Personal epistemology focuses on the construction process of personal knowledge，Exploring people from the perspective of cognitive development vision，The field of philosophy and psychology that studies cognitive development and changes。Early Personal Customs Research Research is mainly concentrated in the field of college students and adolescents，In recent years, it has expanded to the field of children and children。Personal episodes of Personal Cognition Pay attention to the dynamic process of cognitive development，Try to explore knowledge and nature from the perspective of psychological structure，It is part of the construction of human psychological knowledge。Personal mastery of knowledge and the belief that knows is the focus of personal epistemology，However, we still know less about the origin and early development of epistemology and consciousness。For this，Personal understanding should pay more attention to children's beliefs on knowledge and knowing，Constant tension between the target and subjective consciousness，and grasp the initial stage of the subjectivity of children's self -centered or epistemology.。Psychological theory regards others as the existence of different psychological states，Discussion of the process of individual knowledge who knows how to know sex。Personal epistemology and theoretical theory of the theory of psychological theory，It is two areas of crossing each other。This article starts from the perspective of psychological theory，Focus on changes and development of children's beliefs，To explain the exploration of personal epistemology。

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Psychological theory is the theory that mainly studies changes in children and adolescents。Children's psychological theory refers to the three aspects of children's psychological activities (human heart exists、People can have different states and processes、The ability to understand and understand the understanding and understanding of psychological processes and action。Many scholars think，Through false belief task test means a mature psychological theory or a fully developed psychological representation collection，That is, a completely mature understanding of subjective knowledge and objective knowledge。In the classic false belief mission test，Most 4、5 -year -old children can correctly understand the different psychological signs of different individuals for the same object，Therefore, they passed the test; but most 3 -year -old children cannot pass the test。Recent research involves younger children，To determine the initial timetable of the psychological theory。Studies discovered，Some 2、Children 3 can also pass the false belief task test。Other studies include inspecting subjective beliefs，such as moral、Value and social specifications，Involved in children's knowledge belonging、Cross -cultural research, etc.。The meta -analysis of mental theory research also shows the unified development model formed by the psychological theory of preschool children。bet365 best casino games other，Psychological theory is not only an important cognitive achievement，And the achievements with social influence and results。There is a connection between mental theory and children's social adjustment ability，The lack of mental theory is one of the reasons why patients with autistic children are difficult to communicate in the social environment。

The ability to understand the complexity of false beliefs，One aspect of being regarded as "theory of theory"，Its supporters assume that children's about the world、Informal、The daily framework will develop to the final "belief -desire psychology"，or adult's mental theory，and operate in the way similar to scientists amending scientific theory。At the same time，They also think，Children’s social experience is also important for their mental theory development and maturity。Some scholars explore children's understanding of their own beliefs，Connect the theory of mental theory with the dimension of conceptual and belief，Practice to better understand why children who have not been tested by false belief tasks can not consider others' beliefs。These studies use the methodology of variants，but get similar results。Generally speaking，Children initially passed the age of the false belief mission test，The age of the length of the time length of the time that already holds a certain belief in the child began to accurately report，and start to accurately predict the same age of others' beliefs based on sensory experience，All occur in 3 years old。

　　Personal theory of Personal Theory

Although the theory and personal episodes are used by different terms and tests for groups of different ages，But I got similar cognitive results。Basic connection between the two is this concept: to successfully complete the construction of false faithful thoughts，Individuals must recognize，Someone's claim about a certain problem，Actually it is the belief in this problem。Successfully completed the construction of the false belief or understand the different beliefs of other people's knowledge -based knowledge，equal to formation、The epistemology of reaching dual theory，and acknowledge that there can be real concepts。So，Some concepts are correct，Some are wrong。Visible，The formation of mental theory may marked important epistemology milestones。

Current，Can't clarify whether the dual theory recognized by adolescents has the same cognitive state。The possible situation is，Binary Theory exists in several forms，Exist in several different stages of development，or a dual theory before the dual theory。and about multiple theories，A. Mansfield thinks，"The process of developing to a diversified theory may be a dual process，Among them, the individual first develops to form an objective multiple theory，Then achieve the belief collection of subjective and diversified theory。Similarly，Children may not reach the understanding of binary theory spontaneously "。If the latter development starting point is correct，So the dual theory held by children in preschool children is not equivalent to the dual theory held by adolescents，Especially considering the cognitive results of children's period，J. Piaget about the development of the previous specific and formal operations。So，Same bet365 live casino games as diverse theory，Binary Theory may be a complex stage，can be further divided into different secondary stages。

