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People call natural science as hard science，Social science is called soft science，This is because the latter is not as precise and objective as the former，and it is difficult to make exact conclusion。Scientific activities mainly evaluate the scope of the uncertainty of an observation object，Therefore, it is roughly one or sexual research，It will never say "truth"。The materiality of archeological research is a scientific research in terms of its essence，And it is more difficult than other social sciences，Below confidence。So，Archaeological analysis is mostly boring，The conclusions under the intuition and common sense alone are often disdainful。If archeology deliberately improves your expectations when you can't catch it，The disadvantages of excessive play or interpretation of the head will appear，In the end, it will damage the reputation of this discipline。

Because science is a kind of sexual research，So you must have a confident consideration，There are a bit of evidence. It is said to be a bit of words。But，Recently in the archeological research of the source of civilization，A assertions that are contrary to scientific common sense have appeared，Special reflected in the history of the Xia Dynasty Xinxin History and the earliest Chinese culture proposed by Professor Sun Qingwei, Professor Sun Qingwei, Peking University。

In the case of the current archeological research and literature evidence, it has not achieved significant progress in the current development，Professor Sun takes the legend as a historical fact，Clarify the status of "Shin History" to give Xia。First，He takes the principle of "suspicion from no crime" in the law as the basis for the discussion，It is believed that if records in ancient books cannot prove their pseudo，It should be regarded as Bet365 app download true。Actually，Legends that cannot be falsified in the historical records，Should they believe it? And the judgment of "suspicious crime"，It should be recorded from the Xia Dynasty that it is more logical。"Doubt" and "letter"，It should be the relative consideration of inference confidence and or sanctivity，instead of making a positive and negative absolute two points。

Professor Sun thinks，From the sequence of archeological culture,，Xia has been found，How to distinguish it now。At present, the academic community generally regards the culture of Erlitou as a summer culture，Respect the Erlitou site as a summer market。But，The consensus of the scientific community does not represent the truth。Different Oracle evidence from the establishment of Yinxu，There is no unearthed text self -evidence。So，He believes that the existence of Xia is not without evidence，Instead, there is a lack of ways to distinguish it。He made a lot of literature combing，Analysis of archeological materials, especially pottery，I hope to find the fit point of the two and the iron certificate of the Xia Dynasty Xinshi。

but，It is necessary to use the traditional dual evidence method to establish the history of the Xia Dynasty，Obviously hopeless。First，Archaeological culture built with utensils, especially pottery types, cannot be equivalent to ethnic genus、Dynasties and State，Professor Sun also admits this。2，Documents and archeological materials are the products of history rather than the history itself，They all need to sort out and analyze to use。Late literature materials must be traced back to the process of forming the ins and outs of some kinds of statements，If it is not a common text and archeological materials，It is difficult to correspond to each other。third，Literature and archeology in research objects、Methods and refined information are very different。History and Literature Studies are good at dealing with specific time、Location、Characters and events，bet365 Play online games Archeology is good at the environment、Technology、Long -term analysis in the aspects of living and social structure，The problem with the goodness of literature is extremely sensitive or even powerless。So，These two disciplines should be a complementary information，instead of confirming each other。Another，Summer records are very late，Oracle has no record of summer。If you want to establish Xia as a letter，It is necessary to use literature to criticize for false falsification。Due to the two -weight evidence method, it is not proved to be fake，Therefore, it cannot bring real progress to the reconstruction of ancient history。We should not consider suspicion as a destruction，opposite，Only criticism based on rationalism，is the correct method for rebuilding ancient history。

Professor Sun Except that archeology has solved the status of the Xia Dynasty's letter and history，What is the earliest play in China，Think three elements: First, "Guo"，The second is "Zhong"，Three is "earliest"。For "Guo"，He said that the academic community generally believes that the two miles are in the late Xia Dynasty capital，is the key evidence of China in China。For "Zhong"，He believes that the "Zhaizi China" in He Zun in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty is the earliest expression in China。He also thinks，China is a political orthodoxy beyond the family，It is the identity and inheritance of the Xia Dynasty's recognition of the Xia Dynasty。China and Xia Mi are inseparable，No "summer" does not matter "China"。As for "earlier"，Professor Sun thinks，In the Five Emperor's era, "China Consciousness" with the Central Plains as the core，This national or ethnic identity can be confirmed from archeological discoveries from Tao Temple and Henan Lingbao Xipo site in Shanxi。

Professor Sun completely uses his own and contemporary values ​​and world views to look at ancient history。What needs to be pointed out is，Knowledge of Ancient ancestors，Whether in structure or detailed content，It'bet365 live casino games s far from us。British archaeologist at Zhard said，Each society has its own logic，The thoughts and logic of our ancestors are completely different from us，Their views on the world are often wrong and blurred，Even what happened to a hundred miles away has nothing to know。Ancient ancestors and us the biggest difference，Is not distinguishing between all things and death，Talking about nature and society，and use the relationship between interpersonal or people and society，Division with the gods and nature。Until the coming of the "Axis Age" around 500 BC，Humans will be supernatural、Separation of nature and society。

