According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records · Hun Biography" record，"Huns，The seedlings of the ancestor Xia Queen also "，The ancestors of the Huns are from Central Plains。In addition，No earlier literature can be checked，No Xiongnu text can be tested。So，Origin of the Hun Tribe、Development and demise has always been full of legendary colors。Linguistics、Archeology and genetics and other multi -disciplinary evidence display，The Huns are not a simple ethnic group，but mainly East Asian bloodline，Many genetic mixed with the surrounding ethnic groups。Han Hungarian hundreds of years of battle，Special integration，Finally under the strong blow of the Central Plains dynasty，The huge Hun Empire gradually disintegrate，The descendants of the Huns are survived in the integration of other ethnic groups。

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For thousands of years，Eurasian prairie has always been the center of human migration and cultural changes。Origin about Indo -Europe，There has been a dispute over the Kurgan hypothesis and the Anatolia hypothesis，The focus of the controversy is whether the Indo -European language originated from the agricultural or nomadic crowd。Ancient DNA Studies Inferring Indo -Europe may originated from the southern part of Caucasus to Anatolia，Dan -European dissemination mainly relies on Yamnaya Nomadic people in the early and middle periods of the bronze age。

Nomadic people have strong liquidity。Genetics research has been proven，AFANASIEVO crowd in the Altai area and the Yannaya crowd on the Black Sea coast in eastern Europe，There is no difference in the bet365 best casino games ingredients of the ancestral source。7000 years ago，The Yannaa Grassland Nomads with the original Indo -European language with the advantages of the horses and wheels，Not only poured into European hinterland，Also move eastward to Asia，Sweep Eurasian Grassland。Around 3000 BC，They arrive at the northern foot of the Altai Mountain，Establishing Avnnina Siewo Culture，Leave the underlying language of Indo -European in the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang — Tuhuo Luo language，Not only brings animal husbandry and dairy products to the eastern part of Asia -Europe，and contributing to the genetic contributions to the genetic and even India of Mongolia and the entire eastern grassland at the time。

Unfortunately，With the decline of Avnneshewo culture，Immigrants who have replaced the indigenous people of the Mongolian Plateau have not continued to reproduce here。Wang Chuanchao, etc. use 166 ancient DNA samples，Research on Mongolian Plateau History for 8000 years。7000-8000 years ago，Mongolian indigenous collection and hunting crowd occupies the Mongolian Plateau，They belong to East Asian local types in genetic bloodlines，This bloodline is widely distributed in Lake Baikal to Heilongjiang and Russia's Far East.，It is also similar to the agricultural population of the Yellow River Basin。5000 years ago，In individual archeological sites，Mongolian indigenous bloodlines were replaced by the Eurasian grassland nomadic people who could not be distinguished from the Yannaya crowd in genetic in the Avaraevoli crowd。But after just hundreds of years，Mongolian indigenous people quickly replaced Western blood from Eurasian grasslands。Until 2500-3000 years ago more than the late bronze era，The second batch of Eurasian grassland nomadic people brought Sintashta in Siberia and Central Asia、Andronovo bet365 live casino games Culture (Andronovo) enters the Mongolian Plateau，Gene exchanges between the Mongolian indigenous and Eurasian grassland people occur again。and，This group of grassland nomadic people also experienced a process of replacing by the Mongolian indigenous people。

Mongolian Plateau has undergone multiple migrations of grassland nomadic people，It has also experienced the communication and replacement of the grassland nomadic population and the Mongolian indigenous population。You can be sure，Eurasian grassland nomadic blood on the Mongolian plateau is intermittent，East Asia local people are continuous。The iron age of the Iron Age of 34 or 400 years AD，The original indigenous people are gathered on the Mongolian plateau、The relics of the first and second batch of Eurasian grassland nomadic people，It also includes Han、Mix of people such as Iran and other people。When the structure of this crowd is the most complicated，Rise of the Hun Empire，and become an important part of the history of the Mongolian Plateau。

　　Ancient tomb reproduces the genetic diversity of the Huns

Current，Most of the ancient tombs of the Huns are found in Mongolia，Explain that Mongolia is the core area of ​​the life of the Huns' ruling class。The most representative Egyin Gol and Duurlig Nars provided a basis for understanding the Hun culture and Mongolian history at the time。Especially through the ancient DNA test of the burial remains，To understand the mixed history of the crowd at that time、Migration paths, etc. provide scientific evidence。

These two ancient cemetery buried nearly a hundred Huns and aristocracy。The unearthed funeral has a typical grassland cultural characteristics，Such as a golden device inlaid with embedded turquoise、complete set of horse decorations, etc.，Gold and silver utensils are carved with unicorn pattern and most of the snow leopard、bet365 Play online games Antelope and other animal patterns。In addition，These tombs are also unearthed in a carriage、Jade、Copper mirror with Chinese characters，Reflects the close interaction between the Huns of the Han Dynasty and the Central Plains dynasty。The tomb is also unearthed with a very complete glass bowl with blue and white -plated ornaments，Common Roman Empires on the west end of the Silk Road。These burial utensils are derived from the place where thousands of kilometers spanned the Eurasia，It should not only be simple trade exchanges、Cultural exchange，It should also be accompanied by the crowd move。

