"Three -carrier test，黜陟 You Ming "，From the three generations of ancient ancient。Li Tie thinks，"Performance，Also known as the exam ... The purpose is to confirm the administrative function of each official、Responsibility for duty and contribution to the country，To achieve effective administrative assessment and responsibility supervision of each civilian "。("Chinese Civilian System"，China University of Political Science and Law Press, 1989 edition) Kong Feili pointed out，Three years of performance is "System for regular results for officials，Usually called examinations、Performance "。("Calling Soul"，Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore 1999 edition) "Qing Dynasty", "Qing Dynasty Tong Code" and "Qing Dynasty Document Test" also clearly reflected the routine and normalization of three years of performance。On the basis of the inheritance of the Ming Dynasty，Adhering to the characteristics of "Chong Manchuria"，Its civilian assessment has further evolved from the concept and system。Historically, the personnel system for the evaluation of officials in the Qing Dynasty，Special research continues，Related research is also gradually deepening。Xue Gang's "Evaluation Research on the Qing Dynasty" (China Social Science Press, 2020) Book，Based on the research results of the academic community，Carry out an institutional test interpretation，Follow the assessment procedure and power、The master is responsible for control with the imperial power，bet365 Play online games and under the change of the environment of the government in the Qing Dynasty，Explore the status and role of civilian assessment in national politics。

This book makes full use of various types of political history of the Qing Dynasty、System History Information，On history。Political book physical information，Yi Kangxi、Yongzheng、Qianlong、Jiaqing、Guangxu Five Dynasties and Classics and Code of the Code are the main，The sanctions that are repaired by each dynasty are examples、Qin Ding Taiwan Rules and Qing Sanlong，These political book information can be described as "the most boring monotonous and tedious" institutional information，Each type of volume is very large，If you do not understand the global system of the Qing Dynasty，It is inevitable to break the context。File information，The upper stall promulgated by the various dynasties of the Qing Dynasty、Man Hanwen Zhen、Records of the Military Aircraft Office、The history books of the cabinet are mainly，and the sixth part of the cabinet、Jingcha Book、Performance Book, etc.。In addition, there are various types of officials' notes。With this informal historical support，This book has developed the research and judgment and theoretical analysis of historical facts，This point is more significant in Chapter 9 of the "Evaluation of Civilian Civil Servants in the Qing Dynasty"。This book thinks，The Evaluation of Civilian Corporations in the Qing Dynasty is a "important national behavior"，The discussion of the assessment role must be placed in the national political system at that time、Under the power system，Comprehensive historical inertia in the officialdom，Only by understanding the literary Bet365 lotto review and formalization of the civilian officials of the Qing Dynasty，So，"I will not blame why the assessment continues，Questions that do not see the improvement of officials "(page 271)。It is better to explain that "the assessment is not an independent of the national behavior outside the Qing Dynasty bureaucracy" (p. 270)。This also gives us an enlightenment，Different areas of the study of institutional history of the Qing Dynasty，Most of them cannot be separated from the overall government governance environment，The assessment is only one of them。

To study the assessment of civilian officials in the Qing Dynasty，It must first understand the origin of its system、Formation and Development，Following the discussion and evaluation of the civilian assessment。This book Chapter 1-4 is so paved，Origin of the assessment system of civilian officials in the Qing Dynasty、Jingguan Jingcha and local officials conduct research for research。Based on this，The author Shan Dan's "Qing Dynasty Cultural Officer Evaluation and Promotion" and "Qing Dynasty Civilian Evaluation Accountability System" two chapters，Focus on evaluating and comparing the rewards and punishment after the evaluation of the research officials，It also highlights the "prize" and "punishment" after the assessment。One "Inchant in Beijing、In the assessment of the plan，Don Jingcha First Wait、Those with a big plan can get excellent promotion，This is very important for officials，The emperor also controls the middle and lower grade Manchu officials "(p. 218)。The two "strengthen the seriousness of the assessment to a certain extent，Pay attention to the assessment of officials at all levels，Positioning Bet365 lotto review the corresponding alert effect according to the actual situation "(p. 247)。The author arranges the framework structure，Take care of the logic of the argument。What needs to be pointed out here is，The rewards and punishments mentioned by the ancients，迨 and the Qing dynasties are "prizes" more than "punishment"，Or "punishment" is more important than "award"? The author has made a comment on the trend of "rewarding light punishment"，But after all, there are not rewards and no punishment。So，What kind of effect will the two bring，It is also a question worth thinking about。

