Before the rise of bet365 voucher epistemology research in the field of Chinese history in the mid-to-late 1980s，The vast majority of bet365 voucher researchers firmly believe that the objective bet365 voucher truth can be revealed，Acquire objectivity。Most of them think，Have a scientific and objective attitude towards bet365 voucher materials，Guided by scientific theory and bet365 voucher materialism，There are continuous efforts to test bet365 voucher understanding in bet365 voucher materials and physical evidence，How can we not gain objective understanding of the bet365 voucher process？

Influenced by the shift in Western bet365 voucher philosophy research from speculative philosophy of history to analytical or critical philosophy of history，Chinese historians have begun the study of bet365 voucher epistemology，And soon set off a small climax。After a more in-depth discussion of bet365 voucher epistemological issues，The subject of bet365 voucher understanding will inevitably be affected by many subjective factors and become common sense。Next，Postmodern historiography was introduced into the country at the turn of the century，And soon have a greater impact。Postmodern historiography not only emphasizes the influence of subjectivity factors on bet365 voucher understanding，Also emphasizes the constructed nature of language used by historians，Therefore, bet365 voucher understanding can only be a discourse system constructed by the subject of bet365 voucher understanding，No objectivity at all。If the objectivity of bet365 voucher understanding refers to the correct understanding of the objective bet365 voucher process by the subject of bet365 voucher understanding, it is also the legal basis for the existence of history，Then，After two rounds of impact from bet365 voucher epistemology research and postmodern history research，Not many people in the field of history believe that bet365 voucher understanding can be objective anymore、Science。No wonder some scholars joked: “The study of bet365 voucher epistemology has smashed the bowl of historians，Postmodern bet365 voucher research has caused trouble for historians。”

The deconstruction of the idea that bet365 voucher understanding can be objective not only calls into question the legitimacy of the existence of history，And it caused a split between bet365 voucher theoretical workers and empirical bet365 voucher researchers。The former gave up thinking about major theoretical issues in the bet365 voucher process，Going further and further on the road of denigrating the legitimacy of history；The latter insists on his own empirical research，No longer pay attention to the "noise" of theoretical workers。

　　bet365 voucher materialism provides new ideas

Some historians regard bet365 voucher materialism as a kind of bet365 voucher ontology，That is, the theoretical system about the bet365 voucher development process itself，Seems to think that it has little insight into the study of bet365 voucher epistemology。Some scholars even think that，The study of bet365 voucher epistemology fills the gap of bet365 voucher materialism in the theoretical research of history，It is a major development in bet365 voucher theory。But that’s not the case，The insights of bet365 voucher materialism in bet365 voucher epistemology，Provides new ideas for us to break through the stagnation in research on the objectivity of bet365 voucher understanding。

First，The establishment of bet365 voucher materialism overcomes the shortcomings of idealistic bet365 voucher view and mechanical materialism in the issue of bet365 voucher understanding，This avoids the epistemology of subjectivity and objectivity。The idealist view of history advocates that subjectivity determines objectivity，Believe that the sources and determinants of bet365 voucher understanding are subjective factors，It does not recognize the restrictive role of objective objects on cognition。Mechanical materialism advocates that the objective determines the subjective，Believe that the sources and determinants of bet365 voucher understanding are objective factors，bet365 voucher understanding is only a mechanical reflection of the objective bet365 voucher process，It does not recognize the active role played by subjective factors in bet365 voucher understanding。bet365 voucher materialism transcends the subjective and objective distinctions，I don’t think it is subjective that determines objectivity，Nor does it advocate that the objective determines the subjective，But affirm that life determines consciousness。Marx and Engels both clearly pointed out: "It is not consciousness that determines life，It is life that determines consciousness." "Consciousness can only be an existence that is realized at any time.，And people’s existence is their real life process。”Since bet365 voucher materialism advocates that “life determines consciousness”，What determines whether bet365 voucher understanding is objective is not whether and how much subjective factors play a role，It depends on whether the understanding drawn from real life experience is profound and comprehensive，And whether the view of history formed thereby is scientific。

Secondly，From the perspective of life determining consciousness，The formation of bet365 voucher understanding is inseparable from the real life of the subject of bet365 voucher understanding。Marx never denied that his political stance was the starting point of his research，“Nothing can prevent us from criticizing politics，Put a clear political stance，Thus taking actual struggle as the starting point of our criticism”。The purpose of Marx’s bet365 voucher research is to transform the real world，Solving problems that real life throws at him，“Philosophers just explain the world in different ways，The problem is to change the world”。As for the theory used by Marx in bet365 voucher research-bet365 voucher materialism，It was formed through his comprehensive and profound life experience in real life，Including not only profound and extensive academic research，Including his participation in the actual struggle of the proletariat for liberation。

It should be said，Research on bet365 voucher epistemology has many valuable insights in this regard。Representatives of analytical or critical philosophy of history、Italian bet365 voucher philosopher Croce pointed out，It is the interest in real life that prompts people to study past facts，“Obviously，Only the interest in present life can make people study the facts of the past。Therefore，This past fact only needs to be integrated with an interest in present life，It is not for a past interest but for a present interest”。British historian Carr pointed out，The historian’s stance in studying history is formed in his real life，“The position itself is rooted in a social and bet365 voucher background”。But，They went to extremes，Believe that all bet365 voucher knowledge is only constructed by bet365 voucher researchers according to their own understanding and imagination，No one has the right to claim that his or her knowledge is objective。Croce denied that there is an objective history that exists independently of the subject of knowledge，Think that is an "eternal fantasy"；Karl thinks the same，“The construction of these basic facts is not based on any characteristics of the facts themselves，But based on the "a priori" decision of historians"。The truth that goes one step further is a fallacy，The above-mentioned bet365 voucher epistemology researchers have gone one step further from the truth that subjectivity factors will affect bet365 voucher understanding，Negies the existence of objective bet365 voucher processes and the possibility of correctly understanding objective bet365 voucher processes，Thus falling into the quagmire of idealism。

