In recent years，Sorting the map、Publishing and Research Explosion in China，Map history has become "Xue Xue"。There are multiple reasons for this。First，Ancient maps are both the basic materials of historical geography research，It is also the main data and important historical materials of local history research。Next，National Politics、Territory Division、Haijiang equity and urban planning have practical needs。again，History of Local Learning、History of Water Conservancy、History of the Environment、History of Culture、In the study of the history of thought and the history of Chinese and foreign exchanges，The map is indispensable。other，New discovery of the Wenbo system、Sudden Army of collectors and amateur enthusiasts、Promotional role of publisher development of new varieties。Overall，Chinese map history research is still relatively lagging，Many studies are still at the level of literature。The problems involved in the research are relatively old，To a certain extent, I still talk about the picture，Lack of map learning、Discussion in history and history of science。The author has long been engaged in the study and research of ancient maps，In his early years, he was fortunate to participate in the results of the National Natural Science Foundation of China Posted by Mr. Cao Wanru, which was hosted by Mr. Cao Wanru, "Ancient Chinese Atlas" (3 volumes)、Choose Figure、Take pictures、Summary and thesis writing、Reading、Research、School pair and other links of multiple links，Great exercise。Later，I organize、Published "Selection of Chinese Ancient Maps", "Three Grade of the Qing Dynasty", "Research and Literature Integration of Chinese Map Studies (Republic of China)"。During the long -term learning and research process，The author has some views about the study of ancient maps，Here。

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An old map research has multi -dimensional phase，Therefore, researchers can conduct selective research based on their professional foundation and academic background。The author believes that it is mainly divided into the following faces。

　　History of Map Technology.Map as a technical product，Have many technical elements。If measurement technology (terrain、Astronomical Earth、Engineering and Cadity Measurement, etc.) and Drawing Technology (Label、Activity、Ji Lizi Picks、ratio、Perspective、Bird's eye view、True Chart、Reality、projection, etc.)。

　Map art history.Although the map is a technical product，But with unique artistic features。Figure size and shape、Font、Note、Legend、density、Color、Decoration、Figure name、Activity、Title Post and Figure (amplifier), etc.。

History of the geographical elements of map。The geographical element in the map is the main body and key of geography，Including natural geography (such as mountains and rings、River、Lake、Desert、Coastline、Island、River embankment、Wide well、Spring Eye、biology and minerals, etc.) and human geography (such as settlement、Town、City、Guard、Great Wall、Famous Victory、Road and realm, etc.)。

　　History of topic maps.as a characteristic of geography，The map has different categories，Therefore, precise classification is needed。Classification has two ways，That is, according to the classification of the ancients and the classification of modern maps。To seize the essential characteristics of the map，The study of map history should be based on or restore the ancient people's classification system。

Pay special attention when classified without direct basis，Not a certain element on the map is the corresponding type of the map，Instead, it is less、The more special content determines the type of the map。For example，The number of place names in the administrative division in any map is the most，But you can’t set all the maps as a map of the administrative division，Some of them a small amount of special elements，Such as a traffic route、Military Guards、Church，Determined the topic type of the map (traffic route diagram、Military Map、Diocese Map)。After the type is determined，The relationship between the topic map and ordinary maps、The emergence and development of the topic diagram、The promotion of the general map for the general map、Special technical requirements for the topic map、Special types of Chinese topic maps to carry out research。

Map History of the Area。bet365 Play online games as a characteristic of geography，The map has regional characteristics。Most of the regions are divided according to the administrative division，But you can still follow the supervision area、Military area、River Basin、Traffic route、Sea District、Ethnic area、Coastal、Engineering area、Inspection area、Diocese、Port and hinterland relations、Standards for business ports to divide。

　　History of map place name.as a characteristic of geography，Mark a large number of different types on the map、Level、Times、Chinese type、Language、Form、quantity and size place name，Therefore, it can be used as a detailed inquiry。

Map Social History。As a geographical results，The map has many social attributes，such as institutional、Communication, etc.。System in terms of measurement、Draw、Payment Figure、Education、Favorites、Use、Publishing、Reward、Confidentiality and Yuci System，Exchange and communication includes the country、Chao Ye、National、Region、Official、Scholar、​​Towns and people, etc.。

