Faint Adam: Between Previous and Modern

"Out of Eden" myth in "Old Testament · Genesis"，It also contains fragile themes。Adam violated God's ban，Stealing food forbidden fruit，Dove out of the Garden of Eden，It means that a "good life" in the original sense is destroyed。In this event，Adam's vulnerability is reflected in the temptation of snakes。But it is worth noting is，Adam's fragility is completely different from the fragility of plants in the Garden of Eden，Because of God’s ban、blame and punishment are only for Adam。This session opened the dimension that the Aristotle framework did not have，Inner freedom。Adam is undoubtedly fragile，But after all, he has internal freedom，Therefore, you can no longer be able to lose your "good" and lose all to external conditions，Must be guilty and punishment。The temptation of the snake ruins Adam's innocence，God's punishment bet365 Play online games ruined Adam's eternal life，But the two cannot completely destroy Adam’s internal freedom。The most important thing is，Sin and punishment are not just events that come from the outside。Sin is the crime of Adam，Punishment is a penalty for Adam，They are made through Adam’s internal free intermediary。It can be said，God drives Adam out of Eden，It just reflects the recognition and respect of its inherent character。

Christianity's view of people is generally pessimistic，This can be seen from its traditional "original sin theory"。According to "Original Crime Theory"，The fragility of a person is not only manifested in the temptation，It is also manifested in his unable to save by himself，and must rely on the external factors of "another world" "God"。In addition，He also depends on the external factors of "this world" "church"。The external authority represented by the church stipulates "good life" (be a good Christian)，It marks that Christianity is still a pre -modern religion。but but，The vulnerability of people who understand from the perspective of Christianity，Compared with the vulnerability of plants，There are differences in existence: First，Internal freedom that makes people get a special status，Before the crime is preset，This makes Adam's fragility look like a evil，instead of simply misfortune。Second，Christians think that the "external factors" they depend on have some reliable inevitable，There is "reason" to follow，Not naturally changing nature。These two points are different，seeds buried with modernity。When a person refuses to superstitious external authority，mythical story that refuses irrational，Only recognize your inner、The inevitability of rationality，He entered modern。

　　Overcoming vulnerability with morality: Kant's modernity plan

In the context of Kant Ethics，Determine whether a person lives a good life，There are two areas that must be distinguished: bet365 live casino games (1) Natural good (happiness); (2) moral good。He thinks，Because the principle of happiness is the principle of his law，The most dependent external factors，and affected by luck，So people's "happy life" is the most vulnerable。In this aspect，Kant and Nasbam are not different。The biggest difference between their moral good。Kant believes，Different principles of happiness，3090_3107，Is a kind of "self -discipline"。So，The "moral life" of a person has the characteristics that does not depend on external factors，Not destroyed by any situation。In the field of moral，People can overcome vulnerability as those of rational existence。Because Kant emphasizes the power of rational power over the overcome of vulnerability，So his respect for people is more than compassion。

Kant understands happiness as perceptual desire preferences。The reason why this satisfaction is fragile，Mainly because of in front of the endless phenomenon，The connection between the objects of happiness and the object of happiness，Lack of inevitability。First，Happiness depends on external objects，Under the law of his law，It is always determined by things that are not controlled by others。Of course, people can rely on rational understanding、Reasoning function to pursue an experience object to bring happiness，but it is not guaranteed to pursue success，It can’t guarantee that you will not lose again after success。Next，Happiness also depends on human desire preferences，Desire preferences are unreasonable，Full of variables。In short，Although happiness is the inevitable pursuit of people who are perceptual，But due to the uncontrollable factors in the internal and external aspects，How can the results pursuing often only listen to the sky。

The world of phenomena is different from the principle of happiness，The law of morality is the self -legislation of rationality at the priority level。So，Being bet365 live casino games a moral person does not depend on any external factors。Reason for this self -specified power，reflected in the purpose of self -establishment -morality for morality。This kind of power is different from rational understanding and reasoning function，The use of the latter is only instrumental。So，At the moral level，With the help of rational forces，People can overcome vulnerability。In other words，No matter where you are，Everyone can be a moral good person。For example，Kant once gave an example，Ferraris let a person choose，Either he was baked to death in the stomach of the copper cow，Either to make a perjury。According to the general view，Following such an extreme situation，Symbol (Failure) is the "normal" of "ordinary people"，is the "common sense"，We should not blame the surrender，should be lamented that he is not lucky。But，Kant thinks，In this seemingly inevitable failure，Reason can still reject any excuse。The law of morality contains cold、Unwanted absolute absoluteness，Maintaining its strength no matter where it is，And this provides support for human moral behavior。