　Correctly understand the objective bet365 voucher process

According to bet365 voucher epistemology，It is the role of the subject that makes it impossible for bet365 voucher understanding to objectively reveal the bet365 voucher truth，From a bet365 voucher materialist perspective，It is inevitable to play the main role in the process of understanding。bet365 voucher understanding is the understanding of the subject of bet365 voucher understanding，The subject of bet365 voucher understanding cannot be unaffected by the subjective factors formed in real life。The key question is，Does bet365 voucher understanding affected by subjective factors necessarily fail to correctly understand the objective bet365 voucher process?？

Although there are different divisions，But dividing bet365 voucher understanding into bet365 voucher facts and bet365 voucher explanations should be a division that can be accepted by more people。Through the investigation of dual evidence from bet365 voucher materials and archaeological objects，Objectively determine bet365 voucher facts，It is the first basic work to be done in bet365 voucher research，It is also an object that most bet365 voucher researchers believe can be objectively revealed，Even Hayden White, a representative figure of postmodernist historiography, does not deny that he can be objective in determining bet365 voucher facts。But in terms of bet365 voucher explanation, that is, causal explanation of bet365 voucher facts，It is something that most people in the historians currently believe is impossible to reveal objectively，So I won’t judge various explanations，Instead, "the public speaks the truth"，Accept the pragmatic attitude of “my mother-in-law says it makes sense” and accept it calmly。This is the fundamental reason why various explanations in the field of history currently coexist, and even absurd bet365 voucher nihilistic explanations can exist。

bet365 voucher materialism has long solved the problem of standards for testing and judging bet365 voucher understanding，That’s the standard of practice。As Marx pointed out，“Does human thinking have objective truth，This is not a theoretical question，It is a matter of practice。People should prove the truth of their thinking in practice，The reality and power of one’s own thinking，That is, the other side of one’s own thinking”。Engels also emphasized the practical test standard: "You will know the taste of pudding once you taste it。When we use things according to their perceived characteristics，The correctness of our perceptual perceptions is tested for accuracy。”

Of course，It is indeed as pointed out by the study of bet365 voucher epistemology，History is disposable，It is impossible to use past practice to test and judge bet365 voucher understanding。This is undoubtedly the biggest difficulty faced in adhering to practical standards in the field of history。But as we argued before，The theoretical framework used by bet365 voucher cognition subjects to explain bet365 voucher facts is formed and evolved in the real life of cognition subjects，The explanation of bet365 voucher facts is only to use this theoretical framework to establish causal relationships between bet365 voucher facts。Therefore，We can first test this theoretical framework in real-life practice。If tested in real life practice，This theoretical framework was proven wrong，Then it is impossible to provide a correct bet365 voucher interpretation of bet365 voucher facts。Vice versa，If it can withstand the test of real life practice，Then under its guidance it will be possible to give a correct bet365 voucher explanation。Of course，This theoretical framework can also be tested by bet365 voucher facts。The reason why the theoretical framework can give bet365 voucher explanations，Because it ranks the importance among various bet365 voucher reasons，And indicate what it considers the most important reason。This way，This ranking of reasons can be tested using objective bet365 voucher facts determined by bet365 voucher researchers，In particular, it can be tested whether the most important reason it identifies is correct。

　　The key lies in the theoretical framework

It can be seen from this，Although the subject of bet365 voucher understanding is affected by many subjective factors，But this does not mean that we cannot obtain a correct understanding of the objective bet365 voucher process。Because，The key to determining whether bet365 voucher understanding is correct lies in whether the theoretical framework for explaining history is correct，Whether it can withstand the test of history and real life practice。

Starting from the principle of bet365 voucher materialism that "life determines consciousness"，Go deeper、The wider the real life experience，The more it helps us form the deeper、A more insightful theoretical framework。The reason why Marx was able to quickly complete the transformation from bet365 voucher idealism to mechanical materialism and then to bet365 voucher materialism，Precisely because his experience in real life is broader、Richer，More profound。It is the "material interests" problem he encountered in real life，Prompted him to revise his original research direction and theoretical framework，“1842-1843，I am the editor of "Rheinische Zeitung"，The first time I encountered the difficulty of expressing my opinion on so-called material interests。The Rhine Provincial Council’s discussion on forest theft and real estate analysis，The official debate between the then Governor of the Rhine Province, Mr. von Schapel, and the "Rheinische Zeitung" over the situation of the Mosel peasants，Last，Debate on Free Trade and Protective Tariffs，It was the original motivation that prompted me to study economic issues”。

It is precisely under the constant motivation of real life problems，Marx continued to advance his research，Finally created the scientific theoretical system of bet365 voucher materialism。This undoubtedly sets an example for bet365 voucher researchers。Living in an ivory tower not only limits our vision，And it also restricts our theoretical thinking，Making us trapped in the trivial bet365 voucher facts and unable to extricate ourselves。Return to real life，Formed in comprehensive and profound real-life experience、Theoretical understanding of testing and development，It is the right path to promote history out of theoretical poverty。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of bet365 voucher Theory, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Deputy Editor of "bet365 voucher Theoretical Research")