After the Yin and Zhou Revolution，The Duke of Zhou makes rituals and music，Every system has undergone changes。The biggest change in gender relations is to redefine the scope of intermarriage，Establish the no-marriage system for people with the same surname。In recent years, some scholars have discussed the changes bet365 sign up offer social status of women bet365 sign up offer Shang and Zhou Dynasties from the perspective of tombs，Come to different conclusions。Zhang Liyan ("Gender Differences Seen bet365 sign up offer Tombs of Nobles bet365 sign up offer Western Zhou Dynasty - Also on the Social Status of Noble Women bet365 sign up offer Western Zhou Dynasty"，"Jianghan Archeology, Issue 4, 2016") believes that the status of women bet365 sign up offer Western Zhou Dynasty is generally lower than that of men，But the difference is not obvious，The status of women has not declined significantly。Zuo Changying、Yang Wensheng ("Changes bet365 sign up offer Hierarchical Status of Female Nobles bet365 sign up offer "Yin and Zhou Revolution""，"Ningxia Social Sciences" 2017 Issue 1) is called after the establishment of Zhou Rites，Women have been deprived of all their rights in political society，Reduced status。Both views are reasonable，The conclusion is hardly comprehensive and accurate。Few female tombs found bet365 sign up offer Shang Dynasty，With insufficient information, it is difficult to detect changes bet365 sign up offer social status of women bet365 sign up offer Shang and Zhou dynasties，However, from the shape of the tomb、The changes bet365 sign up offer relationship between husband and wife of the Shang and Zhou dynasties can be observed in terms of funerary objects and other aspects。

　Formation of a joint burial bet365 sign up offer for husband and wife

"Book of Rites·Tan ​​Gong Shang" states that "Shun was buried bet365 sign up offer field of Cangwu，Gai Sanfei did not follow her。Ji Wuzi said: ‘The Duke of Zhou covers his nephew’”。This is the earlier record bet365 sign up offer literature about couples being buried together。About whether there were joint burials bet365 sign up offer Shang Dynasty，There are two opinions。Meng Xianwu cited the data of Yin Ruins pottery tombs and believed that the tombs where couples were buried in different caves together accounted for about half of the total number ("Analysis on the nature of the tombs "buried in different caves together" bet365 sign up offer Yin Ruins Cemetery - Attached to the Marriage Form in Yin and Shang Society"，"Chinese Archeology" 1993 Issue 1)。But most of the examples he gave have not been identified by human bones，It is difficult to determine whether the conclusion is accurate。Zhang Mingdong ("Comparative Study of Shang and Zhou Tombs"，China Social Sciences Press 2016 Edition) and other scholars deny that the burial of couples in different caves bet365 sign up offer Shang Dynasty was the mainstream burial style。Although the royal tombs of the Shang Dynasty were seriously stolen，But the academic community basically agrees that all the tombs bet365 sign up offer royal tombs are the tombs of the Shang kings。Only the tomb of Fuhao was found bet365 sign up offer queen's tomb，Far away from Wangling District。Da Sikong、Discoveries such as Qijiazhuang East Cemetery also confirm that there are no husbands and wives buried together bet365 sign up offer area where craftsmen gather。The distribution area of ​​Yinxu foreign merchant culture，Such as Dingzhou Beizhuangzi、There are no joint tombs in Luoshan Tianhu and other cemeteries，The phenomenon of men and women being buried bet365 sign up offer same cave can only be seen in a few tombs such as Lingseokjeongjie M1。It can be seen that it was not common for couples to be buried together bet365 sign up offer Shang Dynasty。

Early Western Zhou Dynasty，There are husbands and wives buried together in different caves bet365 sign up offer cemeteries of the princely states with the surname Ji，Consistent with what is said in "Book of Rites·Tan ​​Gong Shang"。M65 in Yejiashan Cemetery in Suizhou、M2 and M27、M28 is the tomb of two groups of Zenghou and his wife，The age can be as early as the time of prosperity。Northern Zhao Jinhou Cemetery、Pingdingshan Yingguo Cemetery、There are many generations of monarchs bet365 sign up offer Weiguo Cemetery in Xincun County, Junxian County and other cemeteries of princely states with the surname Ji.、The wife’s husband and wife were buried together in different caves，There is not much difference bet365 sign up offer shape of the tombs between the two genders。Within Wangji，Nobles surnamed Ji are also buried together，Such as M157 and M163 in Zhangjiapo Cemetery。The discovery of joint tombs bet365 sign up offer cemeteries of nobles not named Ji，Baoji Shigushan M3、M4 and other tombs are all tombs where husband and wife were buried together in different caves。Wang Wei ("Research on the Tombs of the Fengguo State with the Surname Ji bet365 sign up offer Early Zhou Dynasty" Ph.D. Thesis, School of Archeology and Museology, Peking University, 2014) even pointed out whether the king and his wife were buried together as a significant difference between the burial systems of the early Zhou Dynasty and the late Shang Dynasty。Most of the tombs buried together are bet365 sign up offer tomb passage、There is not much difference bet365 sign up offer number of layers of coffins and coffins。As late as the Warring States Period, joint burials were also very popular in civilian tombs。The wife did not return to her mother’s house for burial，The burial system bet365 sign up offer husband’s cemetery continues to this day。

