Diagnostic according to the philosopher Hans Jonas，囿 Natural view of dual theory and mechanical theory，Contemporary Survival theory philosophy and biological science ignore the inherent nature of life (inwardness) dimension，As a result, the loss of natural purpose and value，This is the crux of the ecological crisis of the technical era。In the book "Life Phenomenon" published in 1966，Jonas is committed to overcoming the spirit and flesh in modern ideas with the use of organic life、subject and object、Dual opposition between survival and death，It provides a new perspective for understanding the relationship between man and nature。From the influence of Jonas on contemporary thoughts，His life phenomenon is a double -edged sword: on the one hand，It contributed to the "Jonas steering" in current cognitive science; on the other hand,，Because Jonas aims to resurrect the natural purpose theory，Among them, the anthropomorphic factors make many researchers uneasy。Current，There are many opinions on the problem of anthropomorphic theory around Jonas's life phenomenology，To be analyzed。Think about this question here，Try to clarify the doubts that cause disputes，and point out the root of the controversy。

　　The anthropomorphic connotation of life phenomenon

Research route of life phenomenology of Jonas，It can be regarded as an interpretation of "survival theory" for biological facts。Jonas thinks，"Contemporary survival theory is obsessed with people itself，Get used to the many things that are rooted in organic bet365 best casino games existence as a human privilege and dilemma，Do this，It detains the insight that can be learned from self -consciousness from the organic world。As far as it is concerned，Science Biology，Because its rules are limited to physics、External facts，It is bound to ignore the inherent dimensions of life "。Compared with it，Jonas re -introduced the inherently growth mechanism of the body，Make nature reflects the traces of subjectivity like humans。His discussion is concentrated on the interpretation of the connotation of the "metabolism" purpose，can be divided into the following three levels。

First，Metabolism refers。This form is a sign that distinguish between life forms and no life substances: the same nature of life -free substances is just a mixed aggregation，The same nature of the life body is self -composed- "With them，For them，​​Never maintain it by themselves "。Therefore，Life body is the organic existence of self -integration and self -maintenance。In life，Platerality is not a aggregation，but a positive action。So，Life body can be called an organic "individual" with substantial content。

Next，Organic body in the exchange activities with the environment，It is both the producer of its own activity，It is also the product of its own activity，This exchange activity reflects the inevitability of the organic body that is both subject to the environment，There is also freedom to surpass the environment，Therefore, it is a necessary freedom。Metabolism is the organic activity of the organic body facing higher and richer freedom，It always pays attention to its own existence，Work hard。From this concern and hard work，Interpretation mode of mechanical theory，Bet365 app download "The external linear time mode of the cause and consequences，Including past causal domination，Not enough "。For active organic bodies，The future instead of the past is the dominant time dimension，"Life is essentially what it will become"。Therefore，Organic body cannot be understood as a product of the effect of effect，It must also be understood from the perspective of the purpose theory。"No matter what，Objectives Theory and behavior of the purpose of the body are not just a alternative option for description ... There is no organism without purpose theory; without internality。”

Last，Destinations exist to all organic bodies to varying degrees: it is effective in the reactionivity of all plants; more effective in animal impulses with sports ability and sensory organs;。The task of philosophical biology is to track the free development of this bud in the rise level of organic evolution。In the concept of freedom，We have a "Ali Adene Line" that explains life。From this，Jonas restores the chain of existence of human and nature by revealing the connotation of the natural destinations of the organism。

Look at the above demonstration，It is not difficult to find that Jonas's interpretation of metabolism is an anthropomorphic theory。He introduced the purpose theory into nature，Equivalent to give human characteristics to all other life forms。Modern science opposition theory，The direct reason is that it is the anthropomorphic theory，"The struggle against the purpose of the purpose is a stage of opposing anthropomorphic struggles"。Therefore，Evaluate about Janas's biological philosophy with modern science thinking，Or try to introduce Jonas's biological philosophy into bioscience，It is Bet365 lotto review bound to face the problem of anthropomorphic theory。