　　History of Map Culture.Products as scientific knowledge，The map has thoughts、Culture、Religious、Features in the nation and other aspects。There is an outlook on the universe as a ideological aspect、Earth View、State view、National Outlook、Civilization view and geographical view, etc.。The author has studied the image of the East Roman coin unearthed in China、"Turkic Dictionary" of the round map of the circular map and Xu Guangqi discuss the problem。As the cultural aspect，Have cultural functions、Moral、strength and characteristics, etc.。The author has discussed the self -centerism in ancient maps、Observation、Heaven and Earth Union Thought、Knowing the concept of world scene、Cultural characteristics such as separation of Confucianism and Taoism and universal boundaries。

　History of map history.As a learning，The map has its own research history，History of Map History。Its research content is: the beginning of modern research、Establishment of Discipline (Basic theory、Method、Questions, etc.)、Ancient map set compilation、Overseas map collection and sorting、Research on the unearthed map and special map、Research on the History of Map Social and Cultural History and Ancient Map Application。

　　Application map history.As a historical heritage，An old map has academic resource value。On the one hand is basic research，As if the status of the deposit、Map type、Scientific、Special value、cultural connotation、Complement of graphics、Pay attention in use; on the other hand, research on the application field，Ruhai and Xinhe Protection、Urban planning、Environmental changes、Water conservancy construction and border governance。​​The author's research on the "Analysis of the Related Features of the Old Maps and its cognitive issues in the border research", "Analysis of the Diaoyu Islands Literature Materials of Diaoyu Islands under evidence" and "Issues in the Research in Ancient Maps in the South China Sea"，exploration in this field。

Map history of multi -dimensional face has a variety of research methods。Overall，I believe that the following aspects should be paid attention to。

　Do a good job of basic work

　　Map identification.Ancient map appraisal although it is complicated，But there are also chapters to follow，can be learned from literature、Mapology、Geography and history starts with。Literature includes authors、Age、texture、Font、Version、Fragmentation、Publication、Language、layout and copyright, etc.; Map science includes drawing method (icon)、Activity、ratio、projection (latitude line)、Type、spectrum and color, etc.; Geography includes place names、Geographical view、Geographical elements and regions, etc.; History includes ancient books records、Author's life、Author's life、Related events、National Culture、Time Features、Avoiding and annual number, etc.。

　Dating of Gloren.Ancient Map Book Frankly，Including real maps and pseudo maps、Historical Maps and Reality Maps、Original and painted maps、map spectrum、Maps various versions、The relationship between the division and the total diagram and the pagination。

　　Accurate classification.Determining the type of the map is the most basic job，Only accurate classification，Only to grasp the essential characteristics of the map。After accurate classification，The question will be highlighted，More smooth research，Conclusion will also be more credible。According to different research purposes，Multiple standards for map classification，If according to the measurement method、texture、Frames、Publishing form、Chinese type、Age、Drawing method、ratio、projection type、Geographical Elements、Regional and cultural attributes, etc.。

　　Note the new picture.Discovery and disclosure of new maps can present a new map type，Provides a strong evidence to solve the problem，The ring that is beneficial to make up for the spectrum，Undverted past cognition，Correct the deviation of the previous judgment and the conclusion of confirming the past。Therefore，Pay close attention to and collect new pictures in time in research。

　　Improve professional literacy

Theoretical literacy.In a sense,，The map is thought、Products of theory and concepts，If the relevant theory is grasped during the research process，Then specific problems will be solved and solve，Research will also go deep。For example，Research on the map of political districts notice that ancient political philosophy and administrative division theory and territory concepts，Study Urban Maps Notice Ancient Urban Planning Theory and Principles，Study Water Conservancy Maps In order to know the theory of ancient river management and technology and farmland water conservancy knowledge，Research Military Maps Notice Ancient strategic thoughts and tactics (array map)，Study in the navy map of the navigation map of ancient coastal defense strategies and military system，Study navigation maps In order to notice ancient marine geographical knowledge and navigation technology，The Map of the Department of Studies Notes "Five Classics and Four Books" and Economic History，Study Buddhist maps In order to know the view of Buddhist universe and geographical views，Research Taoist maps must know the theory of teaching Dongfu Tianfu，Study Feng Shui Maps Notice Feng Shui Surgery, etc.。

　　Detailed ancient books and maps.Both ancient books and maps have their own "style"，If they can accurately summarize their specific system，Research on the whole book or full graph is of critical significance，The ancients Youcuo Yiyi here。The author has system、Excisited analysis of the style of Li Jifu's "Yuanhe County Map" in the Tang Dynasty，It is found that the position used in the book is 16 instead of 8、The mileage is the journey rather than the straight line distance between the two places、The method of drawing the map is the pole coordinate method。This can be seen，This book is actually the most complete existing data set in the Tang Dynasty geographical full -picture。

