"Yizhou Book · Dharma Solution" has a saying: "，Trail of the line also。"The nickname is the special title after the death of the ancients，谥 Law is a series of regulations related to this。During the development process，Derivative two types: public and private (or native): the former is given by the court;。Gongxuan has an inherent political advantage，Obviously suppressing the development of private 谥，Make it as if it is hidden in the people。Potential threats to the public 谥 谥 谥，Especially the growth trend showed in the special political period，Let it bear the name of "private non -ritual"。Those understanding、Compassion and supporting people，But I have never given up my efforts to be a private name，On the road to text defense。

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When does the private 源 originated from? There are three cognitions in ancient times。First，The Song people Su Shi said that the private person started in the East Han，Special refers to the hermit is often presented by the door; the second，Song people Cheng Ye and others are found to be private in spring and autumn，That is, the princes abandoned the courtesy of inviting Zhou Wang and the ministers were settled; third，Today's people Wang Shengkuan thinks，The earliest law -the nobles who went to the early week of the father and ancestors gave the beauty，belongs to private，After the Zhou royal family incorporate this into Guodian，So the official public public ("Research on the Law"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1995 Edition)。Three cognitive differences，The essence is that there is a differentiated understanding of the chaotic pre -Qin Dynasty law。

The above uncertainty does not affect the identity characteristics of the private owner，They are Bet365 lotto review mostly learning、Moral aspect can be called a model。Generally divided into the following categories: First, "Wenyuan"，Refers to scholars who are highly academic and deep academic，Sui Wangtong Wang Tong (private "Wenzhongzi")、Wan Sitong in the Qing Dynasty (private "Zhenwen"), etc.; The second is "hidden"，refers to the hermit that is not driven by fame，Such as Lou Shou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (Private "Mr. Xuanru")、Eastern Jin Tao Qian (Mr. Jingjie "), etc.; Third," loyalty "，Refers to those who insist on loyalty in inside and outside war，If Ming Ji Xun (private "Mr. Qian Zhong")、Qing Dynasty Jiang Tu (private "Ren Hui"), etc.; Fourth, "filial piety" and "Lie Girl"，Refers to practicing filial piety、Moral men and women with moral concepts such as chastity，Such as the Tang Dynasty Jiahui (private "Guangxiao Zheng Jun")、Wang Linqing's wife Zhang's wife (private "Mrs. Zhenxiao") and so on。The private identity of the private owner in different historical periods will of course be focused，Such as the Eastern Han Dynasty, most of them 谥、During the war years, loyalty to gain a sharp increase。But as a whole，Hongsheng Giant Confucianism, who is famous for his learning Tao, won the most，This shows the control of the right to speak for the right to speak。

feudal society in the ritual system，Private 谥 has always been an orthodox etiquette，Not officially recognized，but not banned。The root cause，Its vitality in folk society is the key。Eastern Han Dynasty，A large number of festivals who are dissatisfied with the government lived in the forest，The Wind of the Thin Steak set off the first climax of private development。Before and after the Sui and Tang dynasties，The old official and the owner of the industry teacher's government are close to，The second climax of the relationship between the relationship between the relationship between the relationship。Ming and Qing Dynasties，It bet365 Play online games aims to maintain the masterpiece of scientific thoughts that are designed to maintain feudal，There is another Ming and Qing Ding Ding，As a result of the private chronology of the Zhongxiao chastity，The third orgasm brought about the development of private development。Private 谥，Always walking on the edge of "Li"，It has always been difficult to hide questioning。

　　The saying of "private non -ritual" is prevalent

Confucian Confucianism represented by Confucius has spared no effort to transform the method，By proposing "cheap is not expensive，Young or not long，Li Ye "(" Book of Rites · Zeng Zi ")、"No Lord，Dead None "(" Book of Rites · Suburban Special ")、"Famous said Youyou、Li，Although the filial piety is Ci grandson，Bai Shi cannot be changed "(" Mencius · Li Lou Zhang Sentence ") and other views，The method and emphasis level for only taboo names、Guiyou、The "rectification of the name" of praise is connected，Pursue a "detailed name，Great Famous Family "given the effect，Make it successfully into the category of "Li"，Therefore, it provides a footnote from the academic level for Confucian scholars' opposition to the later generations。

Eastern Han Dynasty，Wei Jin Zhang，Sima Guang, two Song Dynasty、Cheng、Zhang Ye、High、Hong Shi，and Zhang Lingxiang in the Qing Dynasty、Zhao Yi，All negative attitudes towards private ourselves。They stand clearly on the opposite side of private，or focusing on the private chaos of the spring and autumn，or ridicule the Eastern Han Dynasty's private，Or if people are thirsty when they are thirsty，As a result。"There is a way in the world advocated by Confucius，The Rites and Music Expeditions from the Emperor's Out "(" The Analects of Confucius · Ji Shi ") leads" Everything must be in the emperor，Tianzi ordered to take the actual practice。Goodness is good for good，Evil is suffering from evil。is the person，Public Law of the World "(" Spring and Autumn Collection bet365 best casino games Notes ")，Then compare the distinctive features of "out of the bottom" in private，Finally concluded that the private is not in accordance with the ancient ceremony，The core point of the theory of "private and non -ritual"。This says can be carried forward，In particular, it is inseparable from the respect of Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty。Xining Ten Years (1077)，"Guanxue" founder Zhang Zai died of illness。Due to the official position of his life, he must not be public，The gatekeeper then asked for advice from the private "Master Mingcheng" to Cheng Yan (word Bochun)，and Cheng Yan immediately discuss in Sima Guang。In "Answers Bo Chun Book"，Sima Guang is paved with Confucius and Mencius.，Clarifying the academic logic of "private non -ritual"，Emphasizing the level characteristics necessary for the law under the law system，Give a private blow at the level of the theory。Not only that，He also uses Confucius' selfless comparison，Calling everyone does not have to stick to this。His point has deeply affected the scholars since then。

