"Three years of performance appraisal，Depose Zhi Youming”，Since three ancient generations。Li Tie thinks，"Performance Appraisal，Also known as the exam...the purpose is to confirm the administrative functions of each official、Duty, responsibility and contribution to the country，In order to achieve effective administrative assessment and responsibility supervision for each civil servant"。("Chinese Civil Service System"，China University of Political Science and Law Press 1989 edition) Kong Feili pointed out，Three Years Performance Appraisal is a system for regular performance appraisal of officials，usually called exam class、Performance Appraisal”。("Soul Calling"，Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore 1999 edition) "General Chronicles of the Qing Dynasty", "General Code of the Qing Dynasty" and "General Examination of Documents of the Qing Dynasty" also clearly reflect the routine and normalization of performance appraisal in the history of the three years。On the basis of inheriting the Ming system in the Qing Dynasty，Adhering to the characteristic of "worshiping Manchuria first"，The civil service assessment has further evolved in terms of concepts and systems。Historical circles view the personnel system of official assessment in the Qing Dynasty，Special research continues，Relevant research is also deepening。Xue Gang's "Research on bet365 champions league Civil Service Officials in the Qing Dynasty" (China Social Sciences Press 2020 Edition)，Based on existing research results in the academic community，Carry out system research and explanation，Pay attention to assessment procedures and rights、The chief officer is responsible for controlling the imperial power，And under the changes in the administrative environment and centralization system of the Qing Dynasty，Exploring the status and role of civil service assessment in national politics。

This book makes full use of various types of Qing Dynasty political history、Institutional history information，On coming from history。Political style information，With Kangxi、Yongzheng、Qianlong、Jiaqing、Mainly examples of the ceremonies and ceremonies of the Five Dynasties of Guangxu，Also includes the rules and regulations established by each dynasty、Imperial Taiwan Regulations and Qing Three Links，These political documents can be described as the "most boring and boring" institutional materials，The size of each category is very large，If you don’t understand the overall situation of the Qing Dynasty system in detail，It will inevitably be taken out of context。Archive information，Based on the imperial edicts issued by various dynasties in the Qing Dynasty、Memorial in Manchu and Chinese、Deputy of the Military Aircraft Department、The cabinet-titled history book is the main one，Also includes six cabinet ministries、Beijing inspection record、Performance appraisal book, etc.。In addition, there are also various collections of official notes。Supported by this detailed historical data，This book unfolds the research and theoretical analysis of historical facts，This point is more evident in Chapter 9 "The Role of Civil Service Assessment in the Qing Dynasty"。The book believes that，bet365 champions league civil servants in the Qing Dynasty was an "important national act"，The discussion of the role of assessment must be placed in the context of the national political system at that time、Under the power system，Comprehensive certain historical inertial behaviors in officialdom，Only in this way can we understand the formality and formality of civil official assessment in the Qing Dynasty，So，"I won't criticize why the assessment continues，The problem of official governance not getting better” (page 271)。It better illustrates that "assessment is not a state behavior independent of the Qing bureaucracy" (page 270)。This also gives us a revelation，Different fields of research on the institutional history of the Qing Dynasty，Most of them cannot be separated from the overall administrative environment，The assessment is only one of them。

Want to study bet365 champions league civil servants in the Qing Dynasty，We must first understand and sort out its institutional origins、Formation and development，Then discuss and evaluate the civil service assessment。This is the foreshadowing in Chapters 1-4 of the book，The origins of the civil official assessment system in the Qing Dynasty、Research and sort out the plans of Beijing officials and local officials。On this basis，The author has two separate chapters: "Excellence and Promotion in Civil Service Assessment in Qing Dynasty" and "Accountability System in Civil Service Assessment in Qing Dynasty"，Focus on evaluating and comparing the rewards and punishments after official assessment，Highlights the "rewards" and "punishments" after the assessment。One is "inspection in Beijing"、Under examination，Get the first rank in Beijing、Those with outstanding plans will get the right to promotion，This is very important for officials，The emperor also used this to control middle and lower-level Manchu and Han officials” (page 218)。The two "strengthened the seriousness of the assessment to a certain extent，Pay attention to bet365 champions league officials at all levels，According to the facts, impeachment will play a corresponding warning role” (page 247)。The author arranges the frame structure in this way，Taking care of the logic of the argument。What needs to be pointed out here is，The ancients said equal emphasis on rewards and punishments，In the Qing Dynasty, "reward" was more important than "punishment"，Punishment is still more important than reward？The author commented on the trend of "heavy rewards and light punishment"，But after all, there is no reward without punishment。Then，What effects will the two bring?，It is also a question worthy of further consideration。