Ancient DNA test confirmed the genetic continuity of the Huns and East Asian people。Christine KeySer-Tracqui, etc. Extracted a DNA from 62 specimen skeletal relics excavated from the Ginjin River Cemetery in northern Mongolia，By alternative chromosomes、Y chromosome short series repeated sequence and mitochondrial DNA analysis，It indicates that there is a close relative relationship between these specimens。In order to evaluate the genetic continuity between the Huns and the modern crowd with geography or human education，The ancient DNA of the Huns' remains and modern Mongolians、Yakuts、Turks compared，It is found that the Huns and the modern Mongolian people in different regions are gathered together。This also explains this，within 2400 years，The genetic of the Mongolians is continuous。

At the same time，Ancient DNA test also confirmed that the Huns and Indo -European people had a genetic hybrid。KIJEONG KIM, etc., conducted ancient DNA analysis of the three skeletal remains in the Huns and aristocratic tombs in the Northeast Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia.。They found that a mitochondar of a male remains is U2E1 polarity group、Father Y chromosome belongs to R1A1 polarizer，It shows that there are Indian -European blood bet365 best casino games among the Xiongnu men。Anctive STR analysis of this sample also supports the individual's non -East Asian bloodline，The Mongolian Plateau reflected in the Huns Empire period except East Asian indigenous people，It is also integrated with Indo -European crowds that may originate in Lake Baikal and Skai area。In linguistics，In addition to the Indo -European Underwent of the Indo -European language of Tuhuo Luo,，There is no evidence that the Indo -European language spreads to the Mongolian Plateau。Some linguists believe that the Huns are Turkic -Mongolian，Other people think that the Huns are Yinissea、Iranian、Turkic or Mongolian。The current genetic research confirmed，The Huns or their ancestors have genetic communication with people holding these languages。

　　Blood relics during the Huns period

Peter de Barros Damgaard, etc., sequencies to 137 ancient genome from the Eurasian prairie 4000 years，It is found that there are a variety of sources of ethnic groups that rule the Eurasian prairie in the entire iron era，Including herdsmen in the late Bronze Age、Hunter collectors from European farmers and southern Siberia。Later Skytha people mixed with the east grassland nomadic people，formed the Huns Alliance，Move westward。The Xiongnu Empire has collapsed after a hundred years of brief glory。According to historical records，The Huns in the South gradually merged with the Northwest Han nationality，Finally, together with other ethnic minorities that disappeared or reliced, together became part of the history of Chinese civilization。The descendants of the Huns on the Mongolian Plateau merge with other Eastern Prairie Nomads，and other titles such as "Xianbei"，Make gene exchange with the Central Plains people such as Han people。

In addition to the Huns and Huns of the Huns staying in place，There are also bet365 best casino games relics of the Huns' blood in Europe。Alexander Savelyev, etc., analyzed the existing evidence of historical linguistics and group genetics，I believe that the Huns from East and West from Eurasia。Although lack of clear evidence to prove that there is continuity between the Huns and European Hungarians，But it is certain that the ancient Turkic language was a common ancestor language of the Huns of Asia and European Hungarian。At the same time，Evidence of these two disciplines indicates，At least some European Avar people are East Asian blood，Turkic language and culture，At least some European Avar people are East Asian blood，The continuity between the two is not contradictory from the genetic view。

other，Forensic research also confirms that the descendants of the Huns in Europe。KeySer, Christine, etc., uses forensic research methods to analyze the tomb relic of the Tamir Ulaan Khoshuu in the Mongolia Tamir Ulan Cemetery。Analysis of the kinship analysis of the authenticity of ominy dye and Y chromosome DNA markers and mitochondrial genome sequences indicate，There are close family relatives between many individuals。and，They found the gene type of the modern Yakut in the Huns，It proves that some of the ancestors of the Yakut may come from central Mongolia Plateau，and have blood and language associations with the Huns -Turkic crowd。

To sum up，Multi -disciplinary evidence display，On the vast Eurasian grassland，The Huns are not a simple ethnic group，but mainly East Asian bloodline，Many genetic mixed with the surrounding ethnic groups。After experiencing short glory，Huns nomadic tribes that once galloped Eurasian grassland disappeared。But the disappearance is the title，The descendants of the Huns as an individual did not disappear，Store in the genetic fusion of other ethnic groups Bet365 app download in Eurasia，Become a modern human migration、evolution、Part of the history of large fusion。

　　(Research on the Related Relationship between Language Evolution of Northeast Asia and its hybrid history with the crowd "(20byy195)、EU ERC major project "Ganqing area language and crowd mixed" (ERC-2019-ADG-883700-TRAM) phase results)

(Author Unit: Academy of Foreign Languages ​​of Huaqiao University; Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University)