According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records: Biography bet365 premier league odds Huns"，“Hongnu，The descendants of his ancestor Xiahou clan"，That is, the ancestors bet365 premier league odds Huns came from the Central Plains。In addition，No earlier documents available，There is no Xiongnu writing to test。Therefore，The origin bet365 premier league odds Xiongnu tribe、The development and demise have always been legendary。Linguistics、Multidisciplinary evidence from archeology and genetics，The Huns are not a simple ethnic group，But mainly of East Asian descent，There have been many genetic mixtures with surrounding ethnic groups。Hundreds of years of war between Han and Hungary，Divide and combine，Finally, under the strong attack bet365 premier league odds Central Plains Dynasty，The huge Huns Empire gradually disintegrated，The descendants bet365 premier league odds Xiongnu survive and multiply through the integration with other ethnic groups。

　Exchanges between the East and the West before the bet365 premier league odds

Thousands of years，The Eurasian steppe has always been the center of human migration and cultural change。About the origin of Indo-European languages，There has always been a dispute between the Kurgan hypothesis and the Anatolia hypothesis，The focus bet365 premier league odds debate is whether Indo-European originated from agricultural people or nomadic people。Ancient DNA research infers that Indo-European may have originated from the southern Caucasus Mountains to Anatolia，But the spread of Indo-European language mainly relied on the Yamnaya nomadic people in the early and middle Bronze Age。

Nomadic people are highly mobile。Genetic research has proven，The Afanasievo people in the Altai region and the Yamnaya people on the Black Sea coast of eastern Europe，No difference in ancestral ingredients。7000 years ago，The nomadic people bet365 premier league odds Yamnaya steppe with the proto-Indo-European language took advantage of horses and wheels，Not only pouring into the heart of Europe，Also quickly moved eastward to Asia，Sweeping across the Eurasian steppe。Around 3000 BC，They arrived at the northern foothills bet365 premier league odds Altai Mountains，Established the culture of Afanashevo，Tocharian, the underlying language of Indo-European, was left in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang，Not only brought animal husbandry and dairy products to the eastern part of Eurasia，And its genetic contribution to Mongolia and the entire eastern steppe region and even India at that time was also crucial。

Sadly，With the decline of Afanashevo culture，These immigrants who once replaced the indigenous people bet365 premier league odds Mongolian Plateau did not continue to thrive here。Wang Chuanchao used 166 ancient DNA samples，Study on the 8,000-year history bet365 premier league odds Mongolian Plateau。7000-8000 years ago，The indigenous Mongolian hunter-gatherers occupy the Mongolian Plateau，They belong to the native East Asian type in genetic ancestry，This bloodline is widely distributed from Lake Baikal to Heilongjiang and the Russian Far East，It is also very similar to the agricultural people in the Yellow River Basin。To 5000 years ago，In individual archaeological sites，The indigenous Mongolian ancestry was replaced by the Afanashevo people, a nomadic Eurasian steppe group genetically indistinguishable from the Yamnaya people。But only after a few hundred years，The Mongolian natives quickly replaced the Western ancestry from the Eurasian steppes。Until the late Bronze Age more than 2500-3000 years ago，The second group of Eurasian steppe nomads brought the Sintashta culture of Siberia and Central Asia、Andronovo culture (Andronovo) enters the Mongolian Plateau，Genetic exchange between Mongolian aborigines and Eurasian steppe people occurred again。And，This group of grassland nomads also experienced a process of being replaced by the Mongolian indigenous people。

The Mongolian Plateau has experienced many migrations of grassland nomads，Also experienced many exchanges and replacements between grassland nomadic groups and Mongolian indigenous groups。That’s for sure，The nomadic lineage bet365 premier league odds Eurasian steppes on the Mongolian Plateau is intermittent，The native people of East Asia are continuous。In the Iron Age of 300 to 400 BC，The original indigenous people gathered on the Mongolian plateau、The remains bet365 premier league odds first and second groups of nomadic peoples in the Eurasian steppe，Also includes Chinese、Intrusion of Iranian and other people。At this time when the crowd structure is the most complex，Rise bet365 premier league odds Huns Empire，And became an important part bet365 premier league odds history bet365 premier league odds Mongolian Plateau。

　　Ancient tombs reproduce the genetic diversity bet365 premier league odds Huns

Currently，Most Xiongnu tombs were discovered in Mongolia，Explain that Mongolia is the core area of ​​life for the Xiongnu ruling class。The most representative Egyin Gol and Duurlig Nars provide a basis for understanding the Huns culture and Mongolian history at that time。Especially through ancient DNA testing of burial remains，To understand the mixing history bet365 premier league odds people at that time、Migration pathways, etc. provide scientific evidence。

Nearly a hundred Xiongnu nobles are buried in these two ancient cemeteries。The unearthed funerary objects have typical characteristics of grassland culture，Like gold inlaid with turquoise、Complete sets of horse accessories, etc.，Gold and silver vessels are engraved with unicorn patterns and mostly snow leopards、Animal decorations based on antelopes and so on。In addition，Chariots were also unearthed from these tombs、Jade、Bronze mirror with Chinese characters inscription，Reflects the close exchanges between the Xiongnu in the Han Dynasty and the Central Plains Dynasty。A fairly complete glass bowl with blue and white patterns was also unearthed from the tomb，Commonly found in the Roman Empire at the western end bet365 premier league odds Silk Road。These funerary artifacts come from places across thousands of kilometers in Eurasia，It should be more than just simple trade transactions、Cultural exchange，Should also move with the crowd。