The content of the book span the entire Qing Dynasty，Vertical research obvious。First, the opening section discusses "Evaluation of Officials Before Clearance"，Second, the special chapter analyzes "Evaluation of Civil Servants in the Background of the New Political Political Police in the End of the Qing Dynasty"，Echo back and forth，This allows us to understand the characteristics of the Qing Chengming system more clearly，Learn about the inheritance and innovation of the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty in the past 300 years，Change and development。Evaluation of officials before the Clearance，Due to the scarcity and dispersion of the information，It is a difficult point of research。This period of Qing Dynasty before entering the customs is the Qing Dynasty.，Official assessment is not yet perfect，It's also a time period that cannot be bypass。Discussion in Section 2, Chapter 1, Chapter 2，Research on the assessment of the early national Beijing officials and local officials in the Qing Dynasty。Chapter 8 of the Civilian Evaluation，Time is mainly freezing at the end of the Qing bet365 best casino games Dynasty，The background is the new policy。Discuss the assessment of civilian officials due to "the long -term reform of this period ... Make the Beijing official、Local official assessment adds a lot of new content "(page 253)。These contents are the changes that adapt to the changes in the political situation at that time，For example, an assessment of state and counties with the purpose of testing local officials to implement the effect of the new policy。but，Due to the "implementation of the implementation，Make it disconnect with the actual situation，Coupled with the weakness of the local governor to implement the decree，failed to achieve actual efficiency "(page 259)。This long -term vertical study，Large time span，There are beginning and end，It is a path that is worthy of attention in system history research。

The book Chapter 5 In -depth Source of the "End of the year"，The implementation time of the year -end secret examination begins in the Qianlong dynasty，The main object is officials above the local government，The inspection method is dense plastic fold。The author uses many examples to prove that "the year -end secret test with the advantage of 'frequency of the year' inspection" became the emperor's user、Important means of local members "(p. 204)，Especially after the Jiaqing dynasty。This study reflected from the beginning of the Qianlong dynasty，The substantial adjustment of the assessment form of local officials，Emperor、The second -level secret inspection of the supervisor，Make the assessment more simplified。At the same time，The assessment power of the supervisor is prominent，The target of its secret test once extended to Bet365 lotto review the state and county official。This secret test has been along to the end of the Qing Dynasty，It gives useful supplements to the assessment of local officials in the middle and late periods of the Qing Dynasty，"To a certain extent, make up for the defects of the emperor's control of local officials" (p. 307)。

The assessment of officials in the Qing Dynasty involved the bureaucratic system in the political history of the Qing Dynasty、Political events and characters、Governance environment，Elected by officials involved in the research of institutional history、punishment、Awards、Agot and other problems，"It is the most important part of the entire official assessment system of the Qing Dynasty，It is also a big topic，The content that needs to be inspected is quite a lot。Compared with other research topics，The assessment system of officials in the Qing Dynasty can only be said to have just entered the in -depth stage。"(Du Jiayu Preface) Each period of each dynasty，Official's admission、Upgrade、Relief、Zhishi and other changes，All continue to test the assessment system。Whether the assessment system can adapt to these natural changes and uncertainty of the bureaucratic group，There are certain difficulties and unpredictability。"Time to Shi Yi" actually contains two levels，One is the change of personnel，Second is the change of the social environment。These will affect the assessment system。With the continuous update of officials、Continuous changes in personnel，The assessment system must make corresponding changes。The inappropriate assessment system will not play the role of the assessment。The assessment system is not dead，You need to adjust flexibly according Bet365 app download to the rapidly changing personnel。Once this assessment is adjusted,，It will affect the administration of officials，As a result, it is difficult to play the effect of assessment，The exhibition limit is proof。So，This book also left some issues that are worthy of in -depth thinking and research。

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