The beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China，Mainstream American society is influenced by the anthropocentric view of nature and the view of development and progress，Facing the rich bet365 free bets in the eastern region，Gradually formed a laissez-faire natural resource utilization model regardless of ecological benefits and environmental costs。This model promotes the modernization process of the United States，Also caused the abuse of bet365 free bets、Problems such as waste and depletion，Such as the sharp decline in beavers、Bison endangered、The passenger pigeon became extinct、The primary forest has been cut down、The land is rapidly exhausted。The Progressive Era (late 19th to 1920s)，The reduction and depletion of bet365 free bets posed severe challenges to the early modern development model of the United States，The management and protection of bet365 free bets has gradually become a hot topic。Among them，John Muir proposed the "nature preservation idea" of protecting the environment as a whole，Gifford Pinchot advocates the "utilitarian resource conservation concept" of scientific management and wise use of bet365 free bets。The federal government is on the basis of inclusiveness，Developed a series of natural resource management laws，Natural resource policy shifts from "laissez-faire" to "limited management and protection"，Trying to pursue a win-win situation between economic and social development and natural resource protection。

First，Implementation and effectiveness of the bet365 free bets Management Act。As early as the 17th century，Facing the regional decline of species such as white-tailed deer，Some colonies in North America have tried to regulate the hunting of wild animals through laws。After the founding of the People's Republic of China，Some local governments in the United States also occasionally issue natural resource management regulations。But，These regulations have been almost completely submerged in the frenzy to exploit bet365 free bets，Little effect，And failed to form a demonstration effect。End of 19th century，To solve problems in the field of bet365 free bets，The federal government has promulgated many laws one after another，To strengthen protection against wild animals、Land、Management and protection of bet365 free bets such as forests and water。For example，Alaska Fur-bearing Animals Preventing Extinction Act (1870)、Act for the Protection of Alaska Salmon Fisheries (1889) and Alaska Animal Protection Act (1902) from time、Space、Type、Dimensions such as quantity and method，Regulates the hunting of species such as fur seals and salmon in Alaska。The Forest Conservation Act (1891) and the Forest Management Act (1897) adopted the forest reserve system，Preliminarily solved the path problem of managing and protecting public forest。The Carey Act (1894) and the Newlands Land Reclamation Act (1902) defined the Western Arid Zone、Basic principles of water conservancy project construction and water resources utilization in semi-arid areas。The Lacey Act (1900) was the federal government’s first comprehensive legislation to protect wildlife，Clear methods to protect wild animals、Subject、Purpose and Punitive Measures。It can be said，The formulation and improvement of laws and regulations initially established a legal system for the management of bet365 free bets，And played an important role in practice。

The development and utilization of bet365 free bets is related to the national economy and people’s livelihood，The government should play a leading role。Among them，Legal construction is one of the important means，The natural resource management laws of the United States during the Progressive Era are a useful attempt。First，For development、Utilization and protection of bet365 free bets provide legal basis，Promoted the development of resource protection movement。Secondly，Restrict waste and destruction to a certain extent，Some initiatives contribute to the continuation of specific species and the restoration of regional ecosystems。Again，Initially constructed a natural resource management and protection system，Including Forestry Bureau、Biological Survey、Land Reclamation Bureau、Commission on Fish and Fisheries、National Park System、National Forest System、National wildlife reserve system, etc.。The emergence of the above-mentioned subjects and carriers of natural resource management and protection，Marks the federal government’s abandonment of laissez-faire natural resource policies，Start managing and protecting bet365 free bets。

Second，The bet365 free bets Management Act lacks scientific basis。First，Missing master plan，Insufficient systematicness and comprehensiveness。For example，The "Preventing the Extinction of Alaska Furbearers Act" and the "Protect Alaska Salmon Fisheries Act" only cover fur seals and anadromous spawning fish such as salmon；The Forest Protection Act and the Forest Management Act focus on trees on public lands，But no provisions are made for private forest land。The United States has a wide variety of bet365 free bets、Widely distributed。Although the above laws are specific to a certain area or a certain species，But often "the headache is treated by the doctor"，Cure for foot pain”，Even turning a blind eye to some natural resource crises (such as the endangered bison and the extinction of the passenger pigeon)。

Secondly，Selectivity in management and protection is inconsistent with the integrity and complexity of ecosystems。1906-1923，To protect the deer，The Kaibab area located north of the Grand Canyon in Arizona has been "cleared" of tens of thousands of mountain lions, wolves and other predators。This move resulted in over-expansion of the deer population，A large number of deer are hungry for a long time after eating all the leaves，resulting in decreased body function，There are also some deer whose functions have deteriorated and become sick after losing their natural enemies。From the winter of 1924-1925，Hands of deer died of starvation and disease。Visible，Management of bet365 free bets must respect the laws of nature，Avoid artificial separation of the intrinsic connections between natural things。