Ancient DNA testing confirms genetic continuity between Xiongnu and East Asian populations。Christine Keyser-Tracqui et al. extracted DNA from the skeletal remains of 62 specimens excavated from the Ejin River Cemetery in northern Mongolia，By pairing autosomes、Analysis of Y chromosome short tandem repeats and mitochondrial DNA，Indicates a close relationship between these specimens。To assess genetic continuity between the Huns and modern populations with geographical or ethnographic connections，They compared the ancient DNA of Xiongnu remains with modern Mongolians、Yakuts、Turks compared，Discovered that the Xiongnu and modern Mongolian bet365 premier league odds from different regions were gathered together。This also explains，In 2400 years time，Mongolian inheritance is continuous。

At the same time，Ancient DNA testing also confirmed that there was genetic mixing between Huns and Indo-European people。Kijeong Kim et al. conducted ancient DNA analysis on three skeletal remains from a 2000-year-old Hun noble tomb in Durig cemetery in northeastern Mongolia。They found that the maternal mitochondria of a male remains were bet365 premier league odds U2e1 haplogroup、The paternal Y chromosome belongs to the R1a1 haplogroup，Indicates that the Hun male has Indo-European ancestry。Autosomal STR analysis of this sample also supports non-East Asian ancestry for this individual，Reflects the Mongolian Plateau during the Xiongnu Empire except for the indigenous people of East Asia，Also incorporates Indo-European speaking people who may have originated from Transbaikal and Scythian regions。In linguistics，Indo-European bottom identity except Tocharian，There is no evidence that Indo-European spread to the Mongolian Plateau。Some linguists believe that Xiongnu is a Turkic-Mongol language，Others believe that Hunnic is Yenisei、Iranian、Turkic or Mongolian。Confirmed by current genetic research，The Huns or their ancestors had genetic exchanges with people who spoke these languages。

　　Remnants of blood relations in the post-bet365 premier league odds period

Peter de Barros Damgaard et al. sequenced 137 ancient human genomes from the Eurasian steppes dating back 4,000 years，Discover the diverse origins bet365 premier league odds peoples who dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age，Includes late Bronze Age pastoralists、European farmers and hunter-gatherers of southern Siberia。The Scythians later mixed with the nomads bet365 premier league odds eastern steppes，The Huns Alliance was formed，and move west。The Xiongnu Empire fell apart after a hundred years of brief glory。According to historical records，The southern Xiongnu gradually merged with the northwest Han people，Finally, together with other disappeared or remaining ethnic minorities, they became part bet365 premier league odds history of Chinese civilization。The descendants bet365 premier league odds Huns from the Mongolian Plateau merged with the nomadic people from other eastern steppes，Also known as "Xianbei" and other titles，Carrying out genetic exchanges with Han people and other Central Plains people。

In addition to the Xiongnu bloodline that remained in the original place and the Hanized Xiongnu bloodline，There are also remnants of Xiongnu ancestry in Europe。Critical analysis of existing evidence from historical linguistics and population genetics by Alexander Savelyev et al.，Think that the Huns came from a mixture of east and west Eurasia。Although clear evidence of continuity between the Huns and the European Huns is lacking，But it is certain that ancient Turkic is the common ancestral language bet365 premier league odds Asian Huns and the European Huns。At the same time，The evidence from both disciplines suggests that，At least some European Avars are of East Asian ancestry，Adopted Turkic language and culture，Asian Rouran people participated in the origin and development of Mongolia，The continuity between the two is not inconsistent from a genetic point of view。

In addition，Forensic research has also confirmed that there are descendants of Asian Xiongnu in Europe。Keyser, Christine et al. used forensic research methods to analyze the remains of Hun-era tombs in Tamir Ulaan Khoshuu, Mongolia。The results of kinship analysis of autosomal and Y chromosome DNA markers and mitochondrial genome sequences show，There are close family relationships between many individuals。And，They found the genetic type of modern Yakuts in the remains of Huns，Proved that some bet365 premier league odds ancestors bet365 premier league odds Yakuts may have come from the central Mongolian Plateau，And are related by blood and language to the Huns-Turkic people。

In summary，Multidisciplinary evidence display，On the vast Eurasian steppe，The Huns are not a simple ethnic group，But mainly of East Asian descent，Multiple genetic admixtures with surrounding ethnic groups。After experiencing a short period of glory，The Huns nomadic tribes that once roamed the Eurasian grasslands have disappeared。But what disappears is the title，The blood descendants bet365 premier league odds Xiongnu as individuals have not disappeared，Still surviving and multiplying through genetic fusion with other ethnic groups in Europe and Asia，Becoming a modern human migration、Evolution、Part bet365 premier league odds history of great integration。

　　(This article is part bet365 premier league odds National Social Science Foundation project "Research on the evolution of languages ​​in Northeast Asia and its correlation with the history of population mixing" (20BYY195)、Phase results bet365 premier league odds EU ERC major project "Language and Population Mixing in Gansu and Qinghai Region" (ERC-2019-AdG-883700-TRAM)

(Author’s Affiliation: School of Foreign bet365 premier league odds, Huaqiao University；Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University)