Some studies believe，The distinction between lack of knowledge and belief in the early development stage。If the hypothesis about the relationship between the theory and the epistemology of the mind is correct，Then the formation of mental theory indicates the transformation of the first dual theory or the real dual theory。For this period，Knowledge about epistemology is quite limited。Children at 3、Some evidence that seems to be displayed at the age of 4，shows those who do not have the ability to test the ability to pass the false belief mission。The absoluteism they recognize is also the kind of binary theory showed as a greater individual study，But there are two important differences。One，In the study of Mansfitt，3、4 -year -old children do not like differences，Even questions on personal preferences and views，Different from these opinions will make them feel uneasy or uncomfortable，In this regard，Mansphit's research is different from the episodes of Perry (W. G. Perry).。Its two，Absolute theoretical in the study of Mansfitter tend to make knowledge defense with personal experience，Unlike the dual theoretical in the Perry model, the tendency to refer to the authority to defend the knowledge。Manosfitt's presidency for preschool children is the absolute thesis，But the test of children is uneasy about the differences in opinions、Believe in personal experience，This shows some kind of view that is different from traditional dual theory。It shows that there is no distinction between knowledge and belief，Take the knowledge as a direct understanding of everyone，No matter what experience。So，This may be the first -hand evidence of the epistemology of some front dual theory。

In other studies of children's thinking，Researcher inspected 3、4、5、6 -year -old children and adults' understanding of the words "know" and "guess"，It is found that children over 5 years of age can distinguish between words "think" and "guess"。This shows the position of a binary theory，Because it acknowledges that the concept of potential to hold potentially is possible。Research results show，Children less than 4 years old cannot distinguish these words，Perhaps it can show that the preceding binary theory tendency of its thinking。Researchers do not use these terms，But they may also have evidence to indicate the epistemology of the first dual theory。The age of children described in the above two studies with the first binary theory or similar words，The earliest age with children began to develop mature minds and successfully completed the age of the false belief mission。An important concept connection between personal epistemology and mental theory，Follow the perspective of the perspective。This shows bet365 Play online games the source of knowledge、The defense and the confirmation and simplification of knowledge，Construction of personal epistemology and mental theory。

D. KUHN thinks，If a person has not yet formed a mature mental theory，Can't pass the false belief task test，Then the problem of knowledge sources has nothing to do with its thinking。Practice of the first binary theory，If the knowledge is absolute and there is truth，Then bet365 Play online games the source of knowledge may not be important，Because all sources are equally correct and reliable。Similarly，There is no reason to ask to defend to know。In short，The formation of mental theory seems to marked the transformation of the two -digit theory from the previous dual theory，Among them, the source of knowledge is equal to determining that the truth of defense is fundamental。For the pre -dual theory，Knowledge is determined; for binary theoreticals，Knowledge is also determined and concise。but，For the pre -dual theory，All knowledge is equivalent and effective，No matter what they come from; for the dualist,，This is not established。So，From the dual theory to dual theory，The sign of this progress process should be important to recognize the source of knowledge and the defense that knows.。These concepts get support from the experience of 3 -year -old children's experiments，Children of this age are the first binary theoreticals，It is difficult to understand the difference between your beliefs and the beliefs of others.。The relative importance of evaluating the source of knowledge and the defense known to know the theory of individual knowledge theory，The difference between grasping the first dualist theory and the binary theory should be possible。other，The transformation of dual theory of dual theory of dual theory，The ability to successfully complete the false belief task should be highlighted and added。Studies on these routes should be able to deepen the understanding of subjective and objective coordination，This is the basis for the development of ideology and thinking。

Preschool Children from the previous dual theory or simplicity theory (characteristics cannot provide defense、Lack of mental theoretical ability) During the dual theory of transitional (of which defense is related，But it does not seem to be important because of the lack of mental theory)，Then to the dual theory (where the ability to provide defense is linked to the psychological theoretical framework)，During this development process, age and epistemology related。The existence of the transitional phase supports this assumption: Cognitive theory is the prelude to the development of psychological theory。To successfully complete the construction of mental theory or the Constitutional Construction，Children must make a certain degree of conscious decision，Put your current knowledge aside，Understand the views of others or your previous beliefs，Being able to express your own thoughts in language。Whether the construction of mental theory is successful，It also depends on whether children understand whether individuals can hold false beliefs。According to the conceptual test，Children leave their knowledge and consider the appropriate level of knowledge held by others (knowledge based on different sensory experience)，It is a necessary condition for successful mental construction。

　　The relationship between mental theory and personal epistemology

The nature of knowledge and the nature of knowledge are two areas that are interested in mental theory and personal epistemology.。but，These concepts are different in the two fields。The field of mental theory research，Knowledge issues can not be ignored，but not in the core position。bet365 live casino games On the contrary，Researchers focusing on knowledge issues，But it will be combined with various theoretical research to enter the way。Psychological theory focuses on early childhood，The main interest is the child's understanding of various psychological objects (from cognitive phenomena to emotional phenomena)。Personal epistemology traditionally focused on the end of youth and early adults，The main interest is the in -depth understanding of the nature of college students about a cognitive concept (knowledge) and a cognitive process (knowing)。