　　Methodism is particularly important

　　Innovation and introduction method.In the study of ancient maps，Previous people created a classification method、Analysis of the Preface to the Preface、Comparison method of the original picture and ancient book、spectrum method、Analysis of the Place of Popularity in the Political District、Ancient and modern place name control method、Restoration method、Ancient and modern place name control method、Field survey method and mathematical analysis method and many other methods。But the emergence of the new picture、The emergence of new problems，Still need to create or introduce more methods。

Therefore，Researchers must have this consciousness，Courage to innovate in methods。Take "Daming Mixed One Picture" as an example，Some scholars think，For such a picture of the drawers and the map of the drawing era, the map of the drawing，It must be verified by all the age of all place names in the figure.。Theoretically speaking，The principle is right，But from the specific situation, it may not be so indispensable。This picture is a world map，Most foreign place names are translated，It is difficult to determine the age。This is the case，Is it impossible to determine the age of this picture? I believe through analysis，This picture is drawn by the Chinese，It has been hidden in the Shen Palace for the Ming and Qing Emperor Royal Royal Royal Examine，That is to say, the Chinese place name information used in the figure is the latest，Foreign names will not be later than Chinese place names。Because，The bet365 Play online games information of the Chinese drawer obtains the place name of China is more convenient than obtaining foreign place names，and the Chinese place name on the picture is the most detailed，So as long as the age of Chinese place names on the picture is clear，You can determine the latest age of this picture，In the 22nd year of Ming Hongwu (1389)。Visible，In -depth thinking from methodology is an important means to solve practical problems。

other，With the new and moonlight of the new technology，Geographical Information System (GIS) Method、The return analysis method of mathematics，Scholars have introduced and used，Receives a good effect，It is worth promoting。

　　Comparison method.Comparison through ancient Chinese and foreign maps，You can know、Similar、Alien、Differences and reasons such as problems。There are two ways to compare: one is the source comparison，Map comparison in the country or region of the Chinese and Han cultural circle，You can analyze the communication and interaction between the two; the second is a parallel comparison，That is, compare the map of the Chinese civilization and the map in another civilization system。Comparison with European civilization，You can study the following problems: Earth View and Map、Religion and map、Big Adventure and Map、Scientific Revolution and Map、Agricultural civilization and map、Commercial civilization and maps and marine civilization and maps。

Through comparison: European's more developed maps are religious maps、Castle Maps and Haitu; and the more developed maps in China are the map of the political district、Urban Map、Water conservancy map and Feng Shui map。The author compares the maps or earth images of Chinese and European artworks，Analyze the cultural implications and metaphors of the maps and the earth in their respective cultures。

　　Graphic Mutual Method.The map is a special variety of historical materials，But it is not an independent data system，There are many direct contacts with text。Therefore，Be sure to pay attention to the correlation between the picture and the text during the research process，Its text includes Figure Scripture、Fang Zhi、Geographical Book、File、The unearthed literature and utensils、Painting、Stele engraved and classic history, etc.。This can solve the significant or key problems in the picture。

　　"Nothing" in the map.Most scholars are mostly researching "What"、"What" in the figure "What"。but，If you use reverse thinking to study "nothing" in them，Ask "Why Nothing"，Can often receive unexpected effects，For the map breakdown、Spectrum system、Scientific analysis and map characteristics summarization have great help。

　Improve academic cultivation

　　Emphasize the awareness of the problem."Question" is the soul of academic，There will be no original papers without a "problem"。The Chinese map painted on the Chinese map painted by the missionary of Rulai Chinese mission is marked with the number of ore production sites in various provinces，This is a very rare situation。So what is his purpose? Do you want to come to China to open mine?，And has the origin of family learning，Also translated and published Chinese medicine works，From this we can see that the number of minerals in each province is a personal hobby，Unrelated responsibilities with missionary coming to China，At best, it is just an introduction to geographical conditions。

Another example，Matteo Ricci criticized the Chinese to change the European tradition when he asked him to draw a world map、The behavior of putting China in the center of the map is a kind of ignorance expression。Is this true? I found out through research，Almost all civilizations in history、The nation and the country are placed in the center of the map when drawing the world map，This is a common phenomenon、It is a manifestation of a national (civilization) self -central thought。Since it is a common phenomenon，Then it doesn't matter the difference between ignorance and civilization。

