At the beginning of the founding of the country，Affected by the concept of nature and development and progress in the mainstream society of the United States，Facing the rich natural resources in the eastern region，Gradually formed a free release of natural resources without ecological benefits and environmental costs。This mode is while promoting the modernization process of the United States，It also caused abuse of natural resources、Waste and exhaustive problems，Significantly reduced by beaver、Bull endangered、Brigade pigeons extinct、The native forest was cut off、The land is quickly exhausted。Advancedist era (late 19th to the 1920s)，The reduction and depletion of natural resources have proposed severe challenges for the early modern development model of the United States，The management and protection of natural resources gradually become a hot topic。Where，John Muel proposed the "Natural Reservation Thought" that protects the environment as a whole，Jifuford Pingxiao advocates "the concept of utilitarian resource protection" for scientific management and wise use of natural resources。The federal government is based on the basis of compatibility and packet，Formulated a series of natural resource management laws，Natural resource policy has shifted from "free letting" to "limited management and protection"，A win -win for trying to pursue economic and social development and protection of natural resources。

First，Implementation and effectiveness of the Natural Resources Management Act。As early as the 17th century，Facing the regional reduction of species such as Baidi Deer，Some colonies in North America tried to regulate the behavior of hunting wild animals through laws and regulations。After the founding of the country，Some local governments in the United bet365 live casino games States also occasionally introduced natural resources management regulations。but，These regulations are almost completely submerged in the enthusiasm of developing natural resources，The effect is very small，and failed to form a demonstration effect。At the end of the 19th century，To solve problems in the field of natural resources，The federal government has successively issued a number of laws and regulations，To strengthen wildlife、Land、Management and protection of natural resources such as forests and water。For example，"Prevent Alaska Fur Extinction Law" (1870)、"Protecting Alaska Salmon Fisheries Law" (1889) and "Alaska Animal Protection Law" (1902) from time、Space、Type、quantity and method and other dimensions，Standards the behavior of hunting fur and salmon in Alaska。"Forest Protection Law" (1891) and "Forest Management Law" (1897) through the forest reservation system，The path problem of management and protection of public land forests initially。"Kaili Act" (1894) and "New Lasz Land Reclamation Law" (1902) stipulate the western arid area、Basic principles for the construction of water conservancy projects and water resources use in the semi -arid area。"Laixi Act" (1900) as the first comprehensive legislation of the federal government to protect wildlife，Clarified the method of protecting wild animals、subject、Purpose and punishment measures。It can be said，The formulation and improvement of the laws and regulations initially constructed a legal system that manages natural resources，and play an important role in practice。

The development and utilization of natural resources is related to the country and the people's livelihood，The government should play a leading role。Where，Legal system construction is one of the important means，The Natural Resources Management Act of the U.S. in the era of progressism is beneficial attempt。First，For development、Use and protect natural bet365 best casino games resources with a legal basis，Promoting the development of the resource protection movement。Next，To a certain extent, the phenomenon of waste and destruction，Some measures help the continuation of specific species and the restoration of regional ecosystems。again，The management and protection system of natural resources was initially constructed，Including Forestry Bureau、Biological Survey Bureau、Land Reclamation Bureau、Fish and Fisheries Committee、National Park System、National Forest System、National Wild Animal and Plant Reserve System。The emergence of the above subject and carrier of natural resource management and protection，It marks the federal government's abandonment of the free release of free -letting natural resources，Start the management and protection of natural resources。

Second，Natural Resource Management Act Lack of Scientific。First，Lack of overall plan，Insufficient systemic and comprehensive。For example，"Prevent Alaska Fur Extinction Law" and "Protecting Alaska Salmon Fisheries Fisheries Law" involves only cosmmarile cosmarks such as fur seals and salmon; the "Forest Protection Law" and "Forest Management Law" focus on the forests on the public land.，But there is no regulation for private forest land。The types of natural resources in the United States are complicated、Broad distribution。Although the above laws are targeted for a certain area or a species，But often "headache doctors，Foot Pain Medical Foot "，Even a blind eye to some natural resource crisis (such as the endangered bull and the extinction of the pigeon pigeons) disappear。

Next，The overall and complexity of the selectivity of the management and protection of the selectivity and protection of the same ecosystem is contrary to。1906-1923，To protect the deer，"Clean up" the Kaibabi area in the northern part of Colorado Grand Canyon, Arizona, "clean up" tens of thousands of mountain lions and wolves。This move leads to the excessive expansion bet365 live casino games of the deer，Large amount of deer light leaves will be hungry for a long time，As a result, the physical function decreases，There are also some deer to degenerate some function after losing natural enemies。From the winter of 1924-1925，Batch deer died of hunger and disease due to hunger and disease。Visible，Management of natural resources must respect the laws of nature，Avoid the internal connection of human cutting natural things。