morality outside the theory、Conflict on the political level，Also the direction of the aforementioned people's efforts。On the one hand，They think that the deceased is not necessary to keep the "wise name"，That is, "谥 cannot be passed by bully，No 不 cannot make the actual one "(" Sumen Liu Gentleman Wenti Wanqiu Wentu ")，The so -called Germany and the beauty of the beauty may not be above the private cricket，The doorkeeper should reject this "love" actually "harmful" meaningless move。On the other hand，Yixiang Shuang、Zhang Ye、Scholars represented by Hong Shi pointed out "Private Never Ancient"，I am more willing to link it with the disaster of the party in the late Eastern Han Dynasty，It is considered that there is a complicated interpersonal hook connection behind the simple title。Hong Shi Zeng Da Da Da Dajie，Bet365 lotto review "The disadvantage of the last current，More advertisement，Three Juns and Eight Gus are seeking it all，and Strange Masterpieces "(" Lou Shi Shi Shou Bei "; the party members of the Eastern Han Dynasty are called" three monarchs "and" eight cares ")。"Private Ceremony is not polite" aimed at multi -dimensional to eliminate private ourselves，The sacredness of "out of the top" and "unification of one" with a view to adhering to the law!

　　Effective effort for private names

Facing the oppression of the public and the criticism of the theory of "private non -ritual"，The private 谥 in the weak position is really difficult to fight，It can only show the stance of silent resistance for a long time。It grows in the gap in the underlying society，It looks like two parallel lines and Gongzhang，Never intersect，Never intersect。Because the official does not record private ourselves，Literature and materials related to private ourselves are scattered everywhere，So looking for those words that support privately become very difficult。Most of them exist in the "private and non -ritual" Chen said。At present，The "Private and Non -Ceremonial Different" by Jiang Fan of the Qing Dynasty is a rare complete article for private names，shows the courage and courage of Jiang's clan。

Defense text represented by Jiangwen，Mainly conveys the following information。First，Understand the emergence of private private private people from emotional，The threshold for the public is too high，Most people who do good do not have the opportunity to obtain the easy -going famous ceremony，"The hearts of the disciples of the door are really unable to safely" ("Song Ye Wen Ji · Private Answers")，"The Change of the Rites" -the privately made up for the dual regrets of the deceased and the students; the second，For example, the spring and autumn exhibition of birds private "Hui"、Qianlou private "Kang"，Decisure 荀、Zhang Ye and others' "private Bet365 app download non -ancient" views，Try to pull the private quarantine of the Eastern Han Dynasty，Restore it as an ancient character's original characteristic of the naming and etiquette; third，Question that the opposition to the private people reads the Bible righteousness，That is, "，Young and not long "refers to the chaos of the princes，instead of a large number of private private privacy，It is not established for a judgment of privately in case of a judgment，Among them, the mystery lies in Jiang Fan and others that the private category of the private wise man who does not belong to the princes of the Spring and Autumn Period;，Public and Private Puppets have taboos and fame，Short natural diversion、The ideal state of their own ways coexist in the world; fifth，Counterattack public stream in form、Disadvantages。

Those who recognize private ourselves，Unwilling to persevere the orthodoxity and purity of the law，Instead more practical attention to the moral demonstration significance shown in the two ways of "taboos for the His Holiness" and "Taboo for the Sage"。In their opinion，Corresponding to the private omen of "taboo for the sages"，The same goal with the role of the public，There should be a place in the history of ancient etiquette。

The favorable facts of the endless history of private actions for thousands of years，Many criticisms have appeared in private，There are also criticism of criticism。Behind the fight between the two sides，First, there is a poor understanding of the relationship between the public and private ourselves，That is, Sima Guang and others will make private things with the same ritual system that has a tendency to centrifuge，Unwilling to give it possible growth space，and Jiang Fan and others are willing to think about the relationship between the two from the perspective of supplement rather than opposing，Agree with the persuasion effect of privately; the second is to seek certain social recognition through private bet365 best casino games ourselves，Nothing is not a marginal character other than the public crowd.，Deadly "Conscious Pursuit"。This means，The privilege class of the official honor and the lower levels of the unparalleled grace，There is a continuous contest of "Guardia" and "Wushu"。It is the complexion of the public and private ourselves，Only to shape the gorgeous historical appearance of the law。

　　(This article is the "Qing Dynasty Law and Imperial Politics" (2019B5688) phased achievement of the Youth Project of the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences)

(Author Unit: Institute of Manchuria, Beijing Academy of Social Sciences)