　Accountability and defense of anthropomorphic theory

"Life Phenomenon" was criticized by J. Yolton shortly after the birth，"In the case used in Jonas，Except behavior and anthropomorphic theory，Nothing is playing "。After that，R. Barbaras understands Jonas's natural purpose theory as an anthropomorphic projection theory，"Jonas quotes a 'interpolation"，Through this interpolation，I give the internal character I found in my body to give the metabolism process from the outside "，Like all projection theories，"Of course, this difficulty comes from the initial cracks between the internal and external nature"。In recent years，Criticism of Jonas anthropomorphic theory concentrated in the cross -domain of phenomenology and cognitive science，The geneticism of scholars such as F. Varela。In the opinion of the critics M. Villalobos and D. Ward, it seems，They are introduced a "anthropomorphic theory of problem -making" into scientific research，So the original intention of building a scientific paradigm is contrary to。

Jonas generally incorporates purpose theory into the category of anthropomorphic theory，Opposite the opposite side of natural science mechanical theory。He even concluded，"The wrong thing is not anthropomorphic，but modern science "。Therefore，He is indeed defending anthropomorphic theory，Consciously standing at the phenomenal position criticize biological science critically。but，This does not mean that Jonas supports all anthropomorphic theories without reservation，"In order to avoid the trap of anthropomorphic theory，It must be used critical to use it，This is self -evident "。If you want Bet365 lotto review to clear Jonas' true attitude towards anthropomorphic theory，It can be distinguished from the "anthropomorphic theory" advocated by scholars such as M. Weemans in the book "Anthropomorphism".。The former means to project the subjective structure of human beings into nature，Seeing human nature in natural diversity; the latter is that people are essentially similar to everything。"Only life can understand life" a declaration，It is undoubtedly Jonas's support for senior anthropomorphic theory。

It is worth noting that，The main context of Jonas defended the premium anthropomorphic theory does not appear in "Life Phenomenon"，Instead in the book "Organization and Freedom"。Jonas wrote，"When the lizard on the side of the road is life or death，We can scratch it with straw，See if there is a response，That is to move。In order to determine whether the saplings we grow are vibrant，We will observe it in a few days，See if it grows "。This means，Before the so -called "projection"，There is a more primitive relationship between life and life，"From the fact that he is a life body, he obtained the first -hand knowledge of the vitality of the body，And this knowledge is denied for a non -body mind "。Since we have life，In the experience of meeting life and life，We can grasp the inner dimensions of other lives。

For this，Jonas has the following argument。First，Metabolism delineates the boundary of organic life。2，We can get the original experience of other life at the basic body level。third，In the encounter with other life，We can obtain a general understanding of metabolism according to our own life experience。In this way，Jonas provides a guarantee for the ontological status of anthropomorphic theory。Internal nature and purpose Bet365 app download are the "ontology surprise" emerging in nature，Not the projection of human characteristics at the phenomenon level。At the same time，Jonas does not need to be responsible for the dilemma of cognitive science，Because his biological philosophy is not biological science，Instead, it provides a way to reflect on the prerequisites of science。

Jonas knows clearly，"The anthropomorphic theory itself is the same as Western science"，The struggle between the two has a long history。Actually，There is a deeper problem behind this struggle，Is the gap between man and other animals exist? When taking the above position，Jonas put himself in an ancient naturalism，This tradition starts from Aristotle，until Leibnitz and White Sea，that is, treat human internal nature as the type of animal internal nature，Strong continuity between humans and animals。On the contrary，Another humanitarian tradition does not break with modernity，Instead of inheriting Descartes、The ideological heritage of Kant and Heidegger，Believe that there is an irreplaceable gap between people and animals。Because the two traditions are not allowed to be in the fundamental position，So the controversy of anthropomorphic theory is destined to achieve reconciliation。

Jonas may be difficult to prove the accuracy of the anthropomorphic theory，But it can prove its beneficialness。The final chapter of "Life Phenomenon" indicates，The reason why he firmly chooses anthropomorphic theory，or even human centerism in a certain sense，The philosophy aimed at transition from organic philosophy to human philosophy，transition from nature to ethics，"The continuity of the mind and organic body and the body and nature，Ethics becomes part of bet365 best casino games the philosophy of nature "。The principle of responsibility is "Principles of Responsibility"，Jonas warned us in this book: Life is an inherent value，We have the obligation to ensure the holding of all life。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Fudan University)