning and constructing a model and structural model、Process models and other visual representation forms，Prediction and hypothesis test。This illustrates the complex transformation relationship between pure images and various visual representations，It indicates that the continuity of human cognition and the situation of being replaced by the machine。Calculating tools Like simulation imaging technology，Reapped the data in a manner that humans can explain and understand、Help solve more complicated problems。，The changes in visualization representation rely on the professional knowledge of the subject of scientists、Cognitive purpose and cognitive ability。Active operation of scientific bet365 best casino games subject rather than calculating imaging technology，is the most critical element in the visual representation character。

　(Author Unit: Marxist College of Central South University of Economics and Law)