The content of this book spans the entire Qing Dynasty，Longitudinal research is obvious。First, the opening section discusses the "Assessment of Officials Before Clearing and Entering the Customs"，The second is a special chapter analyzing "Civil Service Assessment under the Background of the New Deal in the Late Qing Dynasty"，Echoing before and after，This allows us to more clearly understand the characteristics of the Qing Chengming System，Understand the inheritance and innovation of official assessment in the Qing Dynasty over the past 300 years，Change and development。Official assessment before customs clearance，Due to the scarcity and scattered information，It is a difficult point in research。The period of Qing history before entering the customs coincided with the beginning of the Qing Dynasty，Official assessment is not yet complete，However, it is also a period that cannot be bypassed。The book’s discussion in Chapter 1, Section 2，Enriched the research on bet365 champions league Beijing officials and garrisoned local officials in the early Qing Dynasty。Chapter 8 Civil Service Assessment，The period is mainly fixed at the end of the Qing Dynasty，The background is the New Deal。Discussed that the civil service assessment has made Beijing officials more difficult due to "this long-term reform with modern significance..."、Many new contents have been added to bet365 champions league local officials” (page 253)。These contents are changes made to adapt to the changes in the political situation at that time，For example, a new state and county fact-based assessment system is added for the purpose of testing the effectiveness of local officials’ implementation of the New Deal。But，Due to "hurried implementation，To disconnect it from reality，In addition, the local governor’s inability to implement the decree，Failed to achieve actual effectiveness” (page 259)。This long-term longitudinal study，Large time span，There is a beginning and an end，It is a path worth paying attention to in the study of institutional history。

Chapter 5 of the book provides an in-depth exploration of the "year-end secret test"，Proposed that the implementation of the year-end secret examination began in the Qianlong Dynasty，The main targets are local officials above the prefecture，The inspection method is the secret memorial。The author uses many examples to prove that "the year-end secret examination has become the emperor's user with the advantage of "frequent inspections"、An important means to depose local officials” (page 204)，Especially after the Jiaqing Dynasty。This research reflects that since the Qianlong Dynasty，Substantial adjustments to the assessment form of local officials，Form the Emperor、The Governor’s Level 2 Secret Investigation System，Making the assessment more streamlined。At the same time，The governor’s assessment power has become more prominent，The subjects of his secret examination were once extended to state and county officials。This secret examination system was used until the end of the Qing Dynasty，A useful supplement to bet365 champions league local officials in the middle and late Qing Dynasty，“To a certain extent, it made up for the shortcomings of the emperor’s control over local officials” (page 307)。

bet365 champions league officials in the Qing Dynasty involves the bureaucracy in the political history of the Qing Dynasty、Political events and figures、Public administration environment，Involving official selection and appointment in the study of institutional history、Punishment、Awards、Xiu Zhi and many other problems，"It is the most important part of the entire official evaluation system in the Qing Dynasty，It’s also a big topic，There are quite a few things that require in-depth investigation。Compared with other more researched topics，The Qing Dynasty official assessment system can only be said to have just entered an in-depth stage。”(Preface to Du Jiaji) Various periods of various dynasties，Official recruitment、Promotion、Transfer、Changes such as becoming an official，They are constantly testing the assessment system。Whether the assessment system can adapt to these natural changes and uncertainties of the bureaucratic group in a timely manner，There is also a certain degree of difficulty and unpredictability。"Times have changed and the world has changed" actually contains two levels，First, changes in personnel，Second, changes in the social environment。These will have an impact on the assessment system。As officials continue to update、Continuous changes in personnel，The assessment system must make corresponding changes。An inappropriate assessment system will inevitably fail to play its due role。The assessment system is not dead，Need to flexibly adjust according to the ever-changing personnel situation。Once this assessment adjustment lags behind，It will affect officials’ governance，So that it is difficult to give full play to the effectiveness of the assessment，The extent of the plan is proof。Therefore，The book also leaves some questions worthy of in-depth thinking and research in this regard。

　(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 champions league and Tourism Culture, Inner Mongolia University)