　The gender bet365 sign up offer are gradually divided

Although not many women’s tombs have been discovered bet365 sign up offer late Shang Dynasty，The variety of weapons in Dan Fuhao’s tomb is still impressive。According to Wang Qi ("Archaeological Research on the Social Roles of Gender in Yin Ruins Tombs"，Statistics of "Jianghan Archeology" 2019 Issue 1)，A total of 24 male tombs with weapons，About 15 of the total number of male graves.8%；A total of 5 female tombs with weapons，About 4 of the total number of female graves.5%。It can be seen that men are in weapons、Has a dominant position bet365 sign up offer production of tools and other funerary objects。But the king of Shang asked women about fertility，Also includes war and the harvest of women’s fiefs, etc.。A good woman、The woman also gave divination，Involved in divination matters。It can be seen that women bet365 sign up offer Shang Dynasty actively participated in social life。

The role of women in war seems to have been reversed during the Western Zhou Dynasty，There are almost no weapons buried bet365 sign up offer tomb。Except Changping White Floating Wood Coffin Tomb、A small number of weapons are still buried bet365 sign up offer tombs of a few women not named Ji such as Qianzhang Da in Tengzhou，Among the nobles surnamed Ji, burial weapons became a male exclusive。Thus in field archaeological practice，The gender of the Western Zhou tomb owner can be determined by whether there are weapons buried with him。In terms of the burial of another war-related artifact—chariots and horses，Gender differences are also very obvious。Female tombs do not have separate chariot and horse pits，There are very few large vehicle parts such as complete vehicles and wheels buried bet365 sign up offer tomb，Small chariots and horses are not as commonly buried as men’s tombs。The bronze mask is only for men，The mask was unearthed from Beijing Liulihe M1193、Pingdingshan Yingguo M232、M84 and others are all male tombs，And only found in monarch-level tombs。Weapons、Gender differences shown by funerary objects such as chariots and horses, human masks，Reflecting on women bet365 sign up offer military、Witchcraft and other activities gradually lose their place in social life，Loss of right to speak。This results in women being limited to internal affairs within the family，The formation of "men don't say anything"，The situation in which women say nothing。

　　Utility system highlights bet365 sign up offer

The tomb of the King of Shang was seriously stolen，Unable to determine the specifications of the ritual vessels bet365 sign up offer tomb of King Shang。The specifications of the queen shown in Fuhao's tomb are more than 40 sets of gujue and multiple pieces of vengeance、卣、獍、pot、玹、Wine vessels with the core of Gong and Fang Yi，Supplemented by tripod、簋、Eating utensils and plates、盛、A complex combination of ritual utensils composed of water vessels such as teapots。bet365 sign up offer tombs of medium-sized male patriarchs such as Guojiazhuang M160 and Huayuanzhuang M54 in Yinxu, 10 sets or 9 sets of Gujue (horns) are buried with other wine vessels、Eating utensils。The wine vessels included bet365 sign up offer small female tomb Huayuanzhuang M60 including 3 goblets and 2 wines、10 bronze ritual vessels composed of food vessels。Only one or two sets of Gujue are buried bet365 sign up offer small and medium-sized tombs of both sexes in Dasikong and other cemeteries。The larger tombs in late Shang cemeteries outside Yinxu are often buried with more than 5 sets of Gujue and some bronze ritual vessels。Obviously，People with noble status bet365 sign up offer Shang Dynasty had more funeral utensils，People of low status are buried with a small number of utensils，Shows clear weapon system。No matter it is a large tomb，Still a small to medium-sized tomb，There is no significant difference bet365 sign up offer number of ritual utensils used by the two genders，Gender differences are not obvious。