Since the age of researching the trial is continuous，It is worth visiting these two areas in the development view。From the perspective of theory，You can imagine at least two possible conceptual contacts。Knowledge Determination is a common topic that can be studied from the development viewpoint。In personal epistemology，Knowledge Determination and the same degree of knowledge as a fixed or constant degree of changing changes，From the knowledge of absolute truth, the certainty of the absolute truth to the knowledge of knowledge is the tentative、Temporary and changing views developed。In the field of mental theory，Experimental situation organization is used to test the ability of children's distinction (in the sense of empirical evidence) and beliefs (the sense of personal concept of a situation)。In this type of program，Knowledge is different from other psychological states，Knowledge is true belief，Belief can be wrong、OK，This feature makes the distinction and speculation become possible。Various attempts to coordinate these two research roads，But people can imagine that children must first consider that knowledge is true and determined，in order to distinguish this psychological state from other psychological states，Then realize that this kind of certainty is suspicious，Because knowledge is not composed of absolute truth，but relative、Conditions and temporary。

bet365 Play online games the source of knowledge is another interesting question。In most development models of personal epistemology，This research route involves existence from knowledge，Through the perspective conveyed according to experience or external authority，Development to the active constructors who believe that individuals are knowledge。Research on the source of knowledge and the study of mental theory exist in extensive contact。In some experiments，Children are just identifying the source of information，They must perceive the contact between the information channel and the knowledge of knowledge。For example，It is necessary to distinguish between two different objects that look the same but feel different，People must contact this object to obtain a channel for relevant information。In this experiment，Knowledge can be regarded as an external external，Directly conveyed by external individuals，or convey through experience。There are also experiments that emphasize the reliability of the quality of information sources or prior knowledge。Children need to understand that different people may build different psychological representations based on the same information。Because the knowledge is built，The same information may be received by different individuals and performs bet365 best casino games different integrations，This depends on their previous knowledge and information processing method。With the extension of the development process，Knowledge no longer exists in personal external，No longer just an internal impression of the individual that connects this information，Individuals are gradually being considered to play a positive role in knowledge construction。

From the perspective of experience，In the tradition of personal epistemology，Few studies are for children，It may be because many scholars believe that the development of epistemology seems to start in the late youth。Some scholars have questioned this concept，Think that young children can show exquisite cognitive results。About 4、5 years old，Most children seem to have a certain psychological theory。In this context，Some cognitive sources based on the existence of conceptual thinking，Researchers have gained a lot of beliefs through exploring children's beliefs on knowledge and knowing。They recommend studying the stage of binary theory in personal epistemology，And assume that the characteristics before the dual theory and absoluteist stage are the subjectivity or simplicity theory of self -centered。

In order to study the origin of recognition of thinking and the relationship between the theory of mind，Boolean (J. E. Burr) completed an explanatory study，Meats of two components have been implemented。Test is 25 children，Age is 3-5 years old。There are two types of experiments: (1) knowledge source，It is used to evaluate the sense of knowledge theory (that is, the connection between the obtaining channel and knowledge construction of the relevant information is required); (2) the false belief，Evaluate the mental theoretical ability of children (that is, asking children to understand that someone may have beliefs that may be different from reality; realize that false beliefs are different from factual knowledge)。The results highlight the development and progress of three stages: the first dual theory or the simple realism period (the children at this stage are not successfully completed)，During the dual theory of transition (at this time, the child successfully completed the knowledge source test，But not passed the false believe test)，During the dual theory period (then children successfully completed these two types of tests)。Boolean demonstrates，The existence of the transitional dual theory，This assumption of the pioneer of the development of psychological theory provides evidence support for the development of psychological theory。

Development path reflected in the field of ideology and thinking，Boolean's research proposes a stage of epistemology that occurs in the theory of dual theory，and think that its explanation research provides certain evidence，The first dual theory of supporting simple theory。The characteristics of this first dual theory period are not objective but self -centered subjectivity -children holding purely subjective perspectives for the world，Because they think its point of view is the only point of view。They did not pass the test of false beliefs，Because they can't imagine what others can ignore or ignore what they (children) know。In this sense，The first dual theory is the beginning of psychological theory，Children do not get all the composition elements of the complete mental theory，Instead, bet365 live casino games you may get some initial forms。Study on the relationship between the theory of psychological theory and personal epistemology，It can make us think about the origin of faith and the evolution of this belief。

Psychological theory and personal understanding can be integrated into the concept of public epistemology。Personal epistemology is composed of multiple theoretical research，These different ways have not played together，and the theory of Psychological Theory is the field of organizational structure。The center of personal conceptual theory is the in -depth understanding of people's in -depth understanding of a single cognitive object (the nature of knowledge) and a single cognitive process (knowing nature)，The core of the mental theory is the initial understanding of various objects and processes for children (from the field of cognition to emotional field)。Knowledge exists in both areas，Make them combined in the concept of the public's epistemology。We use the two research areas as a component of the development path，This makes this concept highlight: Study on the relationship between mental theory and personal epistemology，Some reflections on the origin of conceptual theory and the reasons for the evolution of these beliefs can be produced。Bur's inquiry research provides interesting views for this issue。One of their main results is to recognize that there is a stage of epistemology before the dual theory (the first binary theory or the simple realism stage)，It emphasizes that there is a transitional period between the existence of the dual theory and the dual theory stage。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Fund major project "Research on the Construction of Localization of Chinese Logic Terities and the Construction of Chinese Logic Learning System" (21&ZD065) Pharmaceutical results)

(Author is an associate researcher at the Shenzhen Research Institute of Tsinghua University)