For the vassal hegemony、The Warring States Period with the heroes，What we know is Qi、Chu、Yan、Korean、Zhao、Wei、Qin's seven "Wancheng Kingdom"。Zhongshan Kingdom, which is between Yan Zhao's gaps, is just "the country of thousands of times"，Although the territory is not large，But once with Yan、Korean、Zhao、Wei Tong called King (History known as "Five Kingdoms King")，Shengji for a while。Zhongshan State is galloping between big powers，Affecting the situation of the Warring States Period，As the late Qing dynasty diplomat Guo Songzhang said: "The Warring States Period is prosperous，Zhongshan Ruoyin's Hurids。"Zhongshan State was a country established by the Bai Di Xianyu people during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，Named by mountains in the city。"Shiben" contains "Zhongshan Wu Gongjugu，桓 Lingshou "，Zhongshan Kingdom since 414 BC，Destroy Zhao from 296 BC，Combattellar 118 years。Historical books have only sporadic records to Zhongshan Kingdom，Its history has always been confusing。Since the 1970s，Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Team (now Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute) and other units in Pingshan County, Shijiazhuang have discovered the capital and tombs of Zhongshan Kingdom。1998，To cooperate with the construction of Shuohuang Railway，A group of Zhongshan State tombs was excavated along the railway。Disclosure of excavation results，The mysterious veil of Zhongshan State gradually fades away，Let us have the opportunity to explore its little -known history。

　bet365 Play online games Tomb is the epitome of ancient society，Can reflect the social environment at that time to a certain extent、Life status、Economic Culture、Funeral customs, etc.。1998，A total of 78 tombs found outside the Lingshou City of Lingshu City in the later period of Zhongshan Kingdom，distributed in Village Village、Zhongqi Village、Zhongqi Village，All small and medium tombs。The area of ​​the medium -sized tomb is about 4-12 square meters，Small tomb area is about 1.5-3.9 square meters。

Visiting Zhuang Tomb is located outside the North City Wall of Lingshou City，There are 9 tombs during the Warring States Period。Beiqi Ji Tomb is located outside the West City Wall of Lingshou City，4 tombs in the late spring and autumn，Among them, the distribution of 3 tombs is relatively concentrated，and the tomb of the two small tombs is similar，Extremely，It should be a group of tombs tied north to south。Zhongqi Ji Cemetery is also located outside the West City Wall of Lingshou City，65 tombs during the Warring States Period，According to the degree of concentration of the tomb distribution，Divided into four districts from northeast to southwest。4 tombs in the area can be divided into two groups，Two or two opposite side -side。The 18 tombs in the second area are mostly medium -sized tombs，Among them, the distribution of 11 tombs is relatively concentrated，Two or two more things on side。31 tombs in the three districts，Among them, the distribution of 5 medium -sized tombs is relatively concentrated，Small tombs are mostly surrounded by the east side，Two or two more things in the tomb。12 seats in the four districts，East and West Four rows of distribution，Some tombs are two or 20 % group side by side。

The distribution of some tombs above、Those with similar shapes to form a group side by side，Explain that there is a certain plan for the layout of the cemetery。Tomb groups that are relative to gathering and east -west are distributed，It may be a family cemetery in the nature of the "Bang Tomb"。This race burial system is mostly implemented in the Zhou Dynasty cemetery，Divided into the cemetery area and the state cemetery。"Zhou Li · Chun Guan" records "The Land of the Cerebrate Cemetery of the Tomoku"，"Palm of the Tomb of Vanbang，For the picture "，Zheng Xuan Note bet365 live casino games "Gong，Junye "，"Cemetery in Versailles，The Buried Land by the Men "。Buried Gongjun and other senior nobles in the cemetery area。Buried Small and Small nobles and civilians in the cemetery area，Tomb is generally no sealed soil，Buried dense，A group arrangement，Different types of tombs are buried in staggered，But there is no break from each other。Tomb groups are parallel to husband and wives, boring together，Usually called "Tomb of the Zi"，This phenomenon is widespread in the two weeks of the Central Plains to the late Warring States Period。