Kant will not deny，Our character can be regarded as a product under environmental impact，or the product of luck。But on the other hand，At the moral level，The influence of all foreign objects on us，All must pass a congenital consent (adopted)。The influence we receive，Not directly acting on us，Instead, we can become reality after our consciousness。That is to say，Whether it is natural conditions or social conditions，As long as it affects people，All accompanied by the active acceptance of people。And people can have rejected this effect，Because the power of rationality is self -regulations。It is precisely because of rationality that can be self -regulated，Talents have dignity。Generally speaking，Kant recognizes the limited nature of the person，So you will Bet365 app download not deny people's vulnerability。But at the same time，He also believes that reason, especially moral rationality, can overcome vulnerability。

　The end and return of vulnerability: Reflection of technical rationality

Kant found a way to surpass in the moral field，and to lay the basic posture of modern people in the face of vulnerability，A rational attitude。But the regrettable is，During the process of history，It is not a rational moral dimension that expands in human society，but the tool dimension。This rationality，We are also known as technical rationality。On the one hand，Technology ended the vulnerability of the predecessor; on the other hand，It also brings new vulnerability。This new vulnerability not only makes people lose dignity，And because it contains human self -degradation，So it is not even worthy of compassion。We must make a choice，What attitude does it face this vulnerability。

Technical rationality in conquering the natural high songs and progress are obvious to all。Now，People trust science and technology like the ancients trust religion，The authority of surrendering scientists is like the authority of the ancients who are surrendered to the clergy。In this sense，The vulnerability belonging to the predecessor is indeed "ended" by rationality。But what needs to be pointed out is，Because technical rationality cannot be self -regulated by self -regulatory purpose or "self -discipline"，So the inevitability behind it is just the level of experience and knowledge。As Kant thinks，The use of rationality at the knowledge level always has its limits。Similarly，Technical rational conquest of nature also has its own limit，The specific manifestation is that naturally will always propose new challenges。

Technical rationality to win a victory at the same time，Also defeated people themselves -the external world built by technology is in turn overdue to people，Makes people belong to it，Beginning to its tool。Max Weber bet365 live casino games called this world as "rational iron cage"。The active spirit contained in Nasbum's discussion of vulnerability，Society under technical rationality is completely missing。Because all "good" is arranged properly by the "rational" regulations，Once a person recognizes and accepts the inevitability，can only be involved in combination with，It does not need to "maintain" (because it is extra)，It is even more impossible to have a critical intervention (because it is unreasonable、Crazy)。The result is，Technical rationality creates such a world: people live in it，But he lost the dimension of criticism，Beneinders who are transformed into their own lives。This dilemma indicates，Technical reason does not make people reach the ideal of modernity。People are invincible in the "rational iron cage"，It marks the return of vulnerability。but but，The new vulnerability is no longer imposed from the outside，but the result of the person applied by themselves。

Just as the classic book "Enlightenment Dialectics" of critical theory is pointed out，The rational enlightenment that originally wanted to remove myths，I went to my opposite side in the real development of history，Fallen into a new myth。In this process，Technical reason ended the vulnerability belonging to the predecessor，But it makes people fall into a new vulnerability with modern characteristics。The so -called pre -modern fragility，Refers to the vulnerability that man shown in the face of impermanence。vulnerability with modern characteristics，refers to the vulnerability that a person shows the inevitable force of the rational creation of technical rationality。From the perspective of the consequences，The risk corresponding to this new vulnerability is not in ancient times。In ancient，​​If the time is not available，Plague or war，can only affect some people。but now，After the highly expanded technical bet365 Play online games rational expansion，Human beings are becoming more and more likely to move to self -destruction。Facing this new vulnerability，We may adopt a predecessor's religious attitude，Silent prayer gods blessing，Global disasters (nuclear war, etc.) that does not destroy human civilization (nuclear war, etc.); or according to a modern attitude，Try to restore the transcendence of Kant's morality，Overcoming vulnerability with active spirit。