The characteristic of the Western Zhou Dynasty tomb burial utensil combination is the heavy food utensil combination with the tripod and Gui as the core。The number of bronze ritual vessels buried in early hermaphrodite tombs is generally larger，Institutionalized differences have not yet been formed。Middle Western Zhou Dynasty、From late period，The Zhou people formed a utensil system of odd-numbered tripods and even-numbered guis。This system not only stipulates the number of ritual utensils used by emperors and nobles，Also establishes the difference between the functions of the sexual organs。The archaeological discoveries of Jin State are the most typical，Performance: high、In middle-level tombs, men generally have two sets (or one set) of tripods more than women；Different combinations of ritual objects in low-level tombs，There is a tripod and a gui bet365 sign up offer male tomb，There are only tripods or gui in women’s tombs。Wine vessel、The differences in musical instruments are also very obvious。Although the wine vessels buried with both genders were greatly reduced，But there are fewer burials in female tombs，There are female pure food tombs bet365 sign up offer early days，Such as M6080 and M6197 from the Tianma-Qucun site。The female tomb with musical instruments is only Hengshui M1、Zhangjiapo M163 and several other seats，bet365 sign up offer late period, musical instruments almost disappeared from women’s tombs。The Zhou Dynasty was a society of ritual and music，The importance of musical instruments is self-evident，Men’s monopoly on musical instruments，Reflects that women are restricted in some social activities。Female burials are susceptible to childbirth、The time of death with her husband、Restrictions by maternal family status and other factors (Chen Zhaorong: "Gender、Identity and Wealth - Observations from Shang and Zhou Bronze Ware and Tomb Relics" "New Theory of Chinese History (Volume on Gender History)" Lianjing Publishing Co., Ltd. 2009 edition)，Causing a slight fluctuation bet365 sign up offer number of ritual vessels。Although some tombs such as Hengshui M1 Bi Ji’s tomb have more ritual objects than her husband，But the vast majority of male tombs contain more ritual objects，Gender differences are very obvious。Eating vessel in male tomb、Many wine vessels，Exclusive musical instrument，It is very common that the total number of ritual vessels exceeds that of women’s tombs，Became a funeral custom widely recognized by society at that time。Compared to the Shang Dynasty，The manifestations of gender differences bet365 sign up offer Western Zhou Dynasty tended to be institutionalized，The concept that men and women are different bet365 sign up offer equipment system has been widely recognized。

Shang and Zhou are different ethnic groups，It is natural to have different understandings of the relationship between the sexes and the relationship between husband and wife，This leads to different degrees of gender differences in burials。Whether the marriage system of merchants is intra-ethnic marriage is still controversial，Therefore it is impossible to know for sure the cemetery where the woman was buried after her death，It is naturally impossible to analyze the factors affecting the specifications of its tombs。However, what is certain is that，Zhou people strictly enforced the racial exogamy system of "no marriage within the same surname"，Causing a woman to be buried in her husband’s cemetery after death，The burial specifications are entirely determined by the husband and his family。Women bet365 sign up offer Western Zhou Dynasty can only obtain limited rights through the relationship between husband and wife after marriage，The available social activities have been significantly reduced，Therefore, I have a stronger personal attachment to my husband，Gender differences deepen。Therefore, academic circles generally believe that the difference in marriage systems is the fundamental reason for the changes bet365 sign up offer relationship between husband and wife bet365 sign up offer Shang and Zhou dynasties。

The proportion of couples buried together in Shang Dynasty tombs is extremely low，Nobles of both sexes in weapons、Although there are gender differences in chariots, horses, and ritual vessels，But it’s not a huge gap。Since the Western Zhou Dynasty，The large number of couples buried together in tombs indicates that women have a closer relationship with their husbands’ families，Do the burial weapons and other utensils show the differences between men and women?，The number of ritual utensils buried with them can show to a certain extent that men are superior to women，Gender differences have been institutionalized。The fundamental reason for the changes bet365 sign up offer relationship between husband and wife during the Shang and Zhou dynasties was the reform of the marriage system。Overall，The phenomena reflected bet365 sign up offer tombs indicate，Compared to the Shang Dynasty，Gender norms have been established during the Western Zhou Dynasty，The division of labor between the sexes is also clearer。This more mature social gender system，Have a profound impact on future generations。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Project "Research on Female Tombs bet365 sign up offer Western Zhou Dynasty Focusing on Bronze Ware" (17XKG008)

(Author’s unit: Shaanxi Normal University bet365 sign up offer History Postdoctoral Research Station)