Ancient in present theory，Professor Sun's so -called "Middle -earth" and "China" is questionable。Know from the national chronicle，Ancient ancestors and even modern indigenous people used their own homeland as the cosmic center，All have your own myth。For example, every mountain stone of the Australian indigenous people on the old landscape、The river is full of awe，See them as the specific imprint of mythical epic，and represent the glory of his previous life。Non -Owa category，Its heart must be different。The autonomous community of equalism cannot be loyal to the leaders of the exotic ethnic group，Never think of exotic as the center of your own service and worship。So，Three generations cannot have the concept of multi -ethnic heart to the heart，Shang Wang divided the ethnic group into soil and square，It is an example if it is not sacrificing ancestors outside Gyeonggi，Fang Kingdom around the Shang Dynasty will not regard Yin Shang as a Chinese land。"Middle -earth" and "China" says，It can only be a national identity that appears due to centralized or social condensation after the unity of Qin and Han dynasties。Historian Lu Si Mian once pointed out，"China" is the name that appears late，Because the dynasties of our country have never called "China"。The so -called "country" today，Ancient Word。The title of the ancient country Bet365 lotto review is called "social"，Society is the god of the land，稷 is Gu Shen。The one who is similar to the society is called "Bang"，Boundary monument that was originally referred to with a stone。Later，Han Gaozu Liu Bang ascended the throne，To avoid using the "country" on behalf of the "state"，This has the concept of the country。Also，The words and titles in the ancient text may not be the same as what or the meaning of today，As Lu Si Mian mentioned，The country and the same meaning mentioned in the Book of Songs，refers to the real estate of the aristocratic or Caiyi。So，We cannot use the practice of pushing ancient times to trace the earliest China，Apply the concept of our national country today to ancient times。

Xia Daixin History and the earliest controversy in China highlight the assertion of Italian historian Crozi "all true history is contemporary history"。Marx once said，"People create their own history，But they are not creating it as they want，It is not created under the conditions they selected，Instead, it is directly encountered、established、Create from the conditions inherited from the past "。Professor Sun's theory of Xia Daixin's History，Obviously based on the traditional inherited from the past。This traditional condition has too many nationalist complex，Academic influence of the history of the replacement of sort of replacement，There is still a strong ancient concept of the present use。

Today's ancient history reconstruction has already surpassed the category of the dual evidence law。For example，Nian Jian School emphasized from political history to social history and overall history，Three idols that require breaking traditional history: First, political idols，focus on political events; second, personal idol，Pay attention to individual historical figures in isolation; third, annual watch idol，Taking the improvement of the dynasties of the dynasty as the most important job。And these three idols are precisely the core topic of the history of the bet365 live casino games history of the Xia Dynasty。Now，Archeology relies on multi -disciplinary cross -refined information，It has basically been able to independently rebuild the historical process of the pre -historical period and the original society of the original history。For example，annual measurement technology enables archeology to observe cultural changes more carefully; environmental archeology can learn more about human relations、Livelihood and economy; settlement archeology can from the household、Different scale from the village to the region，Understand the process of changes in society and the formation of the country; the research of artificial products can understand the production method、Labor investment and division of labor、Specialization、Manufacturing of practical products and luxury goods、Use and allocate; burial customs can understand the level and layered，The world view and soul view of the ancients; symbolic research of prominent items can understand status、Alliance、Competition and the power structure of nobles; physical anthropology can understand the recipes of the crowd、Pathological、labor intensity and nutritional status; molecular anthropology can provide gene flow、The blood relationship of the crowd; etc.。

This information refined by archaeological methods If adding literature evidence，can provide more clear images for this historical reconstruction。Take Mayan Archeology as an example，The deciphering of the hieroglyphic text provides more specific historical images for archeology: understanding that the Mayan civilization with the same material culture is not a unified empire，but many competing city -state countries; I understand the names of many city -state countries and kings、title and dynasty sequence; I learned about Mayan's astronomy、Calendar and Universe view; understand the war events between cities and countries and some countries to replace them; understand the throne inheritance and time of some countries。Even with bet365 live casino games the evidence of the text，The history of Mayan civilization is still mainly relying on archeology to rebuild。

Today's archeological discovery indicates，In the time of the prosperity of Erli，There are many civilizations in China that is quite or even more developed in society。Archaeologists should not take the document record as their most fulfilling work，Instead, you should use your own strengths to explore the rise and fall of prehistoric civilization for a long time。Only in the absence of external interference with literature history，Archeology can provide a real new opinion for the reconstruction of ancient history and the source of civilization。

　　(Author Unit: Department of Cultural Relics and Museum of Fudan University)