　　Dare to question the authority.The authority of authority has its own reason，But it may not be correct or accurate，I should dare to question。For example, Geologist Weng Wenzheng and map scientist Fang Jun both believed that the map projection used by the Kangxi Chaozhong version of "Emperor's Full Lays" is trapezoidal projection，And also gives a projection formula。I found that there are problems after the original picture of the author，Through detailed measurement and calculation，I found that the conclusions of these two people are wrong，This figure should use "Sinusoidal Curve and other area of ​​pseudo -cylindrical projection" (that is, "Sangson projection")。

You can also give another example，Two Italian scholars will organize the newly discovered missionary coming Chinese missionary Luo Mingjian's "Chinese Foundation" manuscript and publish and publish，It is believed that this atlas is compiled based on the "Guangyu Map" drawn by Luo Hongxian of the Ming Dynasty。I found that there is a original "Liaodong Map" in the draft.，Suspicious，After careful research，It is found that this picture is a book in the book "Daming One Culture and Martial Arts Division Gate"，And the note text of "Chinese Atlas" is almost taken from this book，Nothing to involve "Map of Guangyu"。Visible，The preferred preferred by Chinese missionaries when using Chinese geographical data is the official rather than the folk。

　　Explore basic concepts and terms.Although the study of ancient Chinese maps has not yet formed a mature discipline，But there are many important concepts and terms to pay attention to research。If the "Bird Road" and the "Humanity", "Four to Eight to Eight" and the representation on the map of the "Bird Road" and the curve distance of the lines of the line are、"Jili Painting Fang" specific use and the "high journey" (that is, the journey), etc.。

　Analysis of historical context.Map drawing has a historical background、motivation and purpose，Therefore, it must be placed in the context at that time when researching at the time of research。For example, the "Mixed Plan of the Mixed Plan" is a Korean person using the two Chinese maps brought back from China to paint。But this picture name is doubtful: Why is it both "mixed one Xinjiang" and why "the capital of the country"? Is it a real map or a historical map?、Host identity and political tendency analysis，It is found that this picture is drawn to celebrate the defense of the establishment of Li Chao and the new dynasty movement。

Study "trees"，Also study "Forest"。The smaller the topic in academic research、The deeper the research, the better the better。But we not only need to start a small place，You need to focus on the big place，This will not touch Bet365 app download the elephant in the blind person，That is to study "trees"，Also study "Forest"。If you clarify the types and social functions of ancient maps，The author published "Siku Quanshu" published at that time，Summarize more than 20 functions of the map，Study on science、Mountains and rivers sacrifice、Historical exploration、War Planning、Boundary Division、River governance、Urban planning、Site selection、Business activities、Business activities、Tuhuo Tun Tian、Overseas exchange、Famous Victory Tour、Literature Explanation、Art appreciation、Pioneer with hanging、Forecast and expression of good and bad。Another example is the author's systematic analysis of the "Total Folding of the World Map" in the Yongzheng Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty，More comprehensively understanding the decree of the Qing Dynasty about the map、Send、Royal Lan、Classification、Discovery and Tibetan system。With these "forests"，Study on the specific "trees" will judge accuracy、Analysis in place。

　　Disciplinary reference and cross.Disciplinary reference and cross -crossing is the trend of academic research and a new growth point。Therefore，In the study, we must pay attention to the progress of the relevant disciplines such as astronomy、History of Mathematics、History of Water Conservancy and History Geography，It is also necessary to introduce theoretical and methods of other related disciplines。For example，You can use historical criticism theory and method，Research on how the ancients carried out maps，to summarize the purpose of criticism of the maps of each generation、Standard、Principles、Function、Method、Verse and Critics, etc.。

In short，Research on the ancient maps of China presents prosperity，But there are still many problems。Therefore，In the study of ancient maps, try to avoid the following situations: Do not know about maps and historical geography professional knowledge、Misunderstanding of the preface and note、Violation of basic academic specifications、、Both preference、Excessive interpretation、Lone Certificate Defeated Certificate、Virginity、Disclosure from the conclusion、Excessive superstition ancient books and stubborn opinions。

　　(The author is the second -level professor of the School of Humanities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Director of the Professional Committee of the History History Committee of the Chinese Society of Science and Technology)