Finally，Give management rights of bet365 free bets to multiple agencies，There is crossover phenomenon。The Alaska Fur Seals Preventing Extinction Act gives management of fur seals to the Treasury Department；The "Protect Alaska Salmon Fisheries Act" authorizes the Department of the Treasury to manage and protect the migratory routes of salmon and other fish species，The President is responsible for publicizing matters such as the ban on hunting fur animals in the Bering Sea；The "Alaska Animal Protection Act" assigns the responsibility for the management and protection of wildlife to the Department of Agriculture。When multiple departments participate in the management of bet365 free bets in the same area, it is inevitable that there will be problems with inconsistent government orders。1905，With the promotion of Pingxiao, then director of the Forestry Bureau and others，The Transfer of Power Act transfers forest reservations formerly under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior to the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture。This ends the misalignment problem in forest reserve management，It also enables the "scientific management and wise utilization" strategy to be effectively implemented in this protected area type。

　Third，The utilitarian conservation model is the essence of the bet365 free bets Management Act。The natural value system is rich in connotations，Contains not only instrumental value and economic value，There is also aesthetic value、Spiritual value and intrinsic value, etc.。The Era of Progressivism，Although the United States has adjusted its early development model，But we still regard the concept of development and progress as our guideline，Pay special attention to the instrumental and economic value of nature，The bet365 free bets Management Act therefore has a strong utilitarian flavor。

Although the bet365 free bets Management Act no longer regards economic development as its sole goal，But development is often put before conservation，Focus on the development and utilization of bet365 free bets, especially the realization of economic benefits，This is an intuitive reflection of utilitarianism。The "Alaska Salmon Fisheries Protection Act" is to investigate the quantity and distribution of salmon based on their economic value，The purpose is the long-term development of the salmon industry。"Afforestation Law" (1873)、Desert Land Act (1877)、The Tree Felling Act (1878) and the Timber and Stone Act (1878) were designed to encourage land use、Effective use of resources such as trees or water，Thus promoting the further development of the western region。One of the important functions of forest reserves is to "provide a continuous supply of wood"。The utilitarian nature of laws separates the natural value system，Pursuing the instrumental value and economic value of nature as the main value pursuit of resource management is destined to greatly reduce the protection effect。For example, the "Yellowstone National Park Act" enacted in 1872 did not restrict hunting activities for recreational purposes，And leasing land and other resources is allowed，As a result, the park was severely damaged in the early stages of its establishment。

The utilitarian nature of bet365 free bets laws is a concrete manifestation of the dominance of the utilitarian resource protection model in the field of resource protection in the Progressive Era。Late 19th and early 20th centuries，The dispute between Pinchot and Muir over whether sheep can be grazed in forest reserves was the first confrontation between nature preservers and utilitarian resource protectors，But President Theodore Roosevelt adopted Pinchot’s advice，And made the decision that "sheep shall not be evicted from the San Francisco Forest Reserve"，Exhibits the utilitarian tendencies of the federal government。1908，The National Resource Protection Conference clarified the concept of utilitarian resource protection as the guiding ideology of the resource protection movement。Early 20th century，The City of San Francisco is solving the urban water supply problem，Application to build dam at Hetch Hetchy Canyon in Yosemite National Park。Natural conservationists and utilitarian resource protectors have been arguing for several years about this，And attracted extensive social participation。But，Rick Act of 1913 Support for the City of San Francisco，Means the general recognition of the concept of utilitarian resource protection by elites and the public。

Utility of Natural Resource Management Act，Also reflects the dilemma of the United States in dealing with development and protection relationships。Since modern times，The contradiction between development and protection has become a global problem，Puzzled by the pursuers of modernization，The United States is not spared either。The bet365 free bets Management Act caters to the needs of American society for development and progress at the level of material civilization。But thankfully，The debate between nature preservers and utilitarian resource protectors has aroused continued social concern，And continue to promote the easing of conflicts。After the rise of the modern environmental movement in the 1960s，The U.S. natural resource management field has become significantly less utilitarian，The introduction of the Wilderness Act in 1964 is one of the important symbols。Even so，Contradictions still exist，Also showing new characteristics in the era of globalization。On the one hand，The subject transcends the nation-state，Intensified participation of multinational companies, NGOs, etc.、Enhanced right to speak；On the other hand，The globalization trend of natural resource circulation is more obvious。Therefore，When dealing with the relationship between the two，Not only do we need to abandon the harmful effects of the anthropocentric view of nature and the view of development and progress，Protectionists are still needed、Legislators, politicians and other groups carry out scientific theoretical and institutional construction。

(This article is a phased result bet365 free bets National Social Science Foundation project "Research on the Tragedy of Modernization and the Origin bet365 free bets American Resource Protection Movement" (17CSS022)

(Author’s unit: School of bet365 free bets History, Fujian Normal University)