Last，Gives the management rights of natural resources to multiple institutions，and there are cross -phenomena。"Prevent Alaska Fur Extinction Law" handed over the management rights of the fur seals to the Ministry of Finance;，President is responsible for promoting Bai Linghai's banned fur hunting animals; the "Alaska Animal Protection Law" handed management and protection of wildlife power and responsibilities to the Ministry of Agriculture。Natural resources in the same area are involved in management by multiple departments.。1905，Under the promotion of Ping Xiao and others at the then director of the Forestry Bureau，The "Power Modeling Act" will be placed in the forestry bureau of the Forestry Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture。This end the problem of dislocation in the management of forest reservations，It also enables the "scientific management and wise use" strategy in this protective land type。

third，utilitarian protection model is the essence of the Natural Resources Management Act。Rich connotation of the natural value system，Not only contains tool value and economic value，There is also aesthetic value、spiritual value and internal value, etc.。Advancedism era，Although the United States has adjusted the early development model，But it will still be regarded as Guiyi，Especially concerned about the value and economic value of nature，Natural Resource Management Act therefore has strong utilitarian colors。

Natural Resources Management Acts no longer take economic development as the sole goal，But often develops bet365 best casino games before protection，Pay attention to the development and utilization of natural resources, especially the realization of economic benefits，This is the intuitive reflection of utilitarianity。"Protecting Alaska Salmon Fisheries" method, that is, investigating the quantity and distribution from the economic value of salmon，The purpose is the long -term development of the salmon industry。"Forestry Law" (1873)、"Desert Land Law" (1877)、"Tree Turning Method" (1878) and "Wood and Stone Law" (1878) aim to encourage land、Effective use of resources such as forests or water，Then promote the in -depth development of western development。One of the important functions of forest reservations is "Provide continuous wood supply"。The utilitarianity of the law is splitting the natural value system，The pursuit of natural tool value and economic value as the main value of resource management is destined to greatly discount the protection effect。For example, the "Yellowstone National Park Law" formulated in 1872 has not limited hunting activities for leisure and entertainment，Allowed rental land and other resources，As a result, the park was severely damaged at the beginning of the settings。

The utilitarianity of the Natural Resources Management Act is the specific manifestation of the dominant position of the utilitarian resource protection model in the progressive era。The late 19th century and early 20th century，Pingxiao and Muel and others about whether the shepherds can be shepherd in the forest reserved land are the first confrontation between natural reserves and utilitarian resource protectors，Dato President President's admission to Pingxiao's suggestion，and make a decision to make "San Francisco Forest Reservations must not expel the herd"，shows the utilitarian tendency of the federal government。1908，The National Resource Protection Conference clearly clear the concept of utilitarian resource protection as the guidance idea of ​​the resource protection movement。early Bet365 lotto review 20th century，San Francisco City to solve the problem of urban water supply，Build a dam in the Herzhchi Canyon in the Josemotti National Park。Natural reserveders have been arguing for several years for this，and attracted extensive social participation。but，1913 "Rick Act" supports San Francisco City，It means the general recognition of elites and people's concepts of utilitarian resources protection。

The utilitarianity of the Natural Resources Management Act，It also reflects the predicament of the United States when dealing with the relationship between development and protection。Since modern times，The contradiction between development and protection becomes a worldwide problem，Poor modern suitor，The United States is not spared。The Natural Resources Management Act catering to the needs of the development and progress of American society at the level of material civilization。But fortunately it is，The debate between the natural reserved and the utilitarian resource protector has aroused continuous concern of society，continuously promoting the relief of contradictions。After the rise of the modern environmental movement in the 1960s，The utilitarian colors in the field of natural resource management in the United States are significantly reduced，The introduction of the Wilderness Law in 1964 is one of the important signs。Even so，The contradiction still exists，New features in the era of globalization。One aspect，The main body surpasses the national country，Detective participation of multinational companies and non -governmental organizations、Talk rights are enhanced; on the other hand，The globalization trend of the circulation of natural resources is more obvious。Therefore，When dealing with the relationship between the two，Not only need to abandon the adverse effects of human centralism and adverse concept of development and progress，Also need a protector、Legislators and politicians and other groups carry out scientific theory and system construction。

(This article is the Study of the State Social Science Fund Project "Bet365 lotto review Research on the Origin of Modernization and the Origin of the United States Resources Protection" (17CSS022) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Social History, Fujian Normal University)