　Second, funeral customs are more consistent.78 tomb funeral systems are all rectangular pits vertical points，No ground building and tomb channel，Most tombs of the tomb mouth and the size of the tomb are equal。other，There are 17 tombs with small outsole，Most of them belong to the middle and late tombs of the Warring States Period，and the Tomb of Zhao Guo's tomb at the same time。Therefore，Archaeologists speculate，With the death of Zhao State with Zhongshan Kingdom，The shape of its tomb is also affected by Zhao Guo。Tomb direction is roughly divided into two categories，Mainly near north and south，A total of 58 tombs，There are 20 seats in the tomb near the East and West。Filling in the tomb is mostly mixed with mountain rocks，Jing Ting Play，The soil is harder。Some foot nests that are convenient for up and down on the wall of some tombs。Most of the tombs use funeral utensils，A coffin、One form of one coffin and one 椁 椁，A few are one or no funeral utensils，There is a side box in the individual tomb to place the utensils。Most tombs are seriously stolen，No see human bone or human bone displacement、Little incompleteness，Funeral type unknown，A recognizable funeral type has 10 people with straight limbs、1 seat is a flexed limb。

Very few tombs have stones，Different shapes and differentiation。In the visiting Zhuang Cemetery，The top of the tomb of the tomb of the early Warring States Period and the surrounding stones to form a stone，Reserved bet365 live casino games the funeral custom of Di Tu as the stone; the other two tombs are only symbolic stones，The tomb M3 has a accumulated stone at the entrance of the tomb，The tomb of the late Warring States Period M4 is at 75 cm at the entrance of the tomb。Decrease in the reduction of the tomb stones，Zhongshan State is affected by the Central Plains Culture，Ji Stone Funeral customs gradually decline。Stone is a local material，About 30 cm long，Small person is about 10 cm long。

The niches are dug on a wall on the four walls of the tomb，Generally used to place funeral，It was seen in early Neolithic Age。There are 5 tombs in this batch of tombs with niches，The niches are on the side of the tomb longer，The location is not fixed，The size of the 龛 is often related to the number of utensils，The niche is only enough to place a positive pottery。Nibs have a good anti -theft effect。Visit the Zhuang Cemetery Tomb M4 East Wall and the southern end of the east wall.，9 pieces of pottery inner pottery，Not being stolen，This is likely to be because the grave robber does not know the existence of the niches。Shi Gui and Shi Ji found in the stolen hole，may be stolen because it was placed in the coffin at that time。

The tomb of Zhongshan State has the custom of setting up the second floor。The second floor refers to the four -wall steps higher than the bottom of the tomb of the soil pit，To store with funerals or buried people，It can be traced back to the middle of the Neolithic era。There are 12 tombs in this batch of tombs with two -story platform，Position of the second floor、size、shapes。10 tombs are the second floor of the soil，Some wooden boards are placed on some raw soil platforms。For example，Tomb of the Cemetery of the Seven Cemetery M3，Take a north -south wooden cover on the Shengtai。2 tombs are the two -story platform of mature soil，Played by ramming，Putting pottery on the stage。For example，Tomb of the Seven Cemetery M14，There is a rammed soil platform between the east wall and the 椁，Ending wood baffle at the north and south ends，23 pieces of pottery on the stage。

　　Third, the tombs have differentiation of rich and poor.Most of the batch of tombs were stolen，But there are still many types of burial products unearthed，Including pottery、Copper、Ironware、Boneware、Jade、Stoneware、glazed device, etc.，Main pottery。where，The funeral pottery device includes Ding、flat plate beans、Gai Doudou、Ball Belly Pot、pot、bowl、Disk、匜、ear cup、Bird Pile、cylindrical device、Duck -shaped Zun、鬲、can、Zun, etc.，Except 鬲 鬲、can outside the utility，Most of the rest of the device for burial。The decoration has a hook、copper bell、buckle、ring、beads、璜、璧、Bridge decoration、笄、Tube, etc.。Weapons have 镞、Ge、鐏、Sword, etc.。The tool has a ring knife、Shi Ji、Copper needle、cone、Bone Nail、Bone calculation, etc.。The car and horse tools only see bone and ways。The unearthed stone shell、Bone Beibei, etc.，May be underwriting。

Most of the funerals are between coffin，A few placed next to the owner of the tomb in the coffin，Inside the niche and the second floor of the mature soil, there are also pottery。Tao Rites set up，But the types and quantities of supporting utensils are not consistent。The basic combination of the small tomb ceremony in the late Spring and Autumn Period is 鬲、can。Medium -sized tombs in the middle of the Warring States Period，The basic combination of Taoli Wicker takes M11 M11 in the Chinese Seven Cemetery Cemetery as an example，Contains 3 Ding、4 cover beans、8 flat plate beans、3 pot、2 ball belly pot、1 set、1、1 bowl、1 bird pillar plate、1 cylinder、1 Duck -shaped Zun，A total of 26 utensils，Number of burial utensils、For the exquisite level，All are the most batch of tombs。Medium -sized tombs in the late Warring States Period，For example, visiting the tomb of the driver's graveyard m4 niche、Gai Doudou、2 pieces each，Disk、匜、Each of the ear cup。

Individual tomb owners contain jade artifacts，This phenomenon is called mouth 琀，In the early early early section of the Warring Bet365 app download States Period, the main population of the M1 tomb in the middle section of the Seven Line Cemetery contains 1 piece，This is likely to be affected by the concept of Chongyu's funeral in Central Plains。Shi Gui also discovered more，It shows that there is a funeral custom with Shi Gui as a funeral in the middle of the Warring States Period。In the late Warring States Period, the tomb of the Seven Cemetery of the Cemetery M8、M37、M57 pottery，Most of them decorated with red, yellow, black and white and other multi -color paint，It may be related to Zhao Guo's funeral customs。Zhongqi Ji Cemetery Tomb M62 people's bones are covered with fabrics，Special。

Differences of the burial items indicate，At that time, there were obvious class division of Zhongshan State and the differentiation of the rich and the poor。Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods，The number unearthed in the tomb is one of the main signs of the tomb owner's identity level，The bottom of the nobles is generally buried in the Three Ding。The burial of the burial of the tomb，The owner of the tomb may be a category of nobles;，The owner of the tomb may be a small noble、Civilian。How many other utensils are buried，I may have the identity with the tomb owner、Related economic strength，If the tomb owner of the burial weapon may be a samurai during his lifetime;、Tomb of Bone Bishe，Its owner may have strong economic strength during his lifetime。At the same time，The number of some tombs is the same，The type of rituals with it、The quantity is different，It also reflects that the pottery system at that time was not very strict。

To sum up，During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty discovered in 1998, the tombs of Zhongshan State in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty showed that the layout of its cemetery has a certain planning，Family graveyard and couples that may exist in the nature of the "Bange Tomb" "Tomb"。Funeral customs are more consistent，The shape of the tomb is all rectangular earthen pits vertical cave tombs，Tomb direction is mainly near north and south。Filling soil in the tomb is mostly rammed，Funeral utensils bet365 best casino games with a coffin、A coffin and one 椁 椁，Funeral style is common to lean up and straight limbs，There are fewer stones in the tomb，Some tombs have niches and two -story platforms。Rich types of burial products，Place more between coffin，Tao ceremony is mostly a clear device and appeared in a complete set，Some funerals are practical devices used by the tomb owner。The exquisiteness of the utensils、The number and type of funeral、The exquisiteness of the utensils，Reflected the class and economic conditions of the tomb owner's life。other，The tombs of Zhongshan State in the middle and late Warring States of the Warring States Period are affected by Zhao Guo's funeral customs，It reflects the intersection and integration of the northern national culture and Central Plains Huaxia culture during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty。

(Author Unit: School of